A mobile application that enables users to appear as celebrities in hit movies or TV series has been widely accused of excessively collecting personal information, stirring public concerns over privacy and the rights to one's image. 一款能让用户秒变影视剧明星的应用被指过度收集个人信息,引发公众对于隐私和肖像权的担忧。

The app, dubbed ZAO, allows users to upload photos of their faces and swap them with the faces of celebrities in blockbusters or hit TV series by using artificial intelligence.

From late Friday night, savvy social media users started posting videos starring themselves in footage taken from blockbuster movies or hit TV series.
从8月30日晚开始,网络高手们纷纷开始上传自己“出演”超级大片或热播剧集的视频片段。
The app was developed by an internet technology company based in Changsha, Hunan province, whose head Lei Xiaoliang was co-founder of stranger social media app Momo. The company was essentially controlled by Momo, according to Tianyancha, a Chinese corporate information data provider. 天眼查资料显示,这款app由湖南长沙一家互联网科技公司开发。其创始人雷小亮是陌生人社交软件“陌陌”的合伙人。可以说ZAO是陌陌旗下的一家公司。
“ZAO”用户协议中写明,用户发布内容前,统一授予ZAO及其关联公司完全免费、不可撤销、永久、可转授权等权利。

Users signing up for the service will need to nod to clauses that allow the company to use their original photos, synthesized photos and videos for free and for good on a global scale. The company also retains the right to make modifications on these photos using technologies.
注册该服务的用户需要授权,允许公司免费永久使用用户的原始照片、合成照片和视频,并在全球范围内使用。公司还保留了使用技术手段对用户照片进行修改的权利。
ZAO使用的开源代码“deepfakes”,最早曾被用在了情色电影的主角换脸。据媒体报道,此前在台湾,就有百名女生脸书等社交照片被人用DeepNude处理后上传不雅网站。
As users need to log in with a personal phone number, some fear that once the phone number and facial images are disclosed, "criminals can directly talk to your family by using some technical synthesis," an unidentified Weibo user said.
这样的操作以前就曾有过。
比如今年6月,网上曾流传过一段脸书创始人扎克伯格关于“掌控大数据就掌控未来”的视频,但这其实并不是扎克伯格自己说的,而是有人利用他以前的视频,通过AI换脸配音而成。



ZAO之所以把用户协议写的“吓人”,其实是在“前车之鉴”基础上做的很强的自我保护。用户发出自己的换脸视频,和发一张自己的自拍和视频,并没有本质的区别。一般人并不会成为大众的目标,被换头暴露在公众中。对于明星而言,这早已不是稀奇事了。
同时他还认为,技术不可阻挡,关键看用在什么地方。那些无法完全避免,或者完全避免并不必要的坏处,人类社会也能通过经验去适应。幸运的是,现在的修图技术,仍然做不到天衣无缝,“毫无ps痕迹”。至于视频,要做到完美则更难。
此外,ZAO也有上传素材的选项,但显示上传素材需要通过权限认证,但认证并没有开放,灰色按钮显示“暂停申请”,那现有的这些用户上传的素材是哪来的呢?

对此,中国政法大学知识产权中心特约研究员赵占领称,用户未经授权将影视剧的片段上传到平台,该行为构成版权侵权,ZAO对于用户的侵权行为是否承担责任一般根据通知删除规则来判断,即当权利人向ZAO发出侵权通知后,ZAO应该及时删除侵权内容。
很多网友最关心的话题还是刷脸支付是否会被破解。
Many worried whether their uploaded photos would be used for illegal purposes or whether their personal information could be stolen since many bank transactions and online payments can now be done via facial recognition.
由于如今不少银行交易和线上支付业务是通过脸部识别实现的,许多人担心自己上传的照片会被不法分子利用或者自己的个人信息被盗取。
对此,支付宝发微博称:目前,网上各类换脸软件有很多,但不管换的有多逼真,都是无法突破刷脸支付的。
然而,技术风险可能还是存在的。此前央视315晚会就曾报道过,一张照片可骗过人脸识别,这次何况是动态的“脸”。
ZAO修改隐私协议

8月31日晚,“ZAO”修改了此前的用户协议,删除了原有的上传肖像权可被“完全免费、不可撤销、永久、可转授权和可再许可的权利”等文字,用“您同意或确保肖像权利人已经同意授予‘ZAO’使用‘ZAO’的技术服务对您的或其他人的人脸进行处理,但仅为与用户内容合成为新的内容”取而代之。
在协议开始,增加“特别提示”称,用户上传的短视频及人脸等相关的内容将严格按相关法律法规的规定保留在“ZAO”上。
The app also modified its user agreement on Saturday, adding a special notice in the front that states content will not be used for other purposes and can be removed from the server.
目前,微信分享链接已停止访问,页面显示“网页存在安全风险,被多人投诉,为维护绿色上网环境,已停止访问”。
The app's sharing link on WeChat, a Chinese social network app, has been shut down, and its web page said that "the page has security hazards and has received many complaints. In order to maintain a good internet environment, access has been stopped."

编辑:胡雨濛 左卓 陈月华
来源:中青报 中国日报 中新网 经济日报
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