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月是一首诗丨你置身在星辰之间, 孤独地流浪,象一只忧伤的眼睛

月是一首诗丨你置身在星辰之间, 孤独地流浪,象一只忧伤的眼睛 中国日报双语新闻
2015-09-27
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导读:在中国诗海里,月亮亘古不老,代表永恒。同是天穹这轮月,在西方诗人笔下,月的意象却不那么安详。


在中国诗海里,月亮亘古不老,代表永恒。明月寄相思,拜月明心志,中国月亮的气质基本可用冰清玉洁、吉祥安谧来概括。同是天穹这轮月,


在西方诗人笔下,月的意象却不那么安详,犹如梵高的《星月夜》,月光下涌动着神秘、不安,甚至神经质的癫狂。

对于中国月,你早已熟稔在心。今夜,不妨随本期特刊感受西方月。


月神传说

文学的源头,总有一个来自神话。在赏析诗歌前,我们先从希腊月亮女神阿特弥斯(Artemis)谈起。拉丁文中,月神名叫卢娜(Luna);罗马神话中,她又名戴安娜(Diana)。


群兽的守护神

阿特弥斯是万神之王宙斯的女儿、太阳神阿波罗的孪生姐姐。她也是狩猎女神,酷爱在山野林间奔跑,并常有猎狗和群兽相伴。虽然阿特弥斯常有浪漫情事,但她是一位处女神。

Artemis was a daughter of Zeus, and the twin sister of Apollo. She was also the Goddess of the Hunt, as she loved wildness and enjoyed wandering through the woods along with her hunting dogs and assorted animals. And in spite of having affairs, Artemis remained a virgin.


月神的性格

希腊神话中,猎人亚克托安、美男子阿多尼斯等数人均魂丧月神之手。亚克托安因偷窥月神洗澡,被她施法变成一只雄鹿,后又被自己的猎狗咬死。阿多尼斯是爱神阿芙洛狄特的情人,传说中,月神与爱神结怨,故派了头野猪杀了阿多尼斯以报复。

Artemis was responsible for the deaths of several figures, including hunter Actaoon and handsome youth Adonis. Actaoon was turned by Artemis into a stag and then killed by his hunting dog after he spied upon the goddess while she bathed. Adonis was killed by a wild boar sent by Artemis, who was in retaliation for Aphrodite.


依据希腊传说,阿特弥斯是野外生灵的保护神。和中国的月神嫦娥不同,阿特弥斯不具有温柔的家居形象。她法力强大,有能力守护森林、野兽和凡夫俗子,她更是少女和儿童的保护神。但是,阿特弥斯占有欲极强,她会惩罚违背她意愿的人。阿特弥斯一旦受到伤害必会报复,报复手段不失残忍。

The Greek mythologies indicated that Artemis was divine among wild animals and plants. Quite different from Chang'e, China's Goddess of the Moon, Artemis was not a tender domestic type. She was powerful enough to guard forests, beasts and mortals, especially young girls and children. But she was very possessive and would punish anyone who disobeyed her wishes. She could be very vindictive and cruel when she was wronged.


诗歌赏析


『诗一:征兆月』

The Ballad of Sir Patrick Spens
派特里克·斯潘思爵士

Late, late yestre'en I saw the new moon
Wi' the auld moon in hir arm
And I fear, I fear, my dear master
That we will come to harm.

注释

--yestre'en: yesterday evening(昨晚)


--Wi' the auld moon in hir arm: With the old moon in her arm (新月抱旧月,hir/her指的是上文的新月)"新月抱旧月"是一种天文现象,"旧月"是地球反射的太阳光照到月面上又反射回来的光。这种现象民间常见的英文说法有两种:The old moon can be seen sitting in the lap of the new./The old moon is seen in the arms of the new.


简评

"新月抱旧月"被现代人誉为天文奇观。由这首中世纪苏格兰叙事歌谣《派特里克·斯潘思爵士》,我们可知在英国文学史上,月的意象自古就与凶兆相关。

水手称,"昨夜我看到一弯新月,用臂弯抱旧月。我担心啊,亲爱的船长,我们将会遭遇灾难。"在诗中,船长派特里克后来确实因风暴沉船死亡。


『诗二:甜梦月』

Silver
银光


by Walter de la Mare
作者:瓦尔特·德拉·梅尔

Slowly, silently, now the moon
Walks the night in her silver shoon
This way, and that, she peers, and sees
Silver fruit upon silver trees;


One by one the casements catch
Her beams beneath the silvery thatch
Couched in his kennel, like a log
With paws of silver sleeps the dog;

...

注释

--Walter de la Mare:瓦尔特·德拉·梅尔,英国20世纪上半叶诗人。他认为,童年处于本真状态,人一旦失去童年也就失去了返璞归真的能力,故著有大量儿童诗,这些诗单纯却不乏深意。

--shoon: shoe古语中鞋子的复数

--casement: 窗子

--thatch:茅草屋顶

--kennel:狗窝


简评

瓦尔特·德拉·梅尔笔下的月恬淡、静谧,与中国诗人的月很相似,这在西方诗歌作品中实属罕见。


《银光》呈现的是童话般的梦境——月儿轻移慢动,穿着俏丽的银鞋四处漫游,果树、果实、窗子和屋顶也因此全披上了银色的光,还有狗狗,在这银色的月光下酣然入睡。在这首诗中,人类没有介入月光下的梦,月女神和自然界的生灵静动相合,融为一体。


『诗三:恋人月』

Strange fits of passion have I known
奇怪的悲伤突如其来


by William Wordsworth
作者:威廉·华兹华斯

When she I loved looked every day
Fresh as a rose in June
I to her cottage bent my way
Beneath an evening-moon.


Upon the moon I fixed my eye
All over the wide lea;

...


And all the while my eye I kept
On the descending moon.

...


When down behind the cottage roof
At once, the bright moon dropped.


What fond and wayward thoughts will slide
Into a Lover's head!
"O mercy!" to myself I cried
"If Lucy should be dead!"

注释

--William Wordsworth: 威廉·华兹华斯,19世纪英国浪漫主义"湖畔派"诗人。这首《奇怪的悲伤突如其来》为华兹华斯所做的《露西诗组》其中一篇,讲述在一个月夜"我"骑马去露西的小屋看望她。

--fits of passion: 突如其来的的悲伤

--lea: 草地


简评

月是这首诗的线。"我"一路盯着月亮,它的变化左右着"我"的感受,即露西健康状况的变化。当皓月当空,露西宛如六月的玫瑰光鲜靓丽;当月儿下沉,露西健康不再,从此魂归西天!月亮成为催眠大师,逐渐将"我"送入梦游状态,当皎月最终沉下"我"几近半癫狂状,发出呓语:"露西死了该怎么办!"


在中国古诗词里,佳人皎如月的意象举不胜举,最早《诗经》有云:"月出皎兮,佼人僚兮",诗人以皎洁的月光衬托女子的美丽,以此抒发爱慕之情。在《奇怪的悲伤突如其来》中,月亮某种意义上也象征着露西,但露西始终隐匿山间,与自然融为一体,故露西与月存有灵犀,月的变化时时映照着她的变化。


『诗四:童趣月』

Child Moon
孩童望月


by Carl Sandburg
作者:卡尔·桑德堡

The child's wonder
At the old moon
Comes back nightly.
She points her finger
To the far silent yellow thing
Shining through the branches
Filtering on the leaves a golden sand
Crying with her little tongue, "See the moon!"
And in her bed fading to sleep
With babblings of the moon on her little mouth.

注释

--Carl Sandburg:卡尔·桑德堡,20世纪美国诗人。桑德堡善于运用日常讲话时的节奏描绘工业化现实,其名作《芝加哥诗集》(Chicago Poems)奠定了他在美国诗坛的地位。


简评

《孩童望月》是一首为儿童所做的诗,描绘了天真的孩子对月亮充满好奇,疑惑它为何夜夜去了又回。当月光洒满树梢,孩子觉得枝桠间泻下的是金色的沙粒。望着月亮,小孩进入了梦乡,梦中还全是月的影子。


这首诗以孩子的视角描写月亮,字里行间所流露的童真与李白的《古朗月行》很有异曲同工之妙:"小时不识月,呼作白玉盘;又疑瑶台镜,飞在青云端。"两首相比,李白的诗更有豪放飘逸之气势。


『诗五:言志月』

To the Moon
致月亮


by Percy Shelley
作者:珀西·雪莱

Art thou pale for weariness
Of climbing heaven and gazing on the earth,


Wandering companionless
Among the stars that have a different birth,


And ever changing, like a joyless eye
That finds no object worth its constancy?

注释

--Percy Shelley: 珀西·雪莱,19世纪初英国革命浪漫主义诗人。

-- Art thou: Are you


简评

表面看,这首《致月亮》是雪莱与月对话,诗人看到了月的变化无常。实际上,雪莱是将自己的处境移情于月,认为"善变"不是月的罪过,而是环境所致,以此借喻自己和月一样遭到环境的孤立,因此,这种孕育众星、与己格格不入的环境不值得留恋。从这一点看,中西方的失意文人都倾向"借月明心志",但"借"得方式不同。


徜徉中国诗海,李白言:"俱怀逸兴壮思飞,欲上青天揽明月",以此表明周围皆为浑浊之气,唯月亮象征光明,故愿与明月为伍相伴。苏轼语:"明月几时有?把酒问青天……我欲乘风归去,又恐琼楼玉宇,高处不胜寒",诗人借明月自喻清高,以月的孤高旷远反衬自己遗世独立。


『诗六:猫之月』

The Cat and the Moon
猫和月


by William Butler Yeats
作者:威廉·巴勒特·叶芝

The cat went here and there
And the moon spun round like a top
And the nearest kin of the moon
The creeping cat, looked up.

Black Minnaloushe stared at the moon
For, wander and wail as he would
The pure cold light in the sky
Troubled his animal blood.

Minnaloushe runs in the grass
Lifting his delicate feet.
Do you dance, Minnaloushe, do you dance?
When two close kindred meet,

...

Minnaloushe creeps through the grass
From moonlit place to place
The sacred moon overhead
Has taken a new phase.

Does Minnaloushe know that his pupils
Will pass from change to change
And that from round to crescent
From crescent to round they range?

Minnaloushe creeps through the grass
Alone, important and wise
And lifts to the changing moon
His changing eyes.

注释

--William Butler Yeats:威廉·巴勒特·叶芝,爱尔兰诗人,1923年获诺贝尔文学奖。叶芝的诗以独特的意象著称。

--spun round like a top:旋转得像个陀螺

--kin:亲戚

--Minnaloushe:黑猫的名字

--kindred:亲属关系

-- pupil:瞳孔

-- from round to crescent:从月盈到月亏


简评

李白以超浪漫情怀"举杯邀明月,对影成三人",在叶芝笔下,月也受邀了,邀请者是一只黑猫,猫希望与月共舞,因为"月是猫最近的亲戚"。欲理解"亲戚"这一含意,我们可回顾最初谈到的月女神阿特弥斯——野外生灵的保护神。整首诗的主人公除了黑猫和月亮再无其它,但无论是猫还是月,都被叶芝披上了神秘的外衣。


这首《猫和月》描画了这样一幅场景:草丛间,黑猫走来走去;天际边,月一直在运动,转得像个陀螺。猫仰望月亮,渴望与月对话,但月却回以冷傲。这时,似乎出现一个画外音,"米纳娄舍(猫的名字),跳舞吧跳舞吧,与至亲相遇,还有什么比共舞更好?或许,月会跟你学会一种新的舞步。"


其实,画外音是猫的另一个自我,即我们常说的"潜意识"。猫后来继续在草间潜行,月也换了新的月相。而猫因为一直望月,所以它的瞳孔也在随月的盈亏变了又变,某种程度而言,月就像猫的眼睛。到底是月影响猫,还是猫影响月?诗人没有明言。但读者可以肯定,猫和月之间存在某种神奇的相互影响。


这首诗有多个层面的象征意。从爱情层面来理解:猫是叶芝自己,月是他终生爱慕的对象毛特·冈妮(Maud Gonne),现实生活中,叶芝至死未赢得佳人芳心。所以,诗中的月很神圣,可望而不可及。


或者,从另一层面来理解,这首诗探究的是自然万物间存在着的神秘联系。月可联想到月女神阿特弥斯,或是她的潮汐作用。猫泛指野外的生灵,而猫的颜色是黑色,这就更强化了猫的神秘感。猫崇拜月女神,随着它的变化而变化,但猫也教会了月神新的舞姿,月由此呈现新的月相。猫和月在相对独立和相互联系中周而复始,生生不息。



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