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调节先天免疫细胞:GC TEXs可通过传递特定分子如miR-107,促进髓源性抑制细胞(MDSCs)的扩增和活化[5]。此外,TEXs可将miR-4435-2HG转移至巨噬细胞,诱导其极化为免疫抑制性的M2表型[6]。反之,M1巨噬细胞来源的外泌体携带的miR-16-5p可靶向下调PD-L1,缓解免疫抑制[7]。
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调节适应性免疫细胞:TEXs是T细胞功能的主要抑制者。外泌体PD-L1是介导免疫逃逸和ICI耐药的关键机制[4-7]。GC TEXs还可携带miR-135b-5p等分子,直接损害γδ T细胞的功能[8]。
参考文献:
[1] Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024;74:229–263.
[2] Jin Z, Zhang C, Shen L, et al. Harnessing exosomes: From tumor immune escape to therapeutic innovation in gastric cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Lett. 2025;626:217792.
[3] Colombo M, Raposo G, Théry C, et al. Biogenesis, secretion, and intercellular interactions of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2014;30:255–289.
[4] Kim DH, Kim H, Choi YJ, et al. Exosomal PD-L1 promotes tumor growth through immune escape in non-small cell lung cancer. Exp Mol Med. 2019;51:1–13.
[5] Ren W, Zhang X, Li W, et al. Exosomal miRNA-107 induces myeloid-derived suppressor cell expansion in gastric cancer. Cancer Manag Res. 2019;11:4023–4040.
[6] Li C, Chen Z, Gao J, et al. MIR4435-2HG in exosomes promotes gastric carcinogenesis by inducing M2 polarization in macrophages. Front Oncol. 2022;12:1017745.
[7] Shen DD, Pang JR, Bi YP, et al. LSD1 deletion decreases exosomal PD-L1 and restores T-cell response in gastric cancer. Mol Cancer. 2022;21:75.
[8] Li J, Sun L, Chen Y, et al. Gastric cancer-derived exosomal miR-135b-5p impairs the function of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells by targeting specificity protein 1. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2022;71:311–325.
[9] Zhang C, Chong X, Jiang F, et al. Plasma extracellular vesicle derived protein profile predicting and monitoring immunotherapeutic outcomes of gastric cancer. J Extracell Vesicles. 2022;11:e12209.
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