学生在默写文章的时候，完成时的句子，常常在动词过去分词前面多出来一个been，研究了一下，发现学生混淆了一般完成进行时和被动语态的现在完成时结构。
下面就来一次性把语态和时态说清楚。
英语的时态，顾名思义由“时”和“态”组成，其中“时”包含现在、过去、将来和过去将来4种时间，“态”包含一般、进行、完成和完成进行4种状态。将“时”和“态”两两组合，就形成了16种时态，如下表：
（横竖两个表内容一样哈，哪个方便看哪个）
英语的语态，可以理解成汉语的“把字句”和“被字句”，也就是主动句 - 主动语态（Active Voice）和被动句 - 被动语态（Passive Voice）。例如：
1. 主动语态 → 被动语态
• 主动：She cleans the room every day.（她每天打扫房间。= 她每天都把房间打扫干净，把字句）
结构：主语+谓语+宾语
• 被动：The room is cleaned (by her) every day.（房间每天都被(她)打扫。→ 强调房间而非打扫者，被字句。）
结构：原主动句的宾语+be动词+动词过去分词+by 原主动句主语的宾格（可省略）
2. 主动语态 → 被动语态（省略执行者）
• 主动：People speak English here.（人们在这里说英语。）
• 被动：English is spoken here.（这里说英语。→ 强调地点而非执行者）
英语语态的基本规则就是上面这样，要深入理解，最好和时态结合在一起。以下是主动语态和被动语态结合16种时态结合的完整总结，并包含情态动词和双宾语的特殊情况，附例句说明：
一、英语16种时态的主动与被动语态对照表
时态名称
|
主动语态结构
|
被动语态结构
|
主动例句 → 被动例句
|
1. 一般现在时
|
do/does
|
am/is/are + done
|
She writes emails. → Emails are written (by her).
|
2. 现在进行时
|
am/is/are + doing
|
am/is/are being + done
|
He is cleaning the room. → The room is being cleaned (by him).
|
3. 现在完成时
|
have/has + done
|
have/has been + done
|
They have finished the project. → The project has been finished (by them).
|
4. 现在完成进行时
|
have/has been + doing
|
❌无被动语态（不自然）
|
She has been teaching for 10 years. → 无被动形式。
|
5. 一般过去时
|
did
|
was/were + done
|
I broke the vase. → The vase was broken (by me).
|
6. 过去进行时
|
was/were + doing
|
was/were being + done
|
They were painting the wall. → The wall was being painted (by them).
|
7. 过去完成时
|
had + done
|
had been + done
|
He had repaired the car. → The car had been repaired (by him).
|
8. 过去完成进行时
|
had been + doing
|
❌无被动语态（不自然）
|
We had been waiting for hours. → 无被动形式。
|
9. 一般将来时
|
will + do
|
will be + done
|
She will bake a cake. → A cake will be baked (by her).
|
10. 将来进行时
|
will be + doing
|
❌无被动语态（不自然）
|
They will be watching a movie. → 无被动形式。
|
11. 将来完成时
|
will have + done
|
will have been + done
|
They will have built the house. → The house will have been built (by them).
|
12. 将来完成进行时
|
will have been + doing
|
❌无被动语态（不自然）
|
He will have been working here for 5 years. → 无被动形式。
|
13. 过去将来时
|
would + do
|
would be + done
|
She said she would call me. → She said I would be called (by her).
|
14. 过去将来进行时
|
would be + doing
|
❌无被动语态（不自然）
|
He said he would be studying. → 无被动形式。
|
15. 过去将来完成时
|
would have + done
|
would have been + done
|
I thought they would have fixed it. → I thought it would have been fixed (by them).
|
16. 过去将来完成进行时
|
would have been + doing
|
❌无被动语态（不自然）
|
She would have been working here. → 无被动形式。
|
二、特殊情况的被动语态
1. 情态动词的被动语态结构：情态动词（can, must, should等） + be + 过去分词
完成时态：情态动词 + have been + 过去分词
情态动词
|
主动语态例句
|
被动语态例句
|
can
|
He can solve the problem.
|
The problem can be solved (by him).
|
must
|
You must finish the work.
|
The work must be finished (by you).
|
should
|
They should clean the room.
|
The room should be cleaned (by them).
|
might
|
She might write the report.
|
The report might be written (by her).
|
完成时
|
He must have fixed the car.
|
The car must have been fixed (by him).
|
2. 双宾语动词的被动语态结构：动词有直接宾语（物）和间接宾语（人），被动语态可转换两种形式：
• 将直接宾语变为主语：物 + be + 过去分词 + to/for + 人
• 将间接宾语变为主语：人 + be + 过去分词 + 物
主动语态：She gave me (间接宾语) a book (直接宾语).
被动语态：
- A book was given to me (by her).
- I was given a book (by her).
三、被动语态中常见注意事项
1.省略"by短语"：当执行者不重要或未知时，可省略。
• 主动：Someone stole my bike. → 被动：My bike was stolen.
2.不及物动词无被动语态：如 happen, die, arrive 等。
• ❌ The accident was happened. → ✅ The accident happened.
3.系动词与被动语态的区别：
• 被动表动作：The window was broken by the boy.
• 系表表状态：The window is broken (状态描述).
四、综合示例
1.一般将来时 + 被动语态：
•主动：The company will launch a new product.
• 被动：A new product will be launched by the company.
2.现在完成时 + 情态动词被动：
•主动：Someone must have stolen the keys.
• 被动：The keys must have been stolen.
3.双宾语被动转换：
•主动：He showed us the photos.
• 被动1：The photos were shown to us (by him).
• 被动2：We were shown the photos (by him).
以上讲解已经基本讲清楚了语态和时态的各种变化，主要是围绕语态展开的。下面再来个围绕16种时态展开的的完整总结，包含主动语态、被动语态、情态动词及双宾语的转换：
一、一般时态1. 一般现在时（Simple Present）
• 主动：She writes a letter.
• 被动：A letter is written (by her).
• 情态动词被动：The letter must be written (by her).
• 双宾语被动：
• 主动：She gives me a book.
• 被动1：A book is given to me (by her).
• 被动2：I am given a book (by her).
2. 一般过去时（Simple Past）
• 主动：He repaired the car.
• 被动：The car was repaired (by him).
• 情态动词被动：The car could be repaired (by him).
• 双宾语被动：
• 主动：He showed us the photos.
• 被动1：The photos were shown to us (by him).
• 被动2：We were shown the photos (by him).
3. 一般将来时（Simple Future）
• 主动：They will build a bridge.
• 被动：A bridge will be built (by them).
• 情态动词被动：The bridge should be built (by them).
• 双宾语被动：
• 主动：She will send him a message.
• 被动1：A message will be sent to him (by her).
• 被动2：He will be sent a message (by her).
4. 一般过去将来时（Simple Past Future）
• 主动：She said she would finish the work.
• 被动：She said the work would be finished (by her).
• 情态动词被动：The work might be finished (by her).
• 双宾语被动：
• 主动：He promised he would give me a gift.
• 被动1：A gift would be given to me (by him).
• 被动2：I would be given a gift (by him).
二、进行时态5. 现在进行时（Present Continuous）
• 主动：She is writing a report.
• 被动：A report is being written (by her).
• 情态动词被动：The report must be being written (by her).（不自然，建议用主动）
• 双宾语被动：
• 主动：She is teaching us English.
• 被动1：English is being taught to us (by her).
• 被动2：We are being taught English (by her).
6. 过去进行时（Past Continuous）
• 主动：They were painting the house.
• 被动：The house was being painted (by them).
• 情态动词被动：The house might have been being painted (by them).（不自然，建议用主动）
• 双宾语被动：
• 主动：He was telling them a story.
• 被动1：A story was being told to them (by him).
• 被动2：They were being told a story (by him).
7. 将来进行时（Future Continuous）
• 主动：She will be cooking dinner.
• 被动：Dinner will be being cooked (by her).（不自然，建议用主动）
• 双宾语被动：
• 主动：They will be showing us the project.
• 被动1：The project will be being shown to us (by them).（不自然）
8. 过去将来进行时（Past Future Continuous）
• 主动：He said he would be studying.
• 被动：He said the book would be being studied (by him).（不自然，建议用主动）
三、完成时态9. 现在完成时（Present Perfect）
• 主动：They have completed the task.
• 被动：The task has been completed (by them).
• 情态动词被动：The task should have been completed (by them).
• 双宾语被动：
• 主动：She has sent him an email.
• 被动1：An email has been sent to him (by her).
• 被动2：He has been sent an email (by her).
10. 过去完成时（Past Perfect）
• 主动：She had written the letter.
• 被动：The letter had been written (by her).
• 情态动词被动：The letter might have been written (by her).
• 双宾语被动：
• 主动：He had given me the keys.
• 被动1：The keys had been given to me (by him).
• 被动2：I had been given the keys (by him).
11. 将来完成时（Future Perfect）
• 主动：They will have built the bridge.
• 被动：The bridge will have been built (by them).
• 情态动词被动：The bridge must have been built (by them).
• 双宾语被动：
• 主动：She will have sent him a message.
• 被动1：A message will have been sent to him (by her).
• 被动2：He will have been sent a message (by her).
12. 过去将来完成时（Past Future Perfect）
• 主动：He said they would have finished the work.
• 被动：He said the work would have been finished (by them).
• 双宾语被动：
• 主动：She promised she would have given me the book.
• 被动1：The book would have been given to me (by her).
• 被动2：I would have been given the book (by her).
四、完成进行时态（注：完成进行时通常无被动语态，以下为主动语态结构）
13. 现在完成进行时（Present Perfect Continuous）
• 主动：She has been writing the report.
• 被动：❌不自然，无被动形式。
14. 过去完成进行时（Past Perfect Continuous）
• 主动：They had been discussing the plan.
• 被动：❌不自然，无被动形式。
15. 将来完成进行时（Future Perfect Continuous）
• 主动：She will have been working here for 5 years.
• 被动：❌不自然，无被动形式。
16. 过去将来完成进行时（Past Future Perfect Continuous）
• 主动：He said he would have been studying for 10 hours.
• 被动：❌不自然，无被动形式。
五、特殊规则总结
1.被动语态核心公式：be + 过去分词，时态通过 be动词的变化体现（如 is/was/has been等）。
2.情态动词被动结构：
• 一般时：情态动词 + be + 过去分词（The work must be done）。
• 完成时：情态动词 + have been + 过去分词（The work should have been done）。
3.双宾语被动：
• 以物为主语：物 + be + 过去分词 + to/for + 人（A gift was given to me）。
• 以人为主语：人 + be + 过去分词 + 物（I was given a gift）。
4.不自然被动语态：
• 完成进行时、将来进行时等通常无被动形式，需用其他表达替代（如用名词化结构：The house is under construction）。
以上围绕语态和围绕时态两种方式系统梳理所有时态和语态组合，希望可以让你更从容地应对复杂语法场景！
