哲学气质测试刷屏，你是哪一种？丨夜听双语

A school of Hellenistic philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium in Athens in the early 3rd century BC. According to its teachings, as social beings, the path to happiness for humans is found in accepting the moment as it presents itself, by not allowing oneself to be controlled by the desire for pleasure or fear of pain, by using one’s mind to understand the world and to do one’s part in nature's plan, and by working together and treating others fairly and justly.

斯多葛主义是基提翁的芝诺于公元前三世纪早期在雅典建立的古希腊哲学流派。斯多葛学说称，作为社会存在，人类通往幸福的道路在于接受当下，不让自身被对喜悦的欲望和对痛苦的恐惧所控制，用人的精神去理解世界，去完成自然制定的任务，与人通力合作、待人公正公平。

A set of political positions and movements based on the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marx's philosophy of history included the notion of class struggle within dialectical materialism. Marxism was the intellectual foundation for the 20th-century political movement known as Communism.

马克思主义是建立在卡尔·马克思与弗雷德里克·恩格斯著作基础上的一套政治立场与运动。马克思历史哲学包含唯物辩证法中的阶级斗争思想。马克思主义是20世纪共产主义政治运动的思想根基。

A scientific doctrine first presented by Charles Darwin in his 1859 book The Origin of Species. It states that the variety of life found on Earth is due to the process of evolution driven by the mechanism of natural selection. There is a lively debate as to whether or not Darwinism is compatible with some religions.

达尔文主义最初由查尔斯·达尔文在他1859年的著作《物种起源》中提出，是一套科学学说。该学说称，地球上多样的物种是自然选择机制驱动的进化结果。目前关于达尔文主义与某些宗教是否兼容还存在激烈的讨论。

While often considered to be the philosophy of pleasure seeking, in fact it refers to a middle-path philosophy defining happiness as success in avoiding pain, in the form of both mental worry and physical discomfort, in order to produce a state of tranquility.

伊壁鸠鲁主义常被认为是享乐的哲学，事实上，它指的是将快乐定义为避免痛苦的中庸哲学，它所指的痛苦既是精神忧虑也是身体上的不适，它主张以此来达到平静的状态。

Philosophy which originated in the United States in the late 1800s. Pragmatism is characterized by the insistence on consequences, utility and practicality as vital components of meaning and truth. Pragmatism objects to the view that human concepts and intellect represent reality, and therefore stands in opposition to both formalist and rationalist schools of philosophy. Rather, pragmatism holds that it is only in the struggle of intelligent organisms with the surrounding environment that theories acquire significance, and only with a theory's success in this struggle that it becomes true.

实用主义哲学起源于19世纪晚期的美国。实用主义的特点在于坚持“结果、效用、和实用性是意义与真理的重要组成部分”。实用主义反对“人类观念与智力代表着现实”的观点，因此它也反对形式主义哲学学派与理性主义哲学学派。实用主义哲学主张，只有在有机智力组织与周遭环境的斗争中，理论才具有意义。只有在这种斗争中胜出的理论才是真理。

Philosophy stating that the efforts of man to find meaning in the universe will ultimately fail because no such meaning exists (at least in relation to man). Absurdism is related to existentialism, though should not be confused with it, and is in part a hyponym of nihilism.

荒诞主义哲学认为，人类在宇宙中探寻意义的努力终究是白费，因为这种意义根本就不存在（至少跟人类有关的那种不存在）。荒诞主义与存在主义有关联，但不能混淆。荒诞主义在某种程度上是虚无主义的下义词。

A theoretical or practical emphasis on the group, as opposed to (and seen by many of its opponents to be at the expense of) the individual. Some psychologists define collectivism as a syndrome of attitudes and behaviors based on the belief that the basic unit of survival lies within a group, not the individual. Collectivists typically hold that the "greater good" of the group, is more important than the good of any particular individual who is one part of that larger organization. Some collectivists argue that the individual incidentally serves his own interests by working for the benefit of the group.

集体主义在理论上和实际上都侧重于集体，而非个体（很多集体主义的反对者认为是牺牲了个体）。有些心理学家将集体主义定义为一种态度和行为的典型表现，它们基于这样一个观念：生存的基本单元存于集体中，而非个体之中。集体主义者通常认为，集体的“福祉”比任何集体内的特定个体福祉都要重要。有些集体主义者称，个体利益是在为集体利益努力的过程中附带实现的。

The school of philosophy founded by Plato. Often used to refer to platonic idealism, the belief that the entities of the phenomenal world are imperfect reflections of an ideal truth. In metaphysics sometimes used to mean the claim that universals exist independent of particulars.

柏拉图主义是柏拉图建立的哲学流派。通常用来指代柏拉图式的理想主义，即：现象世界的实体是理想真理的不完美的映像。在形而上学领域，柏拉图主义有时候指的是这样一种主张：普遍性独立于个别性而存在。