美国宪法第八款 - 国会权力详解
第八款概述了美国国会的各类核心权力，涵盖财政、军事、司法及外交等领域。
Section 8 - Powers of Congress
The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;
To borrow money on the credit of the United States;
To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;
To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States;
To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;
To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States;
To establish Post Offices and Post Roads;
To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;
To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;
To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offenses against the Law of Nations;
To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;
To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;
To provide and maintain a Navy;
To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces;
To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;
To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings; And
To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.
中文注释：
第八款 国会拥有下列权力：
规定和征收直接税、间接税、进口税与货物税，以偿付国债、提供合众国共同防御与公共福利，但所有间接税、进口税与货物税应全国统一；
以合众国的名义借贷款项；
管理合众国与外国的、各州之间的以及与印地安部落的贸易；
制定全国统一的归化条例和破产法；
铸造货币，厘定国币和外币的价值，并确定度量衡的标准；
制定关于伪造合众国证券和通货的罚则；
设立邮局并开辟邮路；
保障著作家和发明家对其著作和发明在限定期间内的专利权，以促进科学与实用技艺的发展；
设立低于最高法院的各级法院；
明确划定并惩罚在公海上所犯的海盗罪与重罪以及违反国际法的犯罪行为；
宣战，颁发缉拿敌船许可证和报复性拘捕证，制定关于陆上和水上的拘捕条例；
招募陆军并供应给养，但此项用途的拨款期限不得超过两年；
装备海军并供应给养；
规定征召民兵的组织、装备和纪律，规定可能征召为合众国服务的那部分民兵的管理办法；但民兵军官的任命和按照国会规定纪律训练民兵的权力由各州保留；
在任何情况下，对由某些州让与合众国，经国会接受，充作合众国政府所在地的区域（其面积不超过10平方英里）行使专有的立法权；并对经州立法机构同意由合众国在该州购买的一切用于修筑要塞、军火库、兵工厂、船厂及其他必要建筑物的地方行使同样权力。
制定为执行以上各项权力和依据本宪法授予合众国政府或政府中任何机关或官员的其他一切权力所必要的和恰当的法律。
注：中英文标红部分上下一一对应，请特别关注中英标红部分的法律英语表达。