在法律英语中,最值得探讨的主要情态动词是shall。Shall 在法律条文中用得极广,这是构成法律英语主要特征的关键词。在法律语言中,shall 与第三人称连用时是情态动词,表示“命令、义务、职责、权利、特权、许诺”等,在英语法律条文中它的作用相当于must、be required to,be to(do)、have to。虽然shall在语气上相当于这四个短语,但在实际应用中,must,be required to,have to的语气和强制作用比shall更为强烈。专门从事法律翻译的资深专家似乎在重要法律实践中逐渐达成共识,正在约定俗成一条规矩:即让must以及be required to与汉语中的“必须”对等(have to基本上不在书面的法律英语中使用);让shall与“须”、“应”、“应当”对等。在否定句中,shall的基本译法只有一种:“不得”,而不能译为“不须”、“不该”,更不能译成“不应当”。以英语为母语的国家的法律和语言教学专家建议用must替代shall以明确表示法律条文的强制性。许多律师现在其法律文书中用must取代shall,以明确表示法律或合同条文中规定的义务或职责。该语言发展趋势值得法律文献翻译人员重视。
例1:
The Chief Justice of the Court of FinalAppeal and the Chief Judge of the High Court of the Hong Kong SpecialAdministrative Region shall be Chinese citizens who are permanentresidents of the Region.
香港特别行政区终审法院和高等法院的首席法官,应由在外国无居留权的香港特别行政区永久性居民中的中国居民担任。
例2:
选出或者罢免人民检察长,须报上级人民检察院检察长提请该级人民代表大会常务委员会批准。
The election or recall of chief procuratorsof people’s procuratorates shall be reported to the chief procurators ofthe people’s procuratorates at the next higher level for submission to thestanding committees of the people’s congresses at the corresponding level forapproval.
例3:
Shipment: The Date of the Bill of Lading shallbe accepted as a conclusive evidence of the date of shipment.
付运:提货单的日期须被承认为付运日期的确实证据。
例4:
教唆他人犯罪的,应当按照他在共同犯罪中所起的使用处罚。教唆不满十八岁的人犯罪的,应当从重处罚。
One who instigates others to commit a crimeshall be punished according to the role he plays in the joint crime. One whoinstigates a person under the age of eighteen to commit a crime shall be givena heavier punishment.
例5:
The contractor shall be entitled touse for the purpose of the works such supplies of electricity and water as maybe available therefor the site and shall pay the purchaser for such sumsas may be reasonable in the circumstances, and shall at his own expenseprovide any apparatus necessary for such use.
承包商有权利用工地上原有的供电供水进行施工,但须向业主交纳合理的水电费,并应自己承担费用去安装供电供水所需仪表。


