多态反序列化是处理继承结构对象序列化的常见需求,但不同 JSON 序列化库的实现机制差异会带来显著的安全风险。微软 CA2326 规则明确警示:避免使用非安全的 JsonSerializerSettings 配置(如 Newtonsoft.Json 的 TypeNameHandling 非 None 值),否则可能引发类型注入攻击。本文将对比 Newtonsoft.Json 与 System.Text.Json 在多态反序列化中的实现差异,重点分析安全性问题,并通过代码实例验证两者的安全表现。
多态反序列化的实现机制差异
Newtonsoft.Json:基于TypeNameHandling 的灵活设计
Newtonsoft.Json 通过 TypeNameHandling 配置项控制是否在 JSON 中嵌入类型元数据。当设置 TypeNameHandling 支持多态时,JSON 会携带 $type 字段(包含类型的完全限定名和程序集信息),反序列化时直接根据该字段实例化对应类型。这种设计虽然灵活支持多态,但缺乏默认的类型校验机制,攻击者可构造包含恶意类型的 JSON,触发敏感类型实例化。
System.Text.Json:多态配置的安全设计
System.Text.Json 默认不支持多态反序列化,需通过 [JsonDerivedType] 特性或 DerivedTypes 显式声明允许的派生类型。反序列化时仅处理配置过的类型,拒绝未授权的类型注入,从机制上规避了安全风险。
CA2326 规则的警示
CA2326 规则的核心是禁止使用 TypeNameHandling 非 None 值的配置 —— 攻击者可利用 $type 字段构造恶意 JSON,实例化如 ProcessStartInfo(执行系统命令)、FileStream(读写文件)等敏感类型,引发远程代码执行或数据泄露。
代码实例验证
using Newtonsoft.Json;using Newtonsoft.Json.Serialization;using System.Diagnostics;using System.Text.Json;using System.Text.Json.Serialization;using System.Text.Json.Serialization.Metadata;namespace NewtonsoftSecurityDemo{[JsonPolymorphic(TypeDiscriminatorPropertyName = "CustomerType")][JsonDerivedType(typeof(PaymentCompletedEvent), "PaymentCompletedEvent")][JsonDerivedType(typeof(OrderCreatedEvent), "OrderCreatedEvent")]public class TransactionEvent{public string EventId { get; set; } = Guid.NewGuid().ToString();public DateTime EventTime { get; set; } = DateTime.Now;public string OrderId { get; set; }// 业务扩展字段(攻击者利用的入口)public object ExtData { get; set; }}public class PaymentCompletedEvent : TransactionEvent{public decimal Amount { get; set; }public string PaymentMethod { get; set; }}public class OrderCreatedEvent : TransactionEvent{public string UserId { get; set; }public int ItemCount { get; set; }}// Newtonsoft.Json 安全绑定器(演示白名单校验)public class EventSerializationBinder : ISerializationBinder{// 仅允许的安全类型白名单private readonly HashSet<string> _allowedTypes = new(){"NewtonsoftSecurityDemo.PaymentCompletedEvent","NewtonsoftSecurityDemo.OrderCreatedEvent",//"System.Diagnostics.ProcessStartInfo"};public Type BindToType(string assemblyName, string typeName){// 仅允许白名单内的类型if (!_allowedTypes.Contains(typeName)){throw new NotSupportedException($"禁止反序列化未授权类型:{typeName}");}return Type.GetType($"{typeName}, {assemblyName}") ?? typeof(TransactionEvent);}public void BindToName(Type serializedType, out string? assemblyName, out string? typeName){assemblyName = serializedType.Assembly.FullName;typeName = serializedType.FullName;}}class Program{static void Main(string[] args){Console.WriteLine("=== Newtonsoft.Json 命令执行攻击演示 ===");Newtonsoft_Attack_ProcessStartInfo();Console.WriteLine("\n=== Newtonsoft.Json 文件读取攻击演示 ===");Newtonsoft_Attack_FileStream();Console.WriteLine("\n=== Newtonsoft.Json 启用 SerializationBinder:安全防护演示 ===");Newtonsoft_Secure_WithBinder();Console.WriteLine("\n=== System.Text.Json 安全防护演示 ===");SystemTextJson_Defense();Console.ReadKey();}/// <summary>/// 模拟:注入ProcessStartInfo执行系统命令/// </summary>static void Newtonsoft_Attack_ProcessStartInfo(){string maliciousCallbackJson = @$"{{""$type"": ""NewtonsoftSecurityDemo.PaymentCompletedEvent, NewtonsoftSecurityDemo"",""EventId"": ""{Guid.NewGuid()}"",""OrderId"": ""ORD_{new Random().Next(1000, 9999)}"",""Amount"": 999.00,""PaymentMethod"": ""Alipay"",""ExtData"": {{""$type"": ""System.Diagnostics.ProcessStartInfo,System.Diagnostics.Process"",""FileName"": ""cmd.exe"",""Arguments"": ""/c echo 'some scripts' > C:\\temp\\attack_log.txt && echo 'doing' >> C:\\temp\\attack_log.txt"",""UseShellExecute"": true}}}}";var settings = new JsonSerializerSettings{TypeNameHandling = TypeNameHandling.Auto,};var eventData = Newtonsoft.Json.JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<TransactionEvent>(maliciousCallbackJson, settings);Console.WriteLine($"处理订单事件:{eventData.OrderId}");if (eventData.ExtData is ProcessStartInfo psi){Directory.CreateDirectory("C:\\temp");Process.Start(psi);Console.WriteLine($" [攻击成功] 执行命令:{psi.Arguments}");Console.WriteLine($" [攻击结果] 生成文件:C:\\temp\\attack_log.txt 文件内容:");if (File.Exists("C:\\temp\\attack_log.txt")){string content = File.ReadAllText("C:\\temp\\attack_log.txt");Console.WriteLine($"{content}");}}}/// <summary>/// 模拟:注入FileInfo读取敏感文件/// </summary>static void Newtonsoft_Attack_FileStream(){string targetFile = Path.Combine(Environment.GetFolderPath(Environment.SpecialFolder.Desktop), "appsettings.json");if (!File.Exists(targetFile)){File.WriteAllText(targetFile, "ConnectionString: 123456");}string maliciousExportJson = @$"{{""$type"": ""NewtonsoftSecurityDemo.OrderCreatedEvent, NewtonsoftSecurityDemo"",""OrderId"": ""ORD_{new Random().Next(1000, 9999)}"",""UserId"": ""user_{new Random().Next(100, 999)}"",""ExtData"": {{""$type"": ""System.IO.FileInfo"",""FileName"": ""{targetFile.Replace("\\", "\\\\")}""}}}}";var settings = new JsonSerializerSettings{TypeNameHandling = TypeNameHandling.Auto};var eventData = Newtonsoft.Json.JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<TransactionEvent>(maliciousExportJson, settings);Console.WriteLine($"处理订单导出:{eventData.OrderId}");// 通过FileInfo读取文件内容(模拟攻击逻辑)if (eventData.ExtData is FileInfo fileInfo){using (var sr = new StreamReader(fileInfo.OpenRead())){string sensitiveContent = sr.ReadToEnd();Console.WriteLine($" [攻击成功] 读取敏感文件内容:\n{sensitiveContent}");}}}/// <summary>/// Newtonsoft.Json 启用SerializationBinder:拦截恶意类型/// </summary>static void Newtonsoft_Secure_WithBinder(){string maliciousCallbackJson = @$"{{""$type"": ""NewtonsoftSecurityDemo.PaymentCompletedEvent, NewtonsoftSecurityDemo"",""EventId"": ""{Guid.NewGuid()}"",""OrderId"": ""ORD_{new Random().Next(1000, 9999)}"",""Amount"": 999.00,""PaymentMethod"": ""Alipay"",""ExtData"": {{""$type"": ""System.Diagnostics.ProcessStartInfo,System.Diagnostics.Process"",""FileName"": ""cmd.exe"",""Arguments"": ""/c echo 'some scripts' > C:\\temp\\attack_log.txt && echo 'doing' >> C:\\temp\\attack_log.txt"",""UseShellExecute"": true}}}}";var settings = new JsonSerializerSettings{TypeNameHandling = TypeNameHandling.Auto,SerializationBinder = new EventSerializationBinder() // 启用白名单校验};try{var eventData = Newtonsoft.Json.JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<TransactionEvent>(maliciousCallbackJson, settings);if (eventData.ExtData is ProcessStartInfo){Console.WriteLine(" [防护失效] 恶意类型未被拦截(异常)");}}catch (Exception ex){Console.WriteLine($" [防护成功] 拦截未授权类型:{ex.Message}");}}/// <summary>/// System.Text.Json 安全防护验证/// </summary>static void SystemTextJson_Defense(){string maliciousCallbackJson = @$"{{""CustomerType"": ""PaymentCompletedEvent"",""EventId"": ""{Guid.NewGuid()}"",""OrderId"": ""ORD_{new Random().Next(1000, 9999)}"",""Amount"": 999.00,""PaymentMethod"": ""Alipay"",""ExtData"": {{""$type"": ""System.Diagnostics.ProcessStartInfo,System.Diagnostics.Process"",""FileName"": ""cmd.exe"",""Arguments"": ""/c echo 'some scripts' > C:\\temp\\attack_log.txt && echo 'doing' >> C:\\temp\\attack_log.txt"",""UseShellExecute"": true}}}}";var eventData = System.Text.Json.JsonSerializer.Deserialize<TransactionEvent>(maliciousCallbackJson);Console.WriteLine($" 主对象类型:{eventData.GetType().FullName}");Console.WriteLine($" ExtData 实际类型:{eventData.ExtData.GetType().FullName}");if (eventData.ExtData is JsonElement){Console.WriteLine(" [防护成功] 恶意类型ProcessStartInfo被拦截,ExtData仅保留原始JSON结构,未反序列化为恶意对象");}else if (eventData.ExtData is ProcessStartInfo){Console.WriteLine(" [防护失效] 恶意类型解析成功");}else{Console.WriteLine($" [正常业务] 解析到合法类型:{eventData.ExtData.GetType().FullName}");}Console.WriteLine("\n尝试转换ExtData为ProcessStartInfo:");try{var psi = (ProcessStartInfo)eventData.ExtData;Console.WriteLine(" [防护失效] 恶意类型解析成功");}catch (InvalidCastException ex){Console.WriteLine($" [防护成功] 强制转换失败,原因:{ex.Message}");}}}}
运行结果为:
通过 Demo 可以发现:
- Newtonsoft 无防护时攻击成功;
- Newtonsoft 启用 SerializationBinder 后拦截了恶意类型;
- System.Text.Json 始终拦截恶意类型,ExtData 为 JsonElement,无法转换为 ProcessStartInfo。
为什么 Newtonsoft.Json 启用 SerializationBinder 可降低风险?
先看代码:
public class EventSerializationBinder : ISerializationBinder{// 仅允许的安全类型白名单private readonly HashSet<string> _allowedTypes = new(){"NewtonsoftSecurityDemo.PaymentCompletedEvent","NewtonsoftSecurityDemo.OrderCreatedEvent",//"System.Diagnostics.ProcessStartInfo"};public Type BindToType(string assemblyName, string typeName){// 仅允许白名单内的类型if (!_allowedTypes.Contains(typeName)){throw new NotSupportedException($"禁止反序列化未授权类型:{typeName}");}return Type.GetType($"{typeName}, {assemblyName}") ?? typeof(TransactionEvent);}public void BindToName(Type serializedType, out string? assemblyName, out string? typeName){assemblyName = serializedType.Assembly.FullName;typeName = serializedType.FullName;}}
SerializationBinder 的核心作用是:接管从 JSON 中的 $type 字符串 到实际 Type 类型的映射过程,强制校验类型合法性。简单说:
- 无 SerializationBinder:反序列化器会无条件反射创建 $type 指定的任意类型,包括危险类型;
- 有 SerializationBinder:反序列化器必须经过你的自定义校验逻辑,仅允许白名单内的类型被实例化,直接阻断恶意类型的创建。
小结
Newtonsoft.Json 的 TypeNameHandling 机制虽灵活,但易被利用触发安全漏洞;System.Text.Json 通过显式多态配置白名单的设计,规避了类型注入风险。
在实际开发中,针对多态场景,建议优先使用 System.Text.Json。若必须使用 Newtonsoft.Json,需遵循以下安全实践:
- 避免使用 TypeNameHandling 非 None 值。
- 若必须启用,需严格校验 $type 字段类型的合法性,仅允许安全类型。

