大数跨境
0
0

国际英文合同中常见的虚词表述

国际英文合同中常见的虚词表述 国际工程与劳务杂志
2019-06-14
2

作者:刘泽庆


本文结合笔者实践,分析国际英文合同中常见的虚词表述和使用方法,以期帮助广大读者提高国际英文合同起草技能。


shall和should 的用法


shall和should在国际英文合同中的使用频率最高,通常表示“应、得、有义务..”,和“be obliged to do sth.”基本相当,强调法律上的一种义务。


例如:The contractor shall nominate its representative within five working days after signature of this agreement and send to the employer thereafter a notice to the effect. (承包商应在签订本协议五个工作日内指定承包商代表,并随后向业主发出有关情况的通知。)


shall约定当事人的义务(应当做什么),表示强制性要求履行责任或义务,含有“本条款具有法律规定的指令性和强制性”之意。shall do(应当做)不能用can do,should do,must do来代替。should do,must do 其意“做不做都可能不会受到相应惩罚或处罚”,shall do其意“应当做,必须做”的义务,对应着一定的惩罚或处罚。


例如:The seller shall present the following documents required for negotiation to the banks. (卖方必须将下列单据提交银行附议。) 


should表示“应该”,但没有shall那样重的含义。should只表示一般的义务或道义上的义务,并不表示法律义务,有时甚至表示“原该”或“最好如此”的含义。当should出现在合同中时,它常放在句子的开头,表示一个隐含的条件状语,相当于由if、in case或in the event that引导的状语从句,其含义相当于中文的“如果”、“万一”而不是“应该”。


例如:Should the verification conclusion contradict the conditions of an auction target stated in an auction contract, the auctioneer has the right to demand a change or rescind the contract. (如果鉴定结论与委托拍卖合同载明的拍卖标的状况不相符,拍卖人有权要求变更或者解除合同。)


as的用法


as是英语合同中最常用的虚词之一,与其他词组成具有特定意义的短语,如:as the case may be(视情况而定),as from(自某日起),as of(自某日起),as...done(依.而定),as...as(与.一样)等。


1.as from和as of都可以表示“自某日起”的意思,用于正式文书。 

例如:This contract shall be in effect for one year as from the date of 26th March 2013.(本合同自2013年3月26日生效,有效期为一年。)


2.as放在代表“规定”的provide,stipulate,

set forth,prescribe等词的过去分词前,含义为“依照.规定”。

例如:For purpose of this, capital account shall be adjusted hypothetically as provided for in section 4.6 herein.(基于此,应依照本合同第四条第六款调整资金账户。)


3.as构成as the case may be(视具体情况而定),as the case may require(视具体要求而定)和as the venturers may determine(视投资方决定而定)等短语是英语合同的常用短语。

例如:The venture may relocate its office from time to time or have additional offices as the venturers may determine.(该合资公司视投资者决策,可随时迁址或增添营业场所。)


here+介词构成词组的用法


1.here by表示“特此”“因此”,与by this 或by means of this意思相近,常作为法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语;在条款中需要强调时也可用,一般置于主语后。


例如:Hereby both parties enter into this agreement. (双方在此订立本合同。)  

Accordingly, we hereby offer the following suggestions. (为此,特提出以下意见。)


We hereby certify that the information provided are true and accurate.(我们在此证明所提供的信息是真实且准确的。)


2.here to表示“关于此”“至此”,相当于to this或to this writing,document or matter,意思是:对于此事或此文件、关于此、关于这个、于此、到此为止、在此。表示上文提到的“本合同的或本文件的.”时,该词一般置于修饰的名词后面。


例如:Payments shall be made in the manner and at the time agreed by the parties hereto.(支付款应按本合同双方同意的时间和方式进行。)


“commencement date”shall mean the date of signing this agreement by the last signing party hereto.(“协议生效日”是指本“协议”最后签字的一方签署本“协议”的日期。)


3.here in表示“如此”“鉴于”“此中”,相当于in this, 意思是“如此”“鉴于”“此中”“在此处”。

例如:Documents not listed herein shall be deemed to be have been covered. (没有列出的文件应被视为已经被涵盖。)


4.here of 相当于of this,意为“关于此点”“在本文件中”“就此”“于此”。

例如:This contract shall come into force from the date of signature hereof by the contractor and subcontractor.(本合同自承包商和分包商签署之日生效。)


5.here in be fore表示“上文”“在上文中”,其意为in a preceding part of this(在上文中,上文。)

例如:Where any provision hereinbefore conflicts with or is different from these measures, the latter shall prevail.(此前规定与本办法有抵触或不一致的,按本办法执行。)


6.here in after其意为later in this contract,译成“以下”“在下文中”等。

例如:The contractor agrees to pay to the employer an amount hereinafter called royalty equal to 1% of the contract Price. (承包商同意向业主支付以下称为版税的费用,该费用等同于合同价格的10%。)


7.here under相当于under this,意思是“在此中”“在其中”“在本文件中”。

例如:The said Effective Date shall be construed as the date of the commencement of work hereunder.(上述生效日期即为本协议规定的开始工作之日。)


there+介词构成词组的用法


1.there by相当于by that means,意为“因此”“从而”。

例如:Notice of termination shall be served by post or in person and the agreement is thereby terminated.(停止协议的通知应当通过邮寄或派人送达,该协议方可终止。)


2.there fore相当于for that,译成“为此”“由于此”“因此”。

例如:Before commencing the construction, the contractor shall submit the plan and specifications therefore to the owner for approval.(在开工之前,承包商应将此计划和技术说明书一并提交所有者批准。)


3.there to相当于to that,意为“向那里”“另外”。

例如:In concluding a contract, the parties thereto shall implement the principle of good faith.(当事人订立合同,应秉持诚实信用原则。)


4.there of相当于of that,译成“其”“关于那”。

例如:This agreement articles there of shall be governed by Chinese law.(本协议受中华人民共和国法律管辖并按中华人民共和国法律解释。)


表述“上述的”“前述的”常见表达


foregoing,aforesaid,the said,aforementioned, above-mentioned 这些词一般放在名词前作限定词,相当于定冠词the,其意为“前述的”或“上述的”,为避免重复已经提到的姓名或名称。


例如:The contract shall be written in Chinese and in English. Both language versions are equally authentic. In the event of any discrepancy between the two aforementioned versions, the Chinese version shall prevail.


(本合同应以中文和英语语言书写,两种文本具同等法律效力。前述两种文本如有歧义,以中文文本为准。)


表述“包括但不限于”的常见表达


国际英语合同表达“包括但不限于”时,就会用到including but not limited to与 including,without limitation以及including by way of illustration but not limitation 这几个短语。


例如:The time for the performance of the Contractor’s obligations set forth in this Contract shall be automatically extended for a period equal to the duration of any nonperformance arising directly or indirectly from Force Majeure events including but not limited to fire, flood, earthquake, typhoon, natural catastrophe and all other contingencies and circumstances whatsoever beyond the Contractor’s reasonable control preventing, hindering or interfering with the performance thereof.(本合同规定承包商履行义务的时间应自动延长等同于由于直接或间接由于不可抗力事件导致的不能履行的时间。不可抗力包括但不限于火灾、洪水、地震、台风、自然灾害和超出承包商合理控制,阻止、妨碍、干扰本合同履行的其他风险和情形。)


表述“依照...规定”的常见表述


according to,under,subject to,in accordance with,as per,as provided in,pursuant to,under or in compliance with意为“依照..规定”,这些词组表示“依照合同的约定”或者“根据法律的规定”。其中“according to”属于普通英语表达,在合同中很少用,而“in accordance with”最为常见。例如:Defects means any design, tools, equipment and materials, workmanship provided by the onshore contractor or in respect of the offshore works, not being in accordance with the onshore contract or the offshore contract.(缺陷意思为在岸合同承包商或离岸工程中所提供的任何设计、工具、设备和材料、工艺不符合在和合同或离岸合同的规定。)


表述“在...之前”“不迟于”的常见表达


英语合同中关于限定日期的表达方式包括:prior to表示“某日之前,提前多少日”。on or before,no (not) later than,表示“不迟于”。on and after表示“从某日起”。


例如:The Advance Payment Guarantee shall be for an amount equal to the Advance Payment and shall be in Indonesia Rupiah. The Onshore Contractor shall deliver the Advance Payment Guarantee to the Owner on or prior to the Signing Date. (预付款保函应等同于预付款金额且应为印尼盾,在岸承包商应在签订合同当天或签订合同之前向业主提供预付款保函。)


subject to, not with standing, 

without prejudice to的用法


1.subject to的用法。在英文合同中,“subject to”使用频率极高,通常用法表示“视.而定”“以.为条件”。subject to后是一种条件,必须优先满足“subject to”之后的条件,一方才能享受权利或承担义务。


例如:2.0 The seller represents and warrants that the land is free and clear of any and all claims, charges, easement, encumbrances, lease, covenants, security interest, liens, option, pledge, rights of others, or restrictions.(卖方陈述和保证,该土地不存在任何权利主张、抵押、地役权、权利负担、租约、契约、担保权益、留置权、质押、他人权利或限制。)


Subject to clause 2.0, the seller shall not in any event be liable for any indirect, special or consequential loss, howsoever arising (including but not limited to loss of anticipated profits) in connection with or arising out of the sales and purchase agreement. 【根据第2.0款规定,卖方对任何与本采购销售协议有关的或因本采购销售协议导致的间接的、特殊的、后果性损失(包括但不限于预期利润的损失)。】


2.not with standing 与 subject to 所表述的意思正好相反,not with standing 表示“尽管.但是.”,not with standing后面规定的条件不限制一方享有权利或承担义务。


例如:1.1 The contractor shall deliver to the owner the Advance Payment Guarantee ten days before the signature of the Contract.(承包商应在合同签署之前十日向业主提交预付款保函。)


Not with standing clause 1.1 herein, the contract will come into force upon the signature of this contract. (尽管合同第1.1条款的规定,本合同自签字之日起生效。)


3.without prejudice to 表示“在不影响.的情况下”。

例如:Without prejudice to the Owner’s obligation referred to above, the Onshore Contractor shall take out and maintain any insurances it is required by applicable laws to take out and maintain and shall cause its subcontractors to effect and maintain such insurance(s).(在不影响上述业主义务的情况下,在岸承包商应办理并维续适用法律要求的任何保险,并应要求其分包商办理并维续此种保险。)


in the event that/of 的用法


in the event that,in the event of相当于when,表示“如果”“如果.发生”,但是比when正式,英语合同中常用。


例如:In the event that either party here to fails to comply with the terms or conditions of this agreement and within 90 days after the written notice is issued by the other party hereto, fails to remedy such failure, the party giving notice may, forth with, notify the other party of the matter in question and terminate this agreement.(如任何一方未能履行本协议规定的条款或条件,并在收到另一方书面通知之后90天内未对其不履行进行补救,发出通知的一方,可立即通知另一方终止本协议。)


[作者单位:中电建海外投资(昆明)有限公司]




【声明】内容源于网络
0
0
国际工程与劳务杂志
杂志创刊于1988年。由中国对外承包工程商会主管主办。杂志以宣传中国对外承包工程和对外劳务合作事业方针政策,传播行业先进理念、高新技术、实用经验和前沿信息为主要内容。
内容 2132
粉丝 0
国际工程与劳务杂志 杂志创刊于1988年。由中国对外承包工程商会主管主办。杂志以宣传中国对外承包工程和对外劳务合作事业方针政策,传播行业先进理念、高新技术、实用经验和前沿信息为主要内容。
总阅读4
粉丝0
内容2.1k