作为一个转录因子,STAT3调控一系列与癌细胞生存、增殖、血管生成、侵袭、转移、耐药性和免疫逃避有关的基因[2]。因此,靶向 STAT3 信号通路已成为许多癌症的有希望的治疗策略。本文系统的讨论了STAT3相关通路及其抑制剂、降解剂研究进展。
STAT3结构域及信号通路
1)氨基末端结构域(NTD),用于STAT蛋白与多个共同DNA位点的协同结合;
2)螺旋卷曲结构域(CCD),用于向受体募集STAT3以及随后的磷酸化、二聚化和核转位;
3)DNA结合结构域(DBD),用于识别和结合特定的共同DNA序列;
4)连接结构域(Linker),用于连接DBD和SH2;
5)SRC同源2结构域(SH2),用于募集和激活STAT3分子,通过与相对亚基中的磷酸化酪氨酸残基相互作用来实现STAT3分子的二聚化;
6)羧基末端反式激活结构域(TAD)。如图1所示。在STAT3结构域中,SH2是高度保守的STAT结构域,其通过与特定的磷酸酪氨酸基序结合,在信号转导中起着至关重要的作用[3]。

STAT3 抑制剂研究进展
STAT3可在多种人类肿瘤中被激活,在多种患者来源的肿瘤组织样本中观察到STAT3过表达。大量的累积证据有力地支持使用抑制剂或敲除系统阻断STAT3激活可以作为癌症和其他人类疾病的有吸引力的治疗靶点[12]。STAT3抑制剂的抗肿瘤机制主要有两种:一是阻断STAT3上游通路。二是直接作用STAT3蛋白本身。

通过各种研究及筛选,研究人员已经发现了许多STAT3的相关抑制剂,尽管这些抑制剂在体外表现出很好的物理化学性质,但因为其水溶性和细胞通透性较低,它们中的大多数临床疗效并不理想。
图3 STAT3反馈激活回路介导曲妥珠单抗耐药机制[22]

图4 STAT3反馈激活回路介导曲妥珠单抗耐药的治疗策略[22]
STAT3 降解剂研究进展
王少萌教授团队研制的小分子SD-36,其为STAT3的选择性降解剂。SD-36含有2个官能团:STAT3 SH2结构域的小分子结合体(SI-109)和Cereblon(CRBN)E3连接酶的配体(来那度胺)。当SI109与STAT3的SH2结构域结合后,CRBN被招募,而CRBN又招募E2酶来促进STAT3的泛素化。泛素化的STAT3则以蛋白酶体降解为目标[25-26]。

图3 PROTAC 介导的 POI 泛素化和蛋白酶体降解的过程[27]
研究中评估了SD-36在急性髓系白血病(AML)细胞系MOLM-16和间变性大细胞淋巴瘤(ALCL)细胞系SU-DHL-1中降解STAT3蛋白的能力,如图4所示。SD-36能有效的选择性的降低MOLM-16、SU-DHL-1中STAT3蛋白水平,且不会降解细胞中其他STATs。表明SD-36是一种有效的STAT3降解剂,与其他STAT家族成员和细胞中>5,000个非STAT蛋白相比具有特殊的选择性。研究中也证明了SD-36能显著降低MOLM-16和SU-DHL-1中STAT3的DNA结合活性及STAT3的转录活性,如图5所示。

图4 SD-36对MOLM-16和SU-DHL-1细胞中STATS家族中各蛋白的降解能力[26]

图5 SD-36对MOLM-16和SU-DHL-1细胞中STAT3的DNA结合活性及STAT3的转录活性影响[26]
研究中还使用小鼠异种移植肿瘤模型评估了SD-36的治疗潜力。对携带MOLM-16肿瘤的SCID小鼠进行静脉注射治疗,对其肿瘤裂解物中STAT3及pSTAT3(Y705)进行了评估,如图6所示。结果表明,SD-36在体内选择性地降解STAT3,单剂量的SD-36在诱导小鼠异种移植肿瘤中的STAT3降解方面实现了持久的PD效应,并且能够在耐受良好的给药方案下测试的所有三种异种移植模型中实现完全和持久的肿瘤消退。
总结
除此之外,爱思益普生物团队还可以通过Western Blot、qPCR、In-cell-Western等技术精确分析STAT3靶点、突变位点和不同细胞的耐药性,可以高效的评价新型化合物对于STAT3的抑制作用或者降解效果。同时构建了HeLa-STAT3-HiBiT细胞系可以通量的筛选STAT3的降解剂。

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