据央视新闻客户端24日报道,当地时间8月24日13时,日本福岛第一核电站启动核污染水排海。
Japan started releasing nuclear-contaminated wastewater from the crippled Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean on Thursday.
According to Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), the plant's operator, the water discharge commenced at around 1:00 pm local time (0400 GMT), while concerns and opposition persisting among local fishermen as well as in neighboring countries and Pacific island countries.
23日航拍福岛第一核电站排海口附近画面 图源:央视新闻
TEPCO said it plans to carry out the first round of release over 17 days to discharge 7,800 tons of the radioactive wastewater.
揭批日本核污染水狡辩
早在日本宣布排海日期前,中国日报记者就曾邮件致信日本大使馆,就日方排海事件提出以下三个问题。
➀ 日本民众对海洋排放“核污染水”有不少担忧和抗议,比如:日本全渔联曾向政府递交请愿书反对“核污染水”排海。既然反对的声音这么多,日本政府是否考虑其他解决办法?
➁ 日本政府认为“核污染水”处理后是安全的,为什么不把这部分水用于国内建筑用水或农业灌溉用水?
➂ 包括中国在内的周边国家对福岛“核污染水”排海表示了关切和抗议,您怎么看待此事?
而日本大使馆的回复看似逻辑严丝合缝,实则是不负责任的诡辩。
点击查看中国日报记者揭批日本关于核污染水的狡辩↓
不仅如此,日本还一次次玩弄文字游戏,企图给自己的核排污行为合法化,今天双语君就给大家扒一扒。
核污染水vs核废水
日本政府与东电在官方文件中,都坚持把福岛水罐里的水称作“处理后的核废水”(treated nuclear wastewater)。


但中国与绝大部分国家、国际组织都称其为“核污染水”(nuclear contaminated wastewater)。


Both the Japanese government and Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) in their official documents insist calling it "treated nuclear waste water"; yet China, along with most other countries and international organizations prefer "nuclear contaminated wastewater".
二者有本质的不同。核废水是指核电站在正常日常活动中产生的废水,如用于冷却核电站关键部分的水。这些水不会接触到核反应堆中的放射性物质,经过严格处理后,可以通过管道排出。
However, the two are fundamentally different. Nuclear wastewater refers to the wastewater produced in the normal daily activities of nuclear power plants, such as the large quantities of water used to cool down the key parts of nuclear power plants. Because the water doesn't touch the radioactive substances in the nuclear reactor, it can be flushed out after strict processing.

当地时间2023年5月31日,日本福岛,大隈福岛第一核电站。图源:视觉中国
核污染水指在事故中直接接触反应堆中放射性物质的水,由于受到沾染而具有高度放射性。这种水要严格存放,经过多道工序处理、专家评估效果后才能允许被排放到海洋里,否则其带来的生态风险将不可估量。
While nuclear contaminated water means the water that directly touches the radioactive substances in the reactors in accidents, which has itself become highly radioactive. That water must also be strictly processed and evaluated by experts from all parties concerned before being expelled into the ocean. If not, ecological risk may irreversibly turn into ecological damage.
2011年一场毁灭性的地震和海啸摧毁了位于沿海位置的福岛核电站,机组发生爆炸、放射性物质泄漏。超过130万立方米的海水被喷洒到过热的反应堆堆芯上,以起到降温作用。
2011年3月15日,日本福岛县郡山,人们排队到紧急辐射检查中心接受核辐射检查。
这些海水受到了64种放射性核素污染,其中最令人担忧的是那些可能对人类健康构成威胁的物质:碳-14、碘-131、铯-137、锶-90、钴-60、氢-3(氚)。
一些放射性核素的半衰期相对较短,在灾难发生后的12年内就已经衰变了;不过另一些则需要更长时间才能衰变,例如碳-14的半衰期超过5000年。
The power station exploded after a devastating earthquake and subsequent tsunami crippled the coastal plant, overheating the reactor cores. Since then, more than 1.3 million cubic metres of seawater have been sprayed onto the damaged cores to keep them from overheating, contaminating the water with 64 radioactive elements, known as radionuclides.
这些受污染的废水现被储存在1000多个不锈钢水箱中。
倾倒vs排放
核电站运营商东京电力公司(TEPCO,以下简称东电公司)从2022年8月开始挖一条管道,从福岛第一核电站开始,从地下联通到海里,长度一共1公里。等排放设备安装好后,福岛核电站的核污染水通过这条隧道,源源不断地排向太平洋。

为什么不直接排海?因为日本要借管道进行文字狡辩,美化排污行为。
In 1972, the year when the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea came into force, several countries agreed in London to adopt the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, referred to as the London Dumping Convention, which sets strict rules on dumping waste into the ocean.
➀ 从船舶、航空器、平台或其他海上人工构造物将废物或其他物质在海洋中作的任何故意处置;
➁ 将船舶、航空器、平台或其他海上人工构造物在海洋中作的任何故意处置;
➂ 从船舶、航空器、平台或其他海上人工构造物将废物或其他物质在海床及其底土中作的任何贮藏。
➃ 仅为故意处置目的在现场对平台或其他海上人工构造物作的任何弃置或任何倾覆。

2023年8月24日,东京电力公司总部前,抗议者举牌示意,上面写着“禁止受辐射污染的水进入海洋”。图源:新华社
The regulation is aimed at preventing some countries or regions from taking advantage of the loopholes. As a result, Japan has played fast and loose with the rules. At a meeting of the Protocol of the Convention in October 2022, the South Korean delegate noted that Japan had violated the convention, but the Japanese delegate cited the pipeline as an example, claiming that they were not "dumping" the nuclear contaminated wastewater and argued that the issue "should not be discussed" at such meetings.
污水处理效果存疑
东电公司的核污染水排海方案中,多核素去除系统,也就是ALPS是关键。日方坚持把经过ALPS处理的核污染水称为“处理水”,认为所谓的“处理水”已达标可排,但国际社会对福岛核污染水处理装置的安全性、有效性与可持续性始终存有疑虑。

核污染水排海项目海底隧道挖掘工程现场。图源:海外网
首先,ALPS是仓促上马的工程,国际上并无运用先例,技术上仍不成熟,安全性存疑。2013年ALPS开始试运行,2022年3月才获日本原子能规制委员会“检查合格”。考虑到日本政府2021年就宣布了核污染水排海计划,这一姗姗来迟的“检查合格”似在追认既成的事实。
事实上ALPS运行期间不断出现问题。2016年,该装置被发现有4处漏水。2018年,所谓的“处理水”中锶等放射性物质被曝超标。2021年,ALPS用于吸附排气中放射性物质的滤网近半数出现损坏,而这些滤网两年前刚换过一遍。
其次,福岛核污染水被彻底“处理”的有效性存疑。ALPS装置的功效可以基本等同于净水器,有大概25个过滤器。ALPS过程能够去除64种放射性核素中的62种,使其浓度低于日本2022年排放到环境中的水的监管限制。这些限制基于国际放射防护委员会的建议。
The ALPS process removes enough of 62 of the 64 radionuclides to bring their concentration below Japan’s 2022 regulatory limits for water to be discharged into the environment. These limits are based on recommendations from the International Commission on Radiological Protection.

当地时间2023年8月22日,韩国水原市,一名检疫官员在渔业市场测量鱼类的辐射水平。图源:视觉中国
而剩下两种不能被去除的物质是碳-14和氚,氚这种物质,由于其与水分子结合紧密,很难用现有技术将其分离出来。按照东电公司的说法,处理后的水需要进一步稀释到100倍以上才能排放。
But that process does not remove carbon-14 and tritium, so the treated water needs to be diluted further to less than one part per 100 parts of seawater.
据东京电力报告称,截至2022年6月,即使经过ALPS处理,70%的核污染水仍然超出了日本自己设定的限值。
According to a TEPCO report, as of June 2022, even after being treated by the ALPS, 70 percent of the nuclear-contaminated water still exceeded the limit set by Japan itself.
位于弗吉尼亚州的美国国家海洋实验室协会(NAML)去年时就表达了对释放计划的反对,称“缺乏足够和准确的科学数据支持日本的主张”。
Last year, the US National Association of Marine Laboratories in Herndon, Virginia, also voiced its opposition to the planned release, saying that there was "a lack of adequate and accurate scientific data supporting Japan's assertion of safety".

2023年8月24日,日本东京,抗议者在东京电力公司总部大楼外参加集会。图源:视觉中国
夏威夷大学马诺阿分校的海洋生物学家罗伯特·里士满(Robert Richmond)提出质疑,“推动这一进程(对水进行ALPS处理并排放入海)的人是否向人们证明了它对海洋健康和人类健康是安全的。答案是‘没有’。”
"Have the people promoting this going forward — ALPS treatment of the water and then release into the ocean — demonstrated to our satisfaction that it will be safe for ocean health and human health?" asks Robert Richmond, marine biologist at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. "The answer is 'no'."
里士满称,他们已经审查了东京电力公司和日本政府提供的所有数据,并参观了福岛核电站,但仍有一些关于氚和碳-14的问题没有得到解答。
Richmond says they have reviewed all the data provided by TEPCO and the Japanese government, and visited the Fukushima site, but there are still some unanswered questions about tritium and carbon-14.

图源:中国日报 宋晨
核污染水将对生活产生什么影响
● 长期看来,对食品、护肤品、衣服等有一定影响
日本核污染水排海计划时间轴
日本强推核污染水排海计划主要时间轴:
● 2021年4月13日
日本枉顾周围国家海洋安全,玩弄语言游戏,以卑劣说辞掩人耳目,处心积虑营造排海安全无害的假象,甚至对表达正当关切的邻国无理指责,置全人类安危于不顾,其狭隘之意尽人皆知。
其公然向全世界转嫁核污染风险、将一己私利凌驾于全人类长远福祉之上的丑恶行径将再次使日本被钉在历史的耻辱柱上!
↓点击看清日本核排污的真相↓
编辑:朱迪齐
视频:苑庆攀 左卓 陈月华
实习生:李嘉薇 张笑妍 秦欣然 高雨宁 宋正阳
来源:中国日报 新华社 央视新闻 中国新闻社 财联社 外交部官网 自然杂志
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