大家好，我是电力小兵。
STL导则，是STL联盟的各个检测专家，针对IEC标准中的有歧义，或者说容易引起误解的，又或者没有考虑到的情形，做了一个解释。这些个导则之所以重要，是因为人们对IEC标准有不同的解读，对于型式试验有很多细节有不同的解读，因此STL导则对于这方面的问题做了官方解释，用于统一解读IEC标准。
STL导则是STL联盟对世界做出的无私贡献，也可以用于非STL的试验站（对方接受的话）。
今天我们介绍IEC 62271-1的导则。IEC 62271-1是整个高压开关标准的基石，因此对该标准的解读尤为重要。
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GUIDE TO THE INTERPRETATION OF IEC 62271-1: Edition 2.0: 2021-10 (IEC 62271-1:2017/AMD1:2021)
High voltage switchgear and controlgear Part 1: Common specifications
STL导则：IEC 62271-1：第2.0版：2021-10（IEC 62271-1:2017/AMD1:2021）高压开关设备和控制设备第 1 部分：通用规范
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Introduction
This Guide is only applicable for use with the Guides for other parts of the IEC 62271 series, providing that the product Guide has also been revised to reference this edition of IEC 62271-1:2017/AMD1:2021.
引言
本导则仅适用于 IEC 62271 系列其他部分的导则，前提是相应的产品导则也已修订，以引用 IEC 62271-1:2017/AMD1:2021 的本版本。
Scope
This publication specifies the procedure adopted by members of STL for the issue of Type Test Certificates for high voltage switchgear and controlgear complying with the requirements of IEC 62271-1.
This guide has been prepared by the Technical Committee of STL to ensure a uniform interpretation of IEC 62271-1: Edition 2.0: 2017-06 when testing high voltage switchgear and controlgear, and to unify methods of testing and measurement.
范围
本出版物规定了 STL 成员在为符合 IEC 62271-1 要求的高压开关设备和控制设备出具型式试验证书时所采用的程序。
本导则由 STL 技术委员会编制，旨在确保在对高压开关设备和控制设备进行试验时，对 IEC 62271-1：第 2.0 版：2017-06 的统一解读，并实现测试和测量方法的一致性。
General information
Reference to the STL General Guide
Information concerning Short-Circuit Testing Liaison (STL), its membership and objectives can be found in the STL General Guide.
This publication is a guide to the interpretation of the technical requirements of IEC 62271-1:2017/AMD1:2021.
The General STL Guide is applicable except as amended by this publication.
一般信息
引用 STL 总导则
有关短路试验联盟（STL）、其成员及目标的信息，可在 STL 总导则中找到。本出版物是一份用于解读 IEC 62271-1:2017/AMD1:2021 技术要求的导则。除本出版物修订之处外，适用 STL 总导则。
References to the Standard
The sub-clauses of this Guide refer to the identical sub-clause of the Standard.
对标准的引用
本导则的各小条款引用标准中的相同小条款。
3.5 Parts of switchgear and controlgear
3.5.10 Connection (bolted or the equivalent)
Welded connections are not considered as an appropriate equivalency to bolted connection for continuous current tests.
3.5 开关设备和控制设备的部件
3.5.10 连接（螺栓连接或等效方式）
焊接连接在连续电流试验中不被视为等同于螺栓连接的适当方式。
7 Type Tests
Certification Procedure for Type Tests
Because IEC 62271-1 is the generic standard for all a.c. switchgear and controlgear designed for indoor and outdoor installation and for operation at service frequencies up to and including 60 Hz on systems having voltages above 1000 V, Type Test Certificates can only be issued based on the relevant product standard and the associated STL Guide issued thereto.
Where the relevant product standard refers to type test requirements of IEC 62271-1, this publication is to be applied in addition, providing that the product Guide has also been revised to reference this edition of IEC 62271-1:2017/AMD1:2021.
Type Test Certificates cannot be issued solely based on IEC 62271-1 and this Guide.
7 型式试验
型式试验的认证程序
由于 IEC 62271-1 是适用于所有交流开关设备和控制设备的通用标准，这些设备设计用于室内和室外安装，并在额定频率最高至 60 Hz 的系统中运行，系统电压高于 1000 V，因此型式试验证书只能基于相关产品标准及其对应发布的 STL 导则来出具。
当相关产品标准引用 IEC 62271-1 的型式试验要求时，应额外应用本出版物，前提是该产品导则也已修订，以引用 IEC 62271-:2017/AMD1:2021 的本版本。
型式试验证书不能仅基于 IEC 62271-1 及本导则来出具。
7.1.2 Information for identification of test objects
In case of the use of alternative gases or gas mixtures, the actual composition of the mixed gas such as type of gas(s) and their percentages in the mixture which is used for interruption and/or insulation during testing shall be clearly identified.
If upon the request of the customer, these details of the composition are not given in the ratings page then these details shall be given along with the characteristics of the switchgear or in a separate document forming part of the drawing list. In such cases it
shall be clearly mentioned in the ratings page that a mixed gas is used for interruption and/or insulation. A reference shall be made to the drawing/document giving such details and forming part of the drawings list. Upon request of the customer the commercial /
brand name of the mixed gas may also be given.
7.1.2 试品识别信息
当使用替代气体或气体混合物时，应清晰标识用于试验期间开断和/或绝缘的混合气体的实际组成，例如气体类型及其在混合物中的百分比。
如果应客户要求未在额定值页中给出这些组成细节，则应将这些细节与开关设备的特性一起提供，或在构成图纸清单一部分的单独文件中提供。在这种情况下，应在额定值页中清楚注明用于开断和/或绝缘的是混合气体。应引用包含这些细节并构成图纸清单一部分的图纸/文件。根据客户要求，还可提供混合气体的商品名称/品牌名称。
7.5 Continuous current test
7.5.4.1 Ambient air temperature
At the client’s request the continuous current test may be carried out at an ambient air temperature Ta higher than 40 °C. In this case, if the temperature-rises measured during the test do not exceed the maximum values of temperature-rise as specified in Table 14 of IEC 62271-1, after reduction by the value (Ta – 40), a STL Type Test Certificate of Continuous Current Performance may be issued to cover a service condition with an ambient temperature equal to Ta .The ambient temperature Ta shall be added in the ratings/characteristics page of the certificate.
7.5 连续电流试验
7.5.4.1 环境空气温度
根据客户要求，连续电流试验可在环境空气温度 Ta 高于 40°C 的条件下进行。在这种情况下，如果试验中测得的温升在减去 (Ta – 40) 之后，不超过 IEC 62271-1 表 14 中规定的温升最大值，则可签发 STL 连续电流性能型式试验证书，以覆盖环境温度等于 Ta 的运行条件。环境温度 Ta 应在证书的额定值/特性页中注明。
7.6 Short-time withstand current and peak withstand current tests
7.6.2 Arrangement of the switchgear and controlgear and of the test circuit Tests on gas-filled test objects may be made without insulating gas and also with open flanges to the atmosphere if the mechanical behaviour of the supporting structures is not influenced.
The test object may also be filled with any other alternative gas (e.g. air) at any convenient pressure up to the rated pressure.
If the no-load operation before and after the test cannot be performed without insulating gas, the equipment has to be pressurized for the verification of the no-load operation. In such a case air or any convenient gas can be used at the pressure indicated by the manufacturer.
If a dielectric condition check is required after the short-time withstand current and peak withstand current tests, then the unit should be refilled with the specified gas.
The test may be made three-phase or single-phase. In the case of a single-phase test, the following shall apply.
On a three-pole switchgear and controlgear, the test shall be made on two adjacent poles in series, with the following exception:
In the case of switchgear and controlgear with separated poles, the test may be made on one pole with the return conductor at phase distance. If the distance between poles is not fixed by the design, the test shall be made at the minimum distance indicated by the manufacturer.
For rated voltages above 52 kV, unless otherwise specified in the relevant standards, the test can be done on one pole without any particular requirement for the return conductor layout, but in no case shall it be located closer to the tested pole than the minimum distance indicated for phase centres by the manufacturer.
7.6 短时耐受电流和峰值耐受电流试验
7.6.2 开关设备和控制设备及试验回路的布置
对于充气的试品，如果支撑结构的机械行为不受影响，试验可以在无绝缘气体的条件下进行，也可以将法兰敞开于大气中进行。
试品也可以充入任何其他替代气体（例如空气），在任何方便的压力下，直至额定压力。
如果试验前后无法在无绝缘气体的情况下进行空载操作，则设备必须加压以验证空载操作。在此情况下，可使用制造商所示压力下的空气或任何方便的气体。
如果在短时耐受电流和峰值耐受电流试验后需要进行绝缘条件检查，则应使用规定的气体重新充气。
试验可进行三相或单相。在单相试验情况下，应遵循以下规定。
对于三极开关设备和控制设备，试验应在相邻的两极串联下进行，但以下情况除外：
对于极间隔开的开关设备和控制设备，试验可在一极上进行，回路导体按相距布置。如果极间距离不是设计固定的，则试验应在制造商标明的最小距离下进行。
对于额定电压高于 52 kV 的设备，除相关标准另有规定外，试验可在一极上进行，对回路导体的布置没有特殊要求，但回路导体与被试极的距离在任何情况下不得小于制造商标明的相心最小距离。
7.6.3 Test current and duration
The peak withstand current shall always precede the short-time withstand current in any case, and the tests shall be performed without any operations in between. If an additional short-time withstand current test with a longer short-circuit duration is required, then this test should also be performed without operations. Otherwise the peak withstand current shall be repeated before the longer duration test.
Short-time withstand current and peak withstand current tests performed at 50 Hz or 60 Hz, using a peak factor of 2.6, cover both frequencies for networks with d.c. time constant of 45 ms or smaller. Short-time withstand current and peak withstand current
tests performed at 50 Hz or 60 Hz, using a peak factor of 2.7, cover both frequencies for networks with d.c. time constants higher than 45 ms.
For a three-phase circuit, the peak current shall be applied on one of the outer phases,
where outer phase is:
Phase A, B and C of figure 1 (equilateral triangle arrangement).
Phase B and C of figure 1 (isosceles triangle arrangement).
Phase A and C of figure 1 (horizontal arrangement).
The outer phases may differ from above definition due to the transposition of conductors along the path or on bushings. Therefore the test object must be tested under the most
severe conditions.
7.6.3 试验电流和持续时间
峰值耐受电流试验在任何情况下都必须先于短时耐受电流试验进行，并且试验之间不得进行任何操作。如果需要进行额外的、更长短路持续时间的短时耐受电流试验，则该试验也应在无操作的情况下进行。否则，在持续时间更长的试验之前必须重复进行峰值耐受电流试验。
在 50 Hz 或 60 Hz 下进行的短时耐受电流和峰值耐受电流试验，当使用峰值系数 2.6 时，可覆盖直流时间常数为 45 ms 或更小的网络；当使用峰值系数 2.7 时，可覆盖直流时间常数大于 45 ms 的网络。
对于三相回路，峰值电流应施加在其中一个外相上，外相定义如下：
图 1 中的 A、B、C 相（正三角形布置）。
图 1 中的 B、C 相（等腰三角形布置）。
图 1 中的 A、C 相（水平布置）。
由于沿路径或在套管处的导体换位，外相可能与上述定义不同。因此，试品必须在最严酷条件下进行试验。
Figure 1: Phase arrangement 图 1：相位布置
7.6.4 Condition of switchgear and controlgear after test
According to sub-clause 7.6.1 Arrangement of the switchgear and controlgear and of the test circuit and sub-clause 7.6.4 Conditions of switchgear and controlgear after test, a noload operation of the mechanical switching device is required before and after the STC test. These should be carried out at 100% of the rated value in the case of power operated devices and 120% in the case of manually operated devices.
The dielectric properties of the test object shall not be impaired after the test. Visual inspection is normally sufficient to verify these properties. If deterioration or suspected deterioration is seen during the visual inspection, a dielectric test may be performed to verify the condition of the test object.
7.6.4 试验后开关设备和控制设备的状态
根据 7.6.1 条“开关设备和控制设备及试验回路的布置”和 7.6.4 条“试验后开关设备和控制设备的状态”，机械开关装置在 STC （短路）试验前后均需进行空载操作。对于电动操作装置，应在额定值的 100% 条件下进行；对于手动操作装置，应在额定值的 120% 条件下进行。
试品的绝缘性能在试验后不得受到损害。通常通过目视检查即可验证这些性能。如果在目视检查中发现劣化或怀疑存在劣化，可进行绝缘试验以验证试品状况。
7.8 Tightness tests
For alternative gases (other than SF6 gas) tightness tests shall be performed as well.
Since not all alternative gases can be detected with a standard device it is difficult to give a conclusion on the absolute leakage rate.
Note: For the determination of the leakage rate based on tests using tracer gases, reference is made to IEC 60068-2-17 “Basic environmental testing procedures – Part 2-17: Tests – Test Q: Sealing”
7.8 密封性试验
对于替代气体（非 SF6 气体），也应进行密封性试验。由于并非所有替代气体都能使用标准装置检测，因此难以对绝对泄漏率作出结论。
注：关于使用示踪气体进行试验以确定泄漏率的方法，可参见 IEC 60068-2-17《基本环境试验规程——第 2-17 部分：试验——试验 Q：密封》。