Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Cholera remains a global threat to public health and an indicator of inequity and lack of social development. Researchers have estimated that every year, there are roughly 1.3 to 4.0 million cases, and 21 000 to 143 000 deaths worldwide due to cholera.
霍乱是一种急性腹泻感染，由摄入受霍乱弧菌污染的食物或水引起。霍乱仍然是对公共卫生的全球威胁，是发展不平等和某些地区缺乏社会发展的一个指标。研究人员估计，全球每年大约有130万至400万例霍乱病例，2.1万至14.3万人死于霍乱。
It takes between 12 hours and 5 days for a person to show symptoms after ingesting contaminated food or water. Cholera affects both children and adults and can kill within hours if untreated. Most people infected with V. cholerae do not develop any symptoms, although the bacteria are present in their faeces for 1-10 days after infection and are shed back into the environment, potentially infecting other people.
一个人在摄入受污染的食物或水后，需要12小时到5天的时间才会出现症状。霍乱影响儿童和成人，如果不治疗，可在数小时内死亡。大多数感染霍乱弧菌的人不会出现任何症状，尽管这种细菌在感染后的1-10天内存在于他们的粪便中，并散发回环境中，潜在地感染其他人。
During the 19th century, cholera spread across the world from its original reservoir in the Ganges delta in India. The first cholera pandemic emerged out of Jessore, India, in 1817, stemming from contaminated rice. The disease quickly spread throughout most of India, modern-day Myanmar, and modern-day Sri Lanka by traveling along trade routes established by Europeans. It also spread beyond Asia. In 1821, British troops traveling from India to Oman brought cholera to the Persian Gulf. The disease eventually made its way to European territory, reaching modern-day Turkey, Syria and Southern Russia.
在19世纪，霍乱从印度恒河三角洲的源头传播到世界各地。1817年，第一次霍乱大流行发生在印度的杰索尔，起因是受污染的大米。这种疾病沿着欧洲人建立的贸易路线迅速传播到印度、现在的缅甸和斯里兰卡的大部分地区。它还传播到了亚洲以外。1821年，英国军队从印度前往阿曼，将霍乱带到了波斯湾。这种疾病最终传播到了欧洲，到达了今天的土耳其、叙利亚和俄罗斯南部。
Six subsequent pandemics killed millions of people across all continents. The current (seventh) pandemic started in South Asia in 1961, reached Africa in 1971 and the Americas in 1991. Cholera is now endemic in many countries. Cholera transmission is closely linked to inadequate access to clean water and sanitation facilities. Typical at-risk areas include peri-urban slums, and camps for internally displaced persons or refugees, where minimum requirements of clean water and sanitation are not been met.
随后的六次大流行夺去了各大洲数百万人的生命。当前的(第七次)大流行于1961年开始于南亚，1971年到达非洲，1991年传播到美洲。霍乱现在是许多国家的地方病。霍乱的传播与缺乏清洁水和卫生设施密切相关。典型的危险地区包括城市周边的贫民窟和流离失所的人或难民的营地，在这些地方，洁净水和卫生设施的最低要求得不到满足。
A multifaceted approach is key to control cholera, and to reduce deaths. A combination of surveillance, water, sanitation and hygiene, social mobilisation, treatment, and oral cholera vaccines are used. In 2014 the Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC), with its Secretariat based at WHO, was revitalised. The GTFCC is a network of more than 50 partners active in cholera control globally, including academic institutions, non-governmental organisations and United Nations agencies. In October 2017, GTFCC partners launched a strategy for cholera control Ending Cholera: A global roadmap to 2030.
多方面的办法是控制霍乱和减少死亡的关键。即综合考虑监测、水、环境清洁和个人卫生、社会动员、治疗和口服霍乱疫苗的使用。2014年，以世卫组织为秘书处的霍乱控制全球工作队恢复了活力。GTFCC是一个由活跃在全球霍乱控制领域的50多个合作伙伴组成的网络，包括学术机构、非政府组织和联合国机构。2017年10月，GTFCC合作伙伴启动了一项霍乱控制战略，《结束霍乱:到2030年全球路线图》。
资料来源 | WHO
翻译 | 新译科技AI+人工校对
编辑、排版 | 王仔洋
