11.HOUSEKEEPING AND HYGIENE 内部管理和卫生
11.1
During the course of construction, the contractor shall properly organize all activities on the job site to the extent that good housekeeping shall be practiced at all times. These shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
在建设期内，承包商应正确地组织工作现场的所有活动，始终保持良好的文明施工。这其中包括（但不限于）以下各条：
11.2
The contractor shall designate or provide an adequate number of individuals to maintain cleanliness in the site and work area.
The work areas shall be maintained, on a daily basis, in a "broom swept or debris free" condition throughout the shift with excess material either neatly stored or removed to storage or disposal areas.
承包商应指定或提供充足的人力来维护现场和工作区域的清洁卫生。每天，在整个班次工作期间工作现场都应保持“已打扫或无垃圾”状态，过量的材料都应整齐地存放好或者挪到仓储区域或垃圾处理场。
11.3
If the contractor fails to clean up work areas in a timely manner nor provide an adequate number of personnel, the xxx representative will pursue other methods, resulting in these costs being backcharged to the respective contractor.
如果承包商不能及时清扫工作现场或者不能提供充足的人力，xxx公司代表将诉诸其它方式完成清扫，由此产生的一切费用将向相应的承包商征取。
11.4
Potable water: The contractor shall furnish an adequate supply of potable water, containers, and disposable cups to contractor employees for drinking water. These containers shall be marked as either "Potable" or "Drinking Water Only."
饮用水：承包商应为其人员饮水供应充足的饮用水、容器和一次性水杯。这些容器上必须标注“饮用水或仅供饮用”的字样。
11.5
Sanitation: The contractor shall furnish adequate toilet facilities for contractor employees. All portable toilets shall be kept clean and sanitary and shall be located in an easily accessible area. If they are to be used at night, the area shall be adequately illuminated.
卫生：承包商应为其员工提供充足的卫生间设施。所有的卫生间都必须保持清洁和卫生，并且应位于容易接近的区域。如果需要在夜间使用，该区域应有充足的照明。
12.SAFETY TRAINING AND EDUCATION 安全培训和教育
12.1
The contractor shall ensure that all personnel working on the site have been properly trained and are competent to perform the tasks to which they have been assigned, and that the level of supervision of any particular discipline is commensurate with the level of experience of the operatives within that discipline. All training shall be documented (recorded in "writing") and available to the owner or xxx representative.
承包商应保证所有在现场工作的人员都已接受过适当的培训，能够胜任分配给他们的工作，而且对任何特定工种的监管力度都与该工种内的操作人员的操作经验相称。所有的培训都必须记录（以书面形式记录）并可供工厂主或xxx公司代表审查。
12.2
The contractor shall be required to instruct each employee in the recognition and correction of unsafe acts and conditions and the regulations applicable to the contractor's work environment. The employee shall use these instructions to control or eliminate any hazards or other exposure to illness or injury.
应要求承包商指导每个员工识别和改正不安全行为和不安全条件，用适用于承包商工作环境的规章制度教导每位员工。员工应运用这些指导来控制或消除任何危害因素或其它导致疾病/伤害的风险。
12.3
The contractor shall have an adequate number of competent person(s) (with supportive documentation) as required by for various work applications (e.g., excavation, respirators, scaffolding, and confined space).
承包商应有足够数量的胜任人员（有相关证明文件），从事各项工作（如，挖掘，呼吸器，脚手架和受限空间）。
12.4
All contractor personnel shall be required to receive an initial induction by the contractor's staff regarding contractor safety procedures and the requirements of this specification.
All contractor employees and any subcontractors must view the xxxConstruction Safety Induction video, and take a written test verifying their understanding of the safety requirements.
Escorted visitors and delivery personnel may be exempt from the induction video and test; however, the contractor shall provide and enforce the proper use of protective equipment for those individuals visiting the site.
应要求所有的承包商人员接受由承包商人员主持的关于承包商安全程序和本规范要求的基本入场教育。所有的承包商和分包商雇员都必须观看xxx公司施工安全入场培训录像，并通过一次笔答测验来确认他们对安全要求的理解。
有人陪同的访问者和送货人员可不须观看入场培训录像和参加测验，但是，承包商应为访问现场的人员提供人身防护设备并坚持要求他们正确使用。
13.SITE SAFETY INSPECTION 现场安全检查
13.2
The attached xxx Construction Engineering Safety Checklist (see Appendix A) shall be maintained as the work progresses. This checklist shall be completed at a minimum on a weekly basis by the contractor's safety supervisor or designee in conjunction with supervisors and workers.
Worker involvement shall be rotated. Checklists shall be reviewed at each job-site weekly meeting and shall be included in the minutes of that meeting. Checklists may be modified to cover specific job requirements or applications.
随着工作的进行，应持续使用xxx公司建筑工程安全检查表（见附件A）。这份检查表应由承包商的安全监督员或指定的人员与主管和工人一起至少每周完成一份。应有工人轮流参与。应在每周的周会上审查检查表，并包含在会议记录里。检查表可以修改以便把特定的工作要求或应用范围包括进去。
13.3
The contractor, independently or in conjunction with the xxx representative, shall conduct weekly Safety Outreach System (SOS) meetings (see Appendix C).
承包商应独立地或者与xxx公司代表一起召集每周一次的安全扩展系统（SOS）会议（见附件 D ）。
14.MOTOR VEHICLES AND EQUIPMENT 机动车辆和设备
14.1
Only the vehicles and equipment necessary for construction work shall be allowed within the construction area.
All vehicles that are not necessary for construction work shall park in areas designated by the owner or xxx representative.
只准施工作业必需的车辆和设备进入施工区域。所有非施工作业必须的车辆必须停放在业主或xxx公司代表指定的区域。
14.2
To drive or operate any crane, truck, backhoe, dumper truck, forklift truck, bulldozer, manlifts, or any other equipment requires that the driver or operator be trained and hold certificates of attainment/competence.
A copy of the operator's certificate or driver's license shall be available to the owner andxxx representative.
驾驶或操作任何起重机、卡车、反铲挖掘机、自卸卡车、叉车、推土机（压路）机、人工提升机或其它设备的驾驶员或操作者，必须业经培训并持有成绩/能力合格证才准驾驶。应有操作工合格证或驾驶执照的副本供业主或xxx公司代表索要。
14.3
Seat belts, when provided, shall be worn by all personnel within an operating vehicle while on an xxx site.
只要有安全带，所有在xxx公司工地上运行的车辆内的人员都应系好安全带。
14.4
The driver of each vehicle is responsible for the safety of all passengers and the stability of materials being hauled or handled by the equipment.
各车辆的驾驶员对所有乘客的安全和被该设备牵引或搬运的物料的稳定负责。
14.5
All construction equipment (e.g., backhoes, cranes, side booms, forklifts, front-end loaders, dozers, and earth movers) shall have functioning backup warning devices and seat belts. Backup alarms shall work in both directions on equipment with 360-degree cab rotation.
所有施工设备（如反铲挖掘机，起重机，带吊臂的卡车，叉车，翻斗车，推土机和运土车）应带有倒车警告装置和安全带。对于驾驶室可360度旋转的设备，倒车警告装置应在设备的2个方向都起作用。
14.6
Blocking of site roadways is prohibited except when specifically authorized by the xxx representative.
除非得到xxx公司代表的特别授权，禁止堵塞现场道路。
14.7
When working near, above or below energized lines or equipment, all stationary construction equipment shall be isolated or grounded.
Additional special procedures may need to be put into place under these circumstances and shall be brought to the attention of the xxx representative prior to starting work in these locations.
在带电的电线和设备的附近、上方或下方工作时，所有的固定施工设备都必须隔离或接地。在这些情形下可能需要采取其它的特殊程序，在这些位置的作业开始前，应提醒xxx公司代表注意。
14.8
All contractor vehicles must be covered by contractor's insurance that meets the owner's and/or xxx' insurance requirements. These vehicles shall have the contractor's name or identifying logo placed on them for proper identification.
所有的承包商车辆都必须由承包商投保，并符合业主和/或 xxx公司对保险的要求。这些车辆上都应有承包商的名称或企业标识以便正确辨认。
14.9
Contractor personnel shall strictly conform to speed limits on the owner's or xxx' site.
承包商人员应严格遵守工厂主或xxx公司现场规定的车辆速度限制。
14.10
Riding on any equipment not specifically designed for passengers is prohibited.
禁止搭乘不是专用设计用来载客的任何设备，
14.11
Personnel operating forklifts must be trained and certified according to governmental requirements for the project location.
操作叉车的人员必须业经培训并获得按照项目所在地的政府要求颁发的合格证。
14.12
All equipment operators shall inspect their equipment each day before use and notify contractor management when deficiencies are found.
每天在使用之前，所有的设备操作工都应检查自己的设备。如果发现有缺陷，应通知承包商的管理人员。
15.CRANES AND DERRICKS起重机和卷扬机
15.1
Refer to specification 4WCE-600500 Crane and Lift Procedure, for requirements when working with cranes and derricks.
操作起重机和卷扬机时，应遵守4WCE-600500的要求。
16.FIRE PROTECTION AND PREVENTION 火灾预防
16.1
The contractor shall develop a fire-protection program to be followed throughout all phases of the construction work and shall provide for the fire-fighting equipment according to governmental requirements, these specifications, and the requirements appropriate to the type of construction being performed. This program shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
承包商应拟订一份在整个建设期内必须遵循的火灾预防计划，并按政府要求、本规范和适合本类施工的要求，提供消防设备。该计划必须包括（但不限于）以下各条：
16.2
When in or near an operating facility, the owners' or xxx' fire-fighting equipment may be employed in an emergency, but in no event shall the contractor rely on the owners' or xxx' operating group's extinguishers or other equipment.
All fires and type(s) of extinguishing equipment used to fight them shall be promptly reported to the owner orxxx representative.
在操作工厂内或附近 工作时，应急情况下可以使用业主或xxx公司的消费设备，但是，任何情况下，承包商都不得依赖业主或xxx公司生产单位的灭火器或其它设备。应立即向业主或xxx公司代表报告所有的火灾及灭火中已使用的各类灭火设备。
16.3
"Strike anywhere" matches or disposable butane lighters are not allowed on operating plant sites.
在操作工厂现场上不许使用“可随处划燃”的火柴或随处可得的丁烷打火机。
17.WELDING, CUTTING, AND GRINDING 焊接、切割或打磨
17.1
The contractor shall perform welding and cutting according to governmental requirements. These shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
承包商应按政府要求进行焊接或切割。这些要求包括（但不限于）以下各条：
17.1.3
A fire extinguisher must be located within the immediate area of any welding, cutting, grinding, or open-flame work. A fire watch shall be provided when cutting or welding is performed in locations where a fire might develop.
The fire watch must remain in place at least 30 minutes after completion of hot work activities to monitor the area for smoldering fires unless requirements are defined otherwise in the Safety Work Permit.
灭火器应紧靠焊接、切割、打磨或明火工作地点放置。在容易起火的地方进行切割或焊接操作的时候 ，必须提供看火员。除非安全工作许可证上另有规定，在热工作活动结束后，看火员应在现场逗留至少30分钟，监测焊接工作场所的阴燃。
17.1.4
The user must inspect all leads, grounds, clamps, welding machines, hoses, gauges, torches, and cylinders before they are put into operation.
Any defective items shall be replaced or repaired prior to being placed into service.
在操作之前，使用者必须检查所有的导线、接地、接线夹、焊机、软管、仪表、气割和钢瓶的情况。存在任何缺陷必须在投入使用前更换或维修。
17.1.5
Adequate ventilation shall be provided while torch cutting, welding, soldering, or working on galvanized material and while working within enclosed spaces.
Ventilation and respirator requirements shall be determined after proper air-quality testing has been performed. Depending on coating content, cutting coated steel and rebar might require the use of respirators.
在气割、焊接、氧焊时，或者在镀锌材料上工作及在封闭的空间内工作时，应提供充分的通风。通风和呼吸器要求应在正确的空气质量检测完成后决定。根据涂层成分，切割有涂层的钢材时，可能需要使用呼吸器。
17.1.5Welding 焊接
17.1.6Torches 气割
17.1.7Cylinders 钢瓶
17.2
When working in an existing xxx facility, welding, cutting, or any spark-producing activity shall be done only after a safety work permit, with any special instructions, has been issued by the appropriate xxx operating group (see Section 32 for details on permits).
在一个现有的xxx公司工厂里从事焊接、切割、或从事任何其它产生火花的工作时，必须在获得一份由xxx公司操作组签发的、注明所有特别指示的安全许可证后才可进行（关于许可证的详细情况见第 31节）。
17.3
Cryogenic liquid containers, called dewars, for oxygen, nitrogen, and argon may be used on site instead of cylinders. Special attention shall be given to transporting and lifting them.
The ring handle on the top is designed to protect the valve and shall not be used for lifting. A set of specifically designed lugs with appropriate rigging is required. Workers shall be instructed on the hazards and proper handling of cryogenic liquids if dewars are used on site.
用来充装液态氧气、氮气、氩气的深冷液体容器，又称杜瓦瓶，可能取代钢瓶在现场使用。运输或提升时要特别小心。顶上的环型把手是用来保护阀门的，不得用它来提升钢瓶。必须用专门设计的吊耳和适当的索具来提升。如果在现场使用杜瓦瓶，则员工应接受关于深冷液体的危害和正确处置方面的指导。
17.4Radiography 射线照相
18.CONFINED SPACE ENTRY 受限空间进入
18.1
Confined space means a space that satisfies any or all of the following conditions:
受限空间是指能够满足以下任何一条或全部条件的空间：
·Is large enough and so configured that personnel can bodily enter and perform assigned work.
其构造和空间足以使人员完全入内并执行指派的工作任务。
·Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit (e.g., tanks, vessels, silos, hoppers, and pits are spaces that might have limited means of entry).
进出的方式受限制（例如可能进出受到限制的罐、容器、粮仓、水槽和坑）。
·Is not designed for continuous personnel occupancy.
不是设计来让人员持续居留。
·Has potential for engulfment hazards.
有潜在被卷入的危险。
·Is an excavation in which either a hazardous material or atmosphere is present or suspected of being present. Chemical plants and refineries may classify a depth greater than 1,220 mm (4 ft) as a confined space because of the presence of heavy gases within these facilities.
存在或怀疑存在危险物料或危险大气的开挖坑洞。化工厂和炼油厂可能把深度超过1 220 mm (4 ft)的坑定为受限空间，因为这些工厂里存在重气体。
18.2
A hazardous atmosphere is one that might expose personnel to the risk of death, incapacitation, injury, or acute illness from one of the following causes:
危险大气是指由于以下原因之 一可能导致人员死亡、失去行为能力、受伤或急性病的大气环境：
·Oxygen concentration below 19.5% or above 23.5%
氧气浓度低于19.5% 或高于23.5%
·Flammable-gas concentration above 10% of its lower flammable limit (LFL)
易燃气体浓度高于其燃烧下限的（LFL）10%
·Airborne combustible dust that exceeds its LFL
悬浮的可燃尘埃超过其燃烧下限（LFL）
·Toxic gases exceed permissible limits
有毒气体超过允许极限
·Any atmospheric condition that is immediately dangerous to life or health
任何直接危及生命或健康的大气条件
18.3
The owner or xxx representative and the contractor's safety supervisor will evaluate the site conditions on a weekly basis, or more often as changing conditions dictate, to determine which areas on site are considered to be confined space.
This is very important, as conditions will change during the course of construction, often affecting the classification status of a confined space.
工厂主或xxx公司代表以及承包商的安全监督员每个星期对现场条件进行一次评价，或者根据情况进行更频繁的评价，以确定现场上哪些区域被视作受限空间。由于在建设期间情况会发生变化，常常影响受限空间的分类情况，所以这一点非常重要。
18.4
A Classification II and III, confined space area (as defined in paragraph 18.5), requires that the entrance(s) be controlled by both blocking the entry to prevent unauthorized personnel from entering and posting a sign that prohibits entry.
II类或III类受限空间（按第18.5节的规定），要求用封锁入口来防止未经授权的人员进入并在入口张贴“禁止进入”的标识这两种方法加以控制。
18.5 Confined Space Classification受限空间分类
·Continuous natural ventilation alone can maintain the space in a safe environment provided there are sufficient openings or openness to allow for complete air circulation in the area where work would be performed.
如果有足够的开口让工作区域的空气充分循环，仅凭持续的自然通风就可以使空间维持一个安全的环境。
·There is no potential hazardous atmosphere.
没有潜在的危险大气。
·Does not contain a material that could engulf personnel.
不含可能吞没人员的物料。
·Does not have a configuration that could trap an individual.
不存在会使人困在其中的构造。
·Does not have a configuration that could asphyxiate an individual.
没有可能使人窒息的构造。
·Does not contain any other serious safety or health hazards.
不含任何其它严重的安全或健康危险
Examples: 范例：
-New construction (in-progress) 新结构（在进行中）
-Open field pipelines free of known hazards没有已知危险的野外管道
·It applies to new construction work that undergoes changes that diminish access or ventilation as the job progresses, but is not yet defined as a Classification III Confined Space.
This classification shall be applied very conservatively. If there is any doubt, implement the most stringent confined space requirements. Appropriate procedures and justification shall be documented when implementing Classification II confined spaces.
适用于那些进入口或通风口随工作进程正在逐渐减少，然而还没有被定义为三类受限空间的新的建筑工程。分类至二类受限空间应非常谨慎。如果有疑虑，执行最严格的受限空间要求。对执行二类受限空间所适用的程序和执行理由应记录存档。
Note: In the United States OSHA 29 CFR, Part 1910 for general industry does not recognize this classification, while OSHA 29 CFR, Part 1926 does. This classification shall be applied very conservatively. OSHA can cite under 29 CFR, Part 1910. Appropriate procedures and justification shall be documented when implementing Classification II confined spaces.
注：美国一般工业OSHA 29 CFR第1910部分不承认该分类，但OSHA 29 CFR第1926承认。需相当谨慎的使用此分类。OSHA可以依据29CFR1910部发传票。对执行二类受限空间所适用的程序和执行理由应记录存档。
Example: 范例
-New construction that is in later stages of completion but is not in an operating area (e.g., tanks, vaults, reformers).
处在建筑收尾阶段的新建筑但不在操作区域（例如储罐、圆顶室、重整炉）。
·There is a potential for hazardous atmosphere.
存在危险大气的可能。
·Contains a material that would engulf personnel while entering or while working within this space.
含有一种吞没进入人员或在内工作人员的物料。
·Has a configuration that could either trap or asphyxiate an individual.
有一种可能使人受困或窒息的构造。
·Contains other serious safety or health hazards.
含有其它严重的安全和健康危险
Examples: 范例
-Desiccant-filled vessels, loading or inspecting
在装有干燥剂的容器内装料或检查。
-Cleaning, painting, or lining where vapors or fumes are present
在存在蒸发气或烟气的容器内清洗、油漆或装衬料。
-Annular space insulation installation
在环状空间内从事保温安装工作。
-Vessel or process equipment previously in service
以前使用过的容器、工艺设备。
-Electrical hazards
电危险。
-Whenever it is deemed that additional control and monitoring shall be maintained
认为需要进行额外的控制和监测的时候
18.6 Lone or Isolated Working 单独或被隔离的工作
19.EXCAVATIONS, TRENCHING, AND SHORING 坑、沟和桩支撑
19.1
The area must be cleared and approved by the owner or xxx representative before the start of excavation. For work within an existing operating area see Section 31 of this specification for additional requirements. An excavation may be classified as a confined space, therefore, the requirements of Section 18 shall apply.
在挖坑工作开始之前，必须清理坑的所在位置并且必须经过工厂主或xxx公司代表批准。如果开挖作在现有的操作区域内进行，请参见第30节。坑可以作为受限空间考虑；如果是这样，适用第 18节的要求。
19.2
The contractor shall ensure that a competent person is onsite full time during excavation, shoring, and when there are open trenches. Excavations and shoring shall be inspected, at a minimum, daily or when conditions change. A copy of the competent person certificates(s) shall be made available to the xxx representative.
承包商应确保在挖坑，支撑和有明渠时，在现场有一名胜任的专职人员。应检查挖坑和支撑，至少每天一次，或当情况发生变化。应给xxx公司代表提供胜任人员证书的复印件。
19.3
All soils shall be considered granular soils such as sands and gravels (referred to Class "C" in the United States) unless a soils testing laboratory determines and documents otherwise.
除非有土壤实验室的测定结果和文件，所有土壤都可认为是如沙和砾型的颗粒土壤（参照美国分类“C”）。
19.4
An excavation work permit is required for any excavation that penetrates the ground more than 300 mm (12 in). This permit shall be obtained from thexxx representative.
所有离地表超过300mm(12英寸)的挖掘工作都需挖坑工作许可证。该许可证需从xxx公司代表处获得。
19.5
All excavations within 1,000 mm (3 ft) of a known active underground pipeline, conduit, or cable shall be hand probed and dug using insulated tools. If the underground utility cannot be located, all work at that location shall stop and the owner or xxx representative shall be notified immediately.
在离已知有带电的地下管线、导管或电缆1000 mm (3 ft)范围内的所有坑，都必须用手工探挖，挖掘时必须使用绝缘工具。如果地下公用工程不能确定位置，该处的所有工作都必须停止并立即报告工厂主或xxx公司代表。
19.6
In addition to potholing, hand-probing, and notification of the one-call system, the contractor shall employ the use of metal detectors and other underground location devices to aid in locating underground lines and obstructions.
除了地上坑洞探测，手探测和定点服务系统，承包商应使用金属探测器和其他地下定位装置，协助定位地下线和障碍物。
19.7
All excavations must have safe accessways, be properly barricaded, and at night have flashing light at the perimeter of excavation.
所有开挖区必须有安全的通道，正确的围护，夜间还必须有闪光灯设置在开挖区周边。
19.8
All excavations 1,220 mm (4 ft) or deeper into which personnel might be allowed to enter (no matter how briefly) shall be shored, benched, and/or sloped or shall comply with governmental requirements if they are more stringent.
所有的深度等于或超过1220 mm (4 ft)的坑，如果允许人员进入其中工作（无论工期多短），都必须加以支撑、或做成台阶型和/或做成斜坡。如果政府要求更为严格的话，执行政府的要求。
19.9
Spoil dirt or excavated material may be used to barricade one side of a ditch or similar excavation. All dirt must be piled at least 1,220 mm (4 ft) back from the edge of the excavation and must be at least 1,065 mm (42 in) high when used as a barricade.
挖出的堆土可用于沟渠或类似挖掘区其中一边的屏障。作为屏障的所有堆土必须堆放在距离挖掘边缘向后至少1,220毫米（4英尺）的地方，堆高必须至少1,065毫米（42英寸）。
19.10
Access and egress ladders are required in any excavation at a maximum of 7.5 m (25 ft) of lateral travel from personnel within the excavation or according to governmental requirements if they are more stringent.
必须使用梯子进出任何开挖区，人员与梯子的横向距离不得大于7.5米（25英尺）。如果政府的要求更为严格的话，执行政府的要求。
19.11
Excavation walls shall be inspected by a competent person before personnel enter and after a heavy rain or thaw. Shoring shall be inspected daily or more often in extremely wet weather.
在人员进入之前和大雨或融雪之后，必须由胜任人员检查坑壁。支撑必须每日检查一次，在特别潮湿的天气条件下，必须进行更为频繁的检查。
19.12
Nobody is permitted to enter an excavation while equipment is being operated next to the edge.
当设备在坑的边缘地区操作时，任何人不得进入。
19.13
Special attention shall be given when working near to drilled piers and other potential cave-in hazards.
在靠近钻通的墩座或其它存在塌陷隐患的地方工作时，必须特别小心。
20.SIGNS, SIGNALS, AND BARRICADES 标语、标志或路障
20.1
At locations where potential hazards exist, the contractor shall post, install, maintain, and enforce signs, signals, and barricades that direct personnel or vehicles. Signs and signals shall be in the workers' native language or reflect a pictorial representation to maximize their effectiveness.
在存在潜在危险的位置，承包商必须张贴、安装、保持和加强引导人员和车辆的标语、标识和路障。建议标语和标识用工人的母语表达，以便最大限度的发挥其效益。
20.2
Where toxic materials from an adjacent site may drift onto the project site or there is a significant amount of elevated work above 10 m (33 ft), the contractor shall provide windsocks to indicate direction and force of wind.
当附近现场排放的有毒材料可能飘浮在项目现场或有大量高于10m(33英寸)的高空作业，承包商应提供风向袋来表示风向和强度。
20.3
Barricades must be rigid, 1,070 mm (42 in) high, square, plumb and level. Barricades shall be kept 1,220 mm (4 ft) back from the edge of excavations, openings, or edges of roofs and be strong enough to stop someone from walking into the excavation or openings.
Flagging or warning tape is not effective barricades because it breaks easily. Flagging or warning tape may be used in conjunction with barricades.
障碍物必须是刚性的且高度需达到1070 mm (42英寸)高度，并且要平直。障碍物离开坑、洞的边缘和顶部边缘必须保持1220 mm (4英尺)，并且足够牢固，能阻止人们走进坑或洞。旗帜或警告牌不是有效的障碍物，因为它容易破碎。旗帜或警告牌可以与障碍物配合使用。
20.4
The contractor shall attach danger tags to a piece of equipment (or part of a structure) to warn of potential or immediate hazards.
承包商必须在设备（或结构物的组成部分）上附加危险标识，警告潜在的或即刻的危险。
20.5
During the initial phase of the contract and at periodic intervals afterwards, the owner or xxx operating group emergency alarm system and the procedures for events such as process upsets and evacuations shall be reviewed with all contractor personnel.
Copies of the procedures will be available from the owner or xxxrepresentative for posting. The contractor shall cooperate with the owner or xxx representative with emergency practice drills.
在合同的初期阶段和中间各阶段，工厂主或xxx公司操作单位的事故（例如工艺异常）应急报警系统和程序必须接受所有承包商人员的审查。工厂主或xxx公司代表应提供这些程序的副本，供有关人员张贴公布。承包商必须与工厂主或xxx公司代表合作进行应急训练。
20.6
When flag people are used, they must wear highly visible reflective outer garment.
当人们使用旗帜的时候，必须采用高度醒目颜色。
20.7
Crane and hoist signals used shall be the same as approved by the national, provincial, or local government regulations.
所用的起重机和提升机信号必须与当地、省或国家政府批准的一致。
20.8 Warning Tape Designations 警告牌
21. CONCRETE, CONCRETE FORMS, AND SHORING 混凝土、混凝土模型和支撑
21.1
All equipment, materials, and wall shoring used in concrete construction and masonry work shall be in accordance with applicable governmental requirements and industry standards.
用于混凝土结构和砖石建筑工程的所有设备、材料和壁支撑件都必须符合适用的政府要求。
21.2
Form work and shoring shall be designed, erected, supported, braced, and maintained so that it will safely support all vertical and lateral loads, in addition to the loads that might be imposed on it during placement of concrete or other work activities.
模型件和支撑件都必须经过设计、安装、支撑、装拉条固定并保持好，使之能够安全地支承所有竖向的和横向的负载以及混凝土浇注和其它工作活动可能施加到其上的负载。
Note: In the United States formwork shall be designed and installed in accordance with the latest edition of ANSI A10.9 including supplements. In jurisdictions without a recognized standard the requirements of ANSI A10.9 or other nationally recognized code or regulation shall be followed.
注：在美国，应按照最新版本ANSI A10.9及其附件，设计并安装模板。如果没有认可的标准，则应遵守ANSI A10.9的规定或其他国家认可标准或规则。
21.3
Worker apparel (e.g., gloves, boots, long sleeves, goggles) shall be such that human skin is protected from exposure to wet concrete.
工人的劳保用品（例如手套、靴子、长袖衫、墨镜）必须能够保证人的皮肤不暴露于潮湿的混凝土。
21.4
The ends of protruding reinforcing steel shall be covered with rigid protective caps or troughs. These caps and troughs shall protect against impact and impalement hazards and shall conform to national, provincial, or local standards where applicable.
露出的钢筋必须用坚硬的保护帽或槽盖盖好。这些保护帽和槽盖必须能防冲击和穿刺危险并符合适用的地方，省或国家标准。
21.5
An appropriate base (e.g., plywood, sheeting, planking) shall be temporarily placed on the reinforcing steel for workers walking/standing on reinforcing steel mats.
必须临时放置相应的基础（例如胶合板、钢板、垫子）供工人行走和站立。
22.ELEVATED WORK AND FALL PROTECTION 高空作业和坠落保护
22.1Fall Protection 坠落保护
·Sloping roofs or flat roofs without handrails or a warning system.
斜面房顶或无扶手或警告系统的平面屋顶。
·Open-sided elevated floors or platforms.
周边开放式的楼层或平台。
·Suspended scaffolds, platforms, or stages.
悬空的脚手架、平台和阶梯。
·All steel erection.
所有的钢结构物。
·Work in pipe racks.
在管架上工作。
·Work in or near the edge of structures that are partially complete (i.e., handrails, midrails, toeplate that is missing, platforms with grating that is not secured).
在部分完成的结构物内或附近工作（如没有扶手、隔档、踢脚板或者格栅板没有固定的平台）。
22.1.3Use of fall protection equipment 坠落设备的使用
22.1.4Types of fall protection equipment 坠落保护设备的类型
·Personal fall-arrest systems shall be rigged so that an employee can neither free fall more than 1.6 m (5 ft) nor contact any lower level.
人员坠落拦截设备的装配应保证员工既不会出现超过1.6米的自由坠落，也不会接触到任何次低平面。
·Anchor points and harnesses shall be capable of supporting 22,200 Newtons (5000 lb) for each individual connecting to the anchor point.
每个人所使用的安全带挂点和安全带本身应能承受22,000牛顿（5400磅）的力量。
·Electrical conduit, plastic piping, or other inadequate anchorage points shall not be used for tie-offs.
电线导管、塑料管或其它不结实的挂点不得用于挂安全带。
22.1.5Inspection of Equipment 设备检验
·Stitching 缝纫线·Cuts割伤
·Rivets铆钉·Abrasions磨损
·Buckles带扣·Acid damage 酸蚀
·Buckle taps带扣接头·Dry rot干裂
·"D" Ring “D”型环·Burns灼烧痕迹
·Connection points 连接点·General appearance 总体外观
22.1.6 Fall Protection Supervisor 坠落保护监督员
22.1.7
Demonstration of use: Contractors shall demonstrate and train all of their employees on the proper use of fall protection equipment and procedures.
用法示范：承包商必须向自己的所有员工示范并培训如何正确使用坠落保护设备及其使用程序。
22.2 Ladders 梯子
22.2.1
·Each user shall visually inspect each ladder for defects before use.
使用前，每个使用者都必须对每个梯子进行外观检查，看是否有缺陷。
·While ascending or descending a ladder, personnel shall not carry anything that will prevent holding onto the ladder with both hands. A handline shall be used, if necessary, to raise or lower materials and hand tools.
上下梯子的时候，不得携带任何妨碍双手扶梯的物品。必要时，必须用绳索来提升或放下物料和工具。
·Ladders shall be securely tied off to a permanent structure or object.
梯子必须牢固地绑在在一个永久结构物或物体上。
·When working from ladders, the worker shall face the ladder and keep both feet on the rungs at all times.
在梯子上工作时，工人必须面向梯子，两脚始终站在梯级上。
·All ladders shall have appropriate shoes or footings.
所有的梯子都必须有梯垫或梯脚。
·Workers shall not stand with their waist above the top step of a stepladder without wearing a safety harness that is tied off to a local structure or an anchor point located overhead.
在没有穿安全带，并把安全绳挂在就近的结构上或头顶上方的挂点上之前，工人不得站在人字梯上使腰部超出梯子的最高一级工作。
·Stepladders shall not be used leaning against a wall, structure, or equipment. Stepladders may not be climbed while in any of these positions.
人字梯不得斜靠在墙上、结构物上或设备上使用。这样斜靠的人字梯不宜攀爬。
·Metal ladders shall not be used unless an integral part of scaffolding. Wood or fiberglass ladders are preferred because they protect against electrocution hazards.
不得使用金属梯，除非是脚手架的组成部分。木梯或玻璃钢梯是首选，因为这些梯子可以防止触电危险。
·Job-built ladders or ladders fabricated at the site are not acceptable, unless approved by the xxx representative and constructed in accordance with national, provincial or local requirements.
不允许使用自制的梯子或在现场制造的梯子，除非经过xxx公司代表的认可并按照国家、省、地方的要求制造。
22.3 Scaffolds 脚手架
22.3.1
The use and erection of scaffolds shall comply with governmental requirements. These shall include, but not be limited to:
脚手架的使用和安装必须符合政府要求。其中包括（但不限于）以下各条：
22.3.2
The contractor shall designate a competent person, as defined by national, provincial, and local regulations, to determine the feasibility, appropriate training, and fall protection required during erection, use, and dismantling of a scaffold.
This person shall possess the necessary credentials and training to be able to inspect, certify, and authorize changes to ensure a complete and safe system.
承包商应指定一名胜任人员，根据国家、省和地方的规定，决定搭设、使用和拆除脚手架的可行性、相关的培训及必要的坠落保护。该人员应持有必需的证照，受过必要的培训，能够检验、认证并有权变更脚手架以确保完整和安全的脚手架系统。
22.3.3
All scaffolds shall be erected level and plumb and be on a proper base support or directly connected to structural members capable of supporting all design loads (i.e., dead and live loads, and factor of safety).
No unsecured counterweight scaffold support shall be used. Platforms shall be secured to the scaffold structure.
所有的脚手架的安装都必须做到水平和垂直，必须有合适的基础支撑，或直接与能够支撑所有设计负荷（即静荷载、动荷载及安全系数）的结构物连接。不得使用不牢固的配重支撑。工作平台必须固定到脚手架的结构上。
22.3.4
If a ladder is used for access, it shall extend above the landing platform a minimum of 1065 mm (42 in) for step through or 1525 mm (60 in) for side-step ladders.
For manufactured scaffold the ladder shall be mounted on the 1525 mm (60 in) side of the scaffold frame. Access to the platform shall be through a swinging safety gate that will act as part of the handrail system.
Safety chains shall be installed on all scaffolds at all non-continuous handrail points or openings and may be used instead of the swing gate. The length of any one-ladder run shall not exceed 6.7 m (25 ft), and a landing shall be provided between vertical ladder runs.
如果用梯子作为通道，梯子应超出着陆平台至少1,065毫米（42英寸）（正面着陆）或至少1,525毫米（60英寸）（侧面着陆）。
用于组合式脚手架的梯子应安装在脚手架框架的1525毫米（60英寸）侧。进入平台必须通过一个活动安全门，安全门能成为护栏的一部分。
安全索链应安装在所有护栏不连续处或开口处，可以代替活动门。任何一个梯子的长度都不得超过 6.7 m (25 ft)，竖向梯子连接处必须提供着陆平台。
22.3.5
For heavily accessed scaffolds, stairs shall be used instead of ladders.
对于出入频繁的脚手架，通道应采用楼梯而不是梯子。
22.3.6
Appropriate handrails, toeboards, and cleats are required. When timber planks are used for decking, they shall be tied down or secured to the scaffold structure at both ends.
必须有相应的扶手、踢脚板和防滑条。用木板做铺板时，两端必须扎牢或固定到脚手架结构上。
22.3.7
The contractor shall provide the proper provisions for the safe lifting/hoisting of scaffold poles, fittings, and boards. Lifting equipment must be designed to prevent the possibility of the scaffold falling over if the load snags.
承包商应负责正确提供提升脚手架管，配件和跳板所需的设备。提升设备必须经过设计，在提升物受阻时可以防止脚手架发生倒塌。。
22.3.8
When work is to take place under or near scaffolds or there is a high risk of falling work items, mesh or screen material [25 mm (1 in) square opening, maximum ] shall be installed to cover the opening from the toeboard to the mid guardrail.
当工作必须在脚手架的下方或附近进行时，或者存在很高的工件下落的危险时，必须用密目式安全网[网眼不超过为25 mm (1 in)平方毫米]封住踢脚板至护栏中杆的开口。
22.3.9
All scaffolds shall be inspected by the competent person before initial use, after repositioning or modification, and on a weekly basis thereafter.
After each inspection a scaffold inspection tag shall be affixed to each scaffold noting the status (see Appendix B for guidelines and sample tag.).
No scaffold shall be used without a current tag or when uncorrected deficiencies have been identified. Scaffold Tags may be obtained from the xxx representative.
在首次使用之前，重新就位或修改之后，及此后的每个星期，所有的脚手架都必须由胜任人员检查。
每次检查后，都必须在被检查的脚手架上加上一个说明脚手架现状的检验标签（见附件 C—— 指导原则和样本标签）。
如果脚手架上没有加上最新标签或者发现没有整改的缺陷，该脚手架不得使用。可从xxx公司代表处获得脚手架标签。
22.3.10
Scaffolds that are hung from a structure shall have redundant support (e.g., safety chains and cables) supporting the decked area.
结构上的挂架必须有附加的支撑物（如链条和钢缆）承载工作平台。
22.3.11
Safe working loads on scaffolds shall not be exceeded and scaffold shall be posted to inform personnel of the load restrictions.
不得超过脚手架的安全工作荷载，应将荷载限制张贴在脚手架上告知人员。
22.3.12
Rigging shall never be done from scaffold handrails or braces.
任何时候都不得在脚手架的护栏或加强支撑上固定索具。
22.3.13
Ladders shall not be used to extend the height of a scaffold by placing them on the working deck of the scaffold.
不得在脚手架跳板上放置并使用梯子来延伸脚手架的高度。
22.3.14
Only pre-manufactured or tubular and coupling scaffold materials are permitted. Components used to join or attach scaffold members shall only be provided by the same manufacturer.
只准使用组合式和钢管扣件脚手架材料。连接部件必须出自同一家工厂。
22.3.15
In the United States since federal standards are quite detailed for the various types of scaffolds, OSHA 29 CFR Part 1926-451 must be referred to for each particular job scaffolding requirements.
在美国，因为联邦标准十分详细的规定了脚手架的各种型号，每个特殊工作脚手架要求应参考OSHA 29 CFR的1926-451部分。
22.4
Vehicle-Mounted, Elevating, and Rotating Aerial Devices
车辆搭载的、提升和旋转的空中作业设备
22.4.1
Only personnel instructed or trained in the safe and proper operation of the aerial device using the manufacturer's operator manual, the user's work instructions, applicable government regulations, and "hands on" training shall be authorized to operate an aerial lift. Operator certification shall be available for xxx inspection.
只有受过空中作业设备安全操作培训和接受过制造厂操作手册、用户操作说明、适用的政府条例的指导并接受过 “实操”培训的人，才能被授权操作高空提升机。操作员的证书需经xxx公司代表检查。
22.4.2
Boom and basket load limits specified by the manufacturer shall not be exceeded. All units shall be accompanied by a manufacturer's operator manual and have identification, operation, and instruction placards, decals, plates, or the equivalent that are readily visible.
不得超过制造厂家规定的起重臂/载人篮负荷限制。所有的装置上都必须放一份制造厂家的操作说明书，并且必须有鉴定、操作和说明卡、图案、铭牌或其它醒目的类似标志。
22.4.3
Lift controls shall be tested each day before use to determine that such controls are in safe working condition. Daily inspection shall also include visual and audible safety devices, hydraulics and pneumatic systems, instructing components, operational markings, and electrical apparatus.
Corrective actions shall be recorded in writing. An annual inspection shall be performed by a qualified person and documented. Inspection documentation shall be available to the owner or xxx representative.
每天使用之前，都必须测试提升控制装置，确定控制装置是否处于安全的工作状态。每天的日常检查还必须包括对声光安全装置及液压系统和气压系统的检查，包括检查组件、操作标志和电器设备。必须用书面形式记录更正措施。年度检查必须由合格人员进行并加以记录。检查记录必须向工厂主或xxx公司代表提供。
22.4.4
Employees shall always stand firmly on the floor of the basket, and shall not sit or climb on the edge of the basket or use planks, ladders, or other devices for a work position.
工人必须始终稳定地站在载人篮的地板上，不得坐在或爬上载人篮的边缘或者用木板、梯子或其它装置来构筑一个工作位置。
22.4.5
A body harness shall be worn and a lanyard attached to the boom or basket when working from an aerial lift. Attaching to an adjacent pole, structure, or equipment while working from an aerial lift shall not be permitted.
在载人篮内工作时，必须穿全身式安全带，并且把安全绳系到悬臂上或篮上。在升空操作时，不得附着到附近的杆子、结构物和设备上。
22.4.6
Articulating boom and extendible boom platforms, primarily designed as personnel carriers, shall have both platform (upper) and lower controls.
Upper controls shall be in or beside the platform within easy reach of the operator. Lower controls shall provide for overriding the upper controls.
Controls shall be plainly marked as to their function. Lower level controls shall not be operated unless permission has been obtained from the employee in the lift except in case of emergency.
主要设计为载人工具折叠式举升臂平台和伸展式举升臂平台，应该同时具备平台（上部）控制台和地面控制台。
上部控制台 位于平台内或平台一侧操作工容易够着的地方。地面控制台 必须能控制上部控制台。控制台上必须明确标注各控制功能。
如果没有得到提升机里的员工的允许不得操作地面控制台，紧急情况除外。
22.4.7
An emergency-stop control shall be available at the platform.
在平台上必须提供一个紧急制动开关。
22.4.8
If outriggers are provided, they shall be used to meet the unit's stability requirements according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Ground conditions shall be evaluated to determine if mats need to be placed under outriggers.
如果提供了外伸支腿，应使用这些支腿以达到制造厂建议的装置稳定性要求。应评估地面条件来决定是否需要为支腿提供垫板。
22.4.9
All platforms shall have top and mid guard rails, toe boards, and an access gate.
所有的平台都必须有顶护栏和中护栏、踢脚板和进出的门。
22.4.10
Prior to moving, the operator shall confirm that there is adequate head and body clearance
移动之前，操作人员应确认头部和身体有充分的活动空间。
22.4.11
Gasoline- or diesel-powered manlifts shall not be operated inside a closed building or confined space. The use of electrically powered manlifts or propane are recommended for this application.
If there is no alternative to the use of fuel-powered manlifts in this application, the contractor shall develop a plan and submit it to the xxx representative for approval.
不得在封闭的建筑物内使用以汽油或柴油为动力的人员提升机。推荐使用以电力或丙烷为动力的人员提升机。如果没有替代燃料动力提升机的方法，承包商必须拟订一份计划并提交xxx公司代表批准。
22.5Safety Nets安全网
22.5.1
Safety nets shall be provided when workplaces are more than 7.5 m (25 ft) above the ground or when the use of ladders, scaffolds, catch platforms, temporary floors, safety lines, or body harnesses is impractical.
Nets shall extend 2450 mm (8 ft) beyond the edges of the work surface on which employees are exposed and shall be installed as close as is practical under the work surface, but in no case more than 7.5 mm (25 ft) below the work area.
The nets shall meet acceptable performance standards of 17,500 foot-pounds minimum impact resistance and shall be tested before use. Edge ropes shall provide a minimum breaking strength of 22,200 Newtons (5000 pounds).
当工作场地离地面超过7.5mm(25ft)或不能使用梯子，脚手架，抓台，临时地板，安全绳或身体捆束时，应提供安全网。
安全网应超过员工所在工作面边缘2450mm(8ft)并安装在尽可能接近工作面的地方，但在工作面下决不长于7.5mm(25ft)。
安全网应满足最少17500英尺磅的冲击阻力的合格性能标准并在使用前测试。边缘绳具有最低22240牛（5000磅）的强度。
22.5.2
For the test, a test weight [181 kg (400 lb) bag of sand] shall be dropped from a height of 7.5 m (25 ft) into the center of the net (which is considered to be the weakest point of the system).
对于测试，测试重量[181kg(400Ib)沙包]应从7.5m(25ft)高度扔向安全网的中心（认为是系统中最弱处）。
22.6
Openings in Floors, Walls, and Stairwells
楼层、墙壁的开口，楼梯井
22.6.1
All holes or openings through floors, decking, or walls at all elevations shall have properly sized hole covers or be barricaded immediately. Floor openings shall be guarded by standard railings and toeboards or a cover.
All open-sided floors or platforms that are 1 220 mm (4 ft) or more above adjacent floor or ground level shall be guarded by standard railings or the equivalent on all open sides except where there is an entrance to a ramp, stairway, or fixed ladder.
高处的楼层、台面和墙壁上的所有孔和开口都必须有尺寸合适的孔盖，或者及时用栅栏隔开。楼层的开口必须用标准的栏杆和踏板或盖子加以保护。
所有离相邻楼层或地平面的距离等于或超过1 220 mm (4 ft)的开放式楼层或平台，都必须用标准的栏杆或相应的材料对四周加以保护。通往斜面、楼梯或固定式梯子通道的位置除外。
22.6.2
A cover shall be secured so it cannot slip appreciably beyond the edge of the hole and be sturdy enough to hold the intended load that will be placed over it. Covers shall be labeled in large letters with the word “hole.”
盖子必须固定好，使之不能滑离孔的边缘，并且必须足以承受预计的负载。盖子上应用大字母表明“洞”的字样。
22.6.3
Equipment or material shall not be stored on hole cover.
设备和材料不得存放在孔盖上。
22.6.4
On all structures of two or more floors, stairways, ladders, or ramps shall be provided for employees during the construction period.
在所有的两层或两层以上的结构物上，建设期间必须为员工提供楼梯、梯子或斜坡。
23.STEEL ERECTION 钢结构件
23.1
Structural steel erection shall comply with governmental requirements. This shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
结构钢件必须符合政府要求。其中包括(但不限于）以下各条：
23.1.1
During the placing of structural members, the load shall not be released from the hoisting line until the members are secured at each connection with not less than two bolts (or the equivalent) that are drawn up wrench tight.
在钢结构件的安装期间，在从起重绳上释放荷载之前，钢结构件的各连接点至少有两个螺栓（或相当的紧固件）应拧至使用扳手才能松动的紧度。
23.1.2
Before extra members are assembled, all primary structure joint bolts must be in place. Under no circumstances shall the second level of the structure be erected until all the primary structure joint bolts of the first elevation are installed and torqued.
在安装其它结构件之前，必须上紧所有一层结构的连接螺栓。任何情况下，在第一层的主要结构件的连接螺栓已安装并达到正确的扭矩之前，不得安装第二层结构。
23.1.3
Taglines or guidelines shall be used for controlling loads.
必须用牵引绳或引导绳来控制负载。
23.1.4
Multiple loads shall not be lifted simultaneously by a single crane or lead line.
不得用一台起重机或一根牵引绳来同时提升多个重物。
23.2
Erection of stairs, handrails, and grating shall be performed concurrently with the structure being erected. Erection of the next level may not proceed until they have been completed.
楼梯、扶手和格栅板的安装必须与被安装的结构物同时进行。在这些部件完成安装之前，不得进行下一层安装工作。
23.3
The fall protection requirements of Section 22 of this specification shall be enforced during steel erection activities.
本说明第22节的要求必须强制执行。
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