A non-vessel operating common carrier (NVOCC) is a carrier in container transportation that handles the booking, loading, unloading, and inland transport of container freight, as well as the operation of transshipment or inland terminals, but does not operate vessels. In Western countries, such carriers must register with the government maritime department and conduct business activities under the supervision of the maritime department and shipping associations. However, their relationship with shipping companies falls under the category of shipper and carrier. Essentially, they act as intermediaries with a dual identity: they serve as carriers to actual cargo owners but function as shippers to vessel operators.