人教版 2019 选择性必修二Unit 2 Bridging Cultures 知识清单（后续提供全套书每个单元的知识清单）
备课素材
高中英语人教版必修一 Unit 3 Sports and Fitness知识清单
高中英语人教版必修一 Unit 4 Natural Disasters知识清单
高中英语人教版必修一Unit 5 Languages Around the World知识清单
高中英语人教版必修二Unit 1 Cultural Heritage知识清单
高中英语人教版必修二Unit 2 Wildlife Protection知识清单
高中英语人教版必修二Unit 3 The Internet知识清单
高中英语人教版必修二Unit 4 History and Traditions知识清单
高中英语人教版必修三Unit 1 Festivals and Celebrations知识清单
高中英语人教版必修三Unit 2 Morals and Virtues知识清单
高中英语人教版必修三Unit 3 Diverse Cultures知识清单
高中英语人教版必修三Unit 4 Space Exploration知识清单
高中英语人教版必修三Unit 5 The Value of Money知识清单
高中英语人教版选择性必修一 Unit 1 People of Achievement知识清单
高中英语人教版选择性必修一 Unit 2 Looking into the Future知识清单
高中英语人教版选择性必修一 Unit 3 Fascinating Parks知识清单
高中英语人教版 2019 选择性必修一Unit 4 Body Language 知识清单
高中英语人教版 2019 选择性必修一Unit 5 Working the Land 知识清单（尝试两次均发送失败，知识星球提供的文件可以下载）
“杨小平教英语”公众号内容的打印版可以在“杨小平教英语”知识星球下载！
人教版 2019 选择性必修二Unit 2 Bridging Cultures 知识清单
Unit 2 Bridging Cultures 知识清单
一、核心词汇
（一）基础词汇及拓展
1. qualification n.（通过考试或学习课程取得的）资格；学历
- 例句：To apply for this teaching position, you need to have a professional qualification in education.（要申请这个教学岗位，你需要具备教育方面的专业资格。）
- 拓展：qualify vt.& vi.（使）具备资格；qualified adj.有资格的，称职的
2. ambition n.追求的目标；夙愿；野心；抱负
- 例句：His ambition is to become a world-renowned scientist and make contributions to medical research.（他的抱负是成为一名世界知名的科学家，为医学研究做出贡献。）
- 拓展：ambitious adj.有野心的；有雄心的
3. adaptation n.适应；改编本
- 例句：The adaptation of this classic novel into a movie has received widespread praise from the audience.（这部经典小说改编成电影后，受到了观众的广泛好评。）
- 拓展：adapt vt.（使）适应；改编
4. comfort n.安慰；令人感到安慰的人或事物；舒服；安逸 vt.安慰；抚慰
- 例句：The warm hug from her mother was a great comfort to the little girl after she failed the exam.（小女孩考试失利后，妈妈温暖的拥抱给了她极大的安慰。）
- 拓展：comfortable adj.令人舒适的；uncomfortable adj.不舒服的
5. participate vi.参加；参与
- 例句：All students are encouraged to participate in the school's sports meeting to show their athletic talents.（鼓励所有学生参加学校运动会，展示自己的运动天赋。）
- 拓展：participation n.参加；参与；participant n.参与者
6. presentation n.报告；陈述；出示；拿出
- 例句：She spent a whole week preparing for the presentation on environmental protection and got high praise from the teachers.（她花了整整一周时间准备关于环境保护的报告，并得到了老师们的高度评价。）
- 拓展：present vt.颁发；赠送；呈递 n.礼物 adj.现在的；出席的
7. engage vi.参加；参与（活动）vt.吸引（注意力、兴趣）；（使）参加；吸引；雇用
- 例句：The professor's vivid lecture engaged the attention of all the students in the classroom.（教授生动的讲座吸引了教室里所有学生的注意力。）
- 拓展：engaged adj.忙于；从事于；已订婚的；engagement n.订婚；约定
8. involve vt.包含；需要；涉及；影响；（使）参加
- 例句：This project will involve close cooperation between the marketing department and the technical department.（这个项目需要市场部和技术部的密切合作。）
- 拓展：involved adj.参与的；投入的；involvement n.参与
9. edition n.（报纸、杂志）一份；（广播、电视节目）一期、一辑；版次
- 例句：The latest edition of this magazine includes an exclusive interview with a famous movie star.（这本杂志的最新一期刊登了对一位著名影星的独家采访。）
- 拓展：edit vt.编辑；剪辑；editor n.编辑；编者
10. overwhelming adj.无法抗拒的；巨大的；压倒性的
- 例句：The team faced an overwhelming advantage of the opponent in the final game, but they still tried their best to fight.（球队在决赛中面临着对手压倒性的优势，但他们仍然全力以赴去拼搏。）
- 拓展：overwhelm vt.（常用于被动语态）使不知所措；压倒
11. homesickness n.思乡病；乡愁
- 例句：Living abroad alone for the first time, she often suffered from homesickness and missed her family deeply.（第一次独自在国外生活，她经常感到乡愁，深深地想念家人。）
- 拓展：homesick adj.想家的；思乡的
12. motivated adj.积极的；主动的
- 例句：Motivated students usually take the initiative to ask questions and explore knowledge beyond the textbook.（积极主动的学生通常会主动提问，探索课本之外的知识。）
- 拓展：motivation n.动力；积极性；动机；motivate vt.成为……的动机；激发；激励
13. advisor n.（also -ser）顾问
- 例句：The company hired a financial advisor to help them formulate a reasonable investment plan.（公司聘请了一位财务顾问来帮助他们制定合理的投资计划。）
- 拓展：advise vt.& vi.建议；劝告；advice n.建议；忠告
14. reasonable adj.有道理的；合情理的
- 例句：It is reasonable for parents to ask their children to finish their homework before playing games.（父母要求孩子先完成作业再玩游戏是合情理的。）
- 拓展：reasonably adv.有理地；合理地；reason n.原因；道理 vi.推理 vt.推断；unreasonable adj.不合理的；不公正的
15. expectation n.期望；预期；期待
- 例句：The parents have high expectations for their son to be admitted to a key university.（父母对儿子考上重点大学抱有很高的期望。）
- 拓展：expect vt.预料；期望
16. applicant n.申请人
- 例句：The company received hundreds of applications from applicants for the position of software engineer.（公司收到了数百名软件工程师岗位申请人的申请。）
- 拓展：apply vi.申请 vt.应用；适用；涂；敷；application n.申请；申请书；app n.应用程序
17. exposure n.接触；体验；暴露；揭露
- 例句：Long-term exposure to harmful chemicals in the workplace is bad for workers' health.（在工作场所长期接触有害化学物质对工人的健康有害。）
- 拓展：expose vt.使接触；使体验；显露；使暴露于（险境）
18. departure n.离开；启程；出发
- 例句：We must arrive at the airport two hours before the departure of the flight to go through the boarding procedures.（我们必须在航班起飞前两小时到达机场办理登机手续。）
- 拓展：depart vi.& vt.离开；启程；出发
19. dramatic adj.巨大的；突然的；急剧的；喜剧（般）的
- 例句：There has been a dramatic increase in the number of online shoppers since the outbreak of the epidemic.（自疫情爆发以来，网购者的数量急剧增加。）
- 拓展：dramatically adv.突然地；戏剧地；引人注目地；drama n.戏剧；戏剧性事件
20. behave vt.表现 vi.& vt.表现得体；有礼貌
- 例句：The children were told to behave themselves in the restaurant and not to make loud noises.（孩子们被要求在餐厅里规矩点，不要大声喧哗。）
- 拓展：behaviour/behavior n.行为；举止
21. surroundings n.[pl.]环境；周围的事物
- 例句：It takes time for new students to get used to the surroundings of the new school.（新生需要时间来适应新学校的环境。）
- 拓展：surrounding adj.周围的；附近的；surround vt.包围；围绕
22. depressed adj.沮丧的；意志消沉的
- 例句：He felt depressed for a long time after he lost his job because of the economic crisis.（由于经济危机失业后，他消沉了很长一段时间。）
- 拓展：depress vt.使沮丧；使忧愁；depression n.沮丧；抑郁
23. strengthen vi.& vt.加强；增强；巩固
- 例句：Regular exercise can help strengthen our immune system and prevent us from getting sick easily.（定期锻炼有助于增强我们的免疫系统，使我们不容易生病。）
- 拓展：strong adj.强壮的；strength n.体力；优点
24. optimistic adj.乐观的
- 例句：Even in the face of difficulties, she remains optimistic and believes that everything will get better.（即使面对困难，她仍然保持乐观，相信一切都会好起来。）
- 拓展：optimism n.乐观主义
25. competence n.能力；胜任；本领
- 例句：His professional competence in handling emergency situations has been recognized by all his colleagues.（他处理紧急情况的专业能力得到了所有同事的认可。）
- 拓展：competent adj.有能力的；称职的
26. cooperate vi.合作；协作；配合
- 例句：In order to complete the project on time, all members of the team must cooperate closely with each other.（为了按时完成项目，团队的所有成员必须密切合作。）
- 拓展：cooperation n.合作；协作
27. logical adj.合乎逻辑的；合情合理的
- 例句：It is a logical conclusion that if you work hard, you will make progress in your studies.（如果你努力学习，就会在学业上取得进步，这是一个合乎逻辑的结论。）
- 拓展：logically adv.逻辑上地；logic n.逻辑（学）；道理
二、重点短语
1. qualification for... ……的资格
- 例句：What is the qualification for applying for this scholarship?（申请这项奖学金需要什么资格？）
2. qualify for sth. 具备……的资格
- 例句：Only those who have passed the written exam can qualify for the interview.（只有通过笔试的人才能获得面试资格。）
3. be qualified for... 有……的资格；可胜任
- 例句：She is well qualified for the job because she has five years of relevant work experience.（她有五年的相关工作经验，非常胜任这份工作。）
4. be qualified as... 有当……的资格
- 例句：He is qualified as a lawyer and has handled many important cases.（他有律师资格，处理过许多重要案件。）
5. be qualified to do... 能胜任，有资格做……
- 例句：You are not qualified to operate this machine without professional training.（没有经过专业培训，你没有资格操作这台机器。）
6. adapt to 适应/适合……
- 例句：It is not easy for some elderly people to adapt to the fast-paced life in big cities.（一些老年人很难适应大城市的快节奏生活。）
7. adapt oneself to 使自己适应……
- 例句：He tried his best to adapt himself to the new working environment after he changed his job.（换工作后，他努力使自己适应新的工作环境。）
8. adapt...to do... 调整……以做……
- 例句：We need to adapt this software to meet the special needs of our customers.（我们需要调整这个软件，以满足客户的特殊需求。）
9. adapt...from... 根据……改编……
- 例句：This TV play is adapted from a popular novel written by a famous writer.（这部电视剧是根据一位著名作家写的畅销小说改编的。）
10. adapt...for 把……改写/改编成……
- 例句：The author adapted his long story for a short film.（作者把他的长篇故事改编成了一部短片。）
11. be a comfort to sb. 对某人来说是个安慰
- 例句：Her kind words were a great comfort to him when he was in trouble.（他遇到困难时，她温暖的话语对他来说是极大的安慰。）
12. in comfort 舒适地
- 例句：They are living in comfort in their new house with all kinds of modern facilities.（他们在配有各种现代化设施的新房子里舒适地生活着。）
13. comfort sb. with sth. 用某物安慰某人
- 例句：The mother comforted her crying child with a toy bear.（妈妈用一只玩具熊安慰哭泣的孩子。）
14. participate with sb. in sth. 与某人分担某事；同某人一起参与某事
- 例句：She participated with her classmates in organizing the school charity party.（她和同学们一起参与组织学校的慈善晚会。）
15. participate in (doing) sth. 参加/参与（做）某事
- 例句：All the students are required to participate in cleaning the classroom every week.（要求所有学生每周都参与打扫教室。）
16. engage sb. (as...) 雇用某人（当……）
- 例句：The company engaged him as a technical consultant to solve the technical problems of the product.（公司雇用他担任技术顾问，解决产品的技术问题。）
17. engage one’s attention/interest 吸引某人的注意力/兴趣
- 例句：The interesting experiment engaged the students' attention throughout the class.（这个有趣的实验整节课都吸引着学生们的注意力。）
18. engage in/on 从事……；订婚
- 例句：He has been engaging in scientific research for more than 20 years.（他从事科学研究已经超过20年了。）
19. be engaged in sth./doing sth. 忙于……，从事……
- 例句：She is engaged in writing a book about her travel experiences around the world.（她正忙于写一本关于她环球旅行经历的书。）
20. involve sb. in (doing) sth. 使某人参与（做）某事；将某人牵涉到（做）某事中
- 例句：The teacher involved all the students in discussing the important issue.（老师让所有学生都参与讨论这个重要问题。）
21. involve doing sth. 包括做某事
- 例句：This task involves collecting a lot of data and analyzing it carefully.（这项任务包括收集大量数据并仔细分析。）
22. get/be involved with 参加；参与；和……关系密切
- 例句：He got involved with the local community and volunteered to help the elderly.（他参与了当地社区的活动，并自愿帮助老年人。）
23. speak up for 为……说话；支持
- 例句：We should speak up for those who are treated unfairly.（我们应该为那些受到不公平对待的人说话。）
24. speak highly of 高度赞扬
- 例句：Everyone speaks highly of her dedication to the education cause.（每个人都高度赞扬她对教育事业的奉献精神。）
25. apply sth. to 把……涂到；把……运用到
- 例句：You can apply this kind of cream to your face to keep your skin moist.（你可以把这种面霜涂在脸上，保持皮肤湿润。）
26. apply oneself to 致力于；集中精力于
- 例句：If you apply yourself to your studies, you will surely achieve good results.（如果你专心学习，肯定会取得好成绩。）
27. apply to 适用于……
- 例句：This rule applies to all the students in the school, regardless of their grades.（这条规则适用于学校里的所有学生，无论他们的成绩如何。）
28. apply (to...) for... （向……）申请……
- 例句：He applied to the university for a scholarship to support his further study.（他向这所大学申请奖学金，以支持他的进一步学习。）
29. expose...to... 使……暴露于……；使……遭受……
- 例句：Don't expose the newborn baby to strong sunlight.（不要让新生儿暴露在强烈的阳光下。）
30. be exposed to 暴露于；接触
- 例句：Children who are exposed to more books from an early age usually have better reading skills.（从小接触更多书籍的孩子通常有更好的阅读能力。）
31. behave well/badly to/towards sb. 对待某人好/不好
- 例句：We should teach our children to behave well to their classmates.（我们应该教育孩子好好对待同学。）
32. behave oneself 守规矩；表现得体
- 例句：The teacher told the students to behave themselves during the school trip.（老师告诉学生们在学校旅行期间要守规矩。）
33. surround...with... 以……环绕/包围……
- 例句：The garden is surrounded with all kinds of beautiful flowers.（这个花园被各种各样美丽的花环绕着。）
34. be surrounded by/with... 被……包围/环绕
- 例句：The city is surrounded by mountains and rivers, so it has a very beautiful scenery.（这座城市被山水环绕，风景十分优美。）
35. strengthen one’s body 增强体质
- 例句：Doing morning exercises every day is a good way to strengthen your body.（每天做早操是增强体质的好方法。）
36. build up one’s strength 增强体力
- 例句：He has been working out in the gym to build up his strength for the upcoming sports meeting.（他一直在健身房锻炼，为即将到来的运动会增强体力。）
37. strengths and weaknesses 长处和短处
- 例句：We should clearly understand our own strengths and weaknesses so that we can improve ourselves better.（我们应该清楚地认识到自己的长处和短处，这样才能更好地提升自己。）
38. in expectation 期望着；意料之中
- 例句：She waited at the station in expectation of her husband's return.（她在车站等待，期待着丈夫的归来。）
39. in expectation of 预计会有；期待；期望
- 例句：The company has increased its production capacity in expectation of the growing market demand.（公司预计市场需求会增长，已经提高了产能。）
40. with the expectation of 带着……期望
- 例句：He went to the big city with the expectation of finding a good job and realizing his dream.（他带着找到好工作、实现梦想的期望去了大城市。）
41. live up to one’s expectation 不辜负某人的期望
- 例句：The young athlete lived up to everyone's expectations and won the gold medal in the competition.（这位年轻的运动员没有辜负大家的期望，在比赛中获得了金牌。）
42. expect to do... 期待做某事
- 例句：I expect to visit my grandparents during the summer vacation.（我期待在暑假期间去看望我的祖父母。）
43. take the side of 站在……一边
- 例句：In this dispute, she took the side of the weak party.（在这场争端中，她站在了弱势一方。）
44. support sb. 支持某人
- 例句：My parents have always supported me in pursuing my dream of becoming a painter.（我的父母一直支持我追求成为一名画家的梦想。）
45. back up sb. 支持某人
- 例句：If you are in trouble, I will always back you up.（如果你遇到麻烦，我会一直支持你。）
46. in favor of 有利于，支持
- 例句：Most of the members are in favor of this new proposal.（大多数成员都支持这个新提案。）
47. in support of 支持；拥护
- 例句：Many people signed the petition in support of the environmental protection campaign.（许多人在请愿书上签名，支持这项环保运动。）
48. as far as sb./sth. is concerned 就某人/物而言
- 例句：As far as I am concerned, this plan is feasible and worth trying.（就我而言，这个计划是可行的，值得一试。）
49. as far as the eye can see/reach 就视力所能及
- 例句：From the top of the mountain, we can see the vast grassland as far as the eye can reach.（从山顶上，我们可以看到一望无际的广阔草原。）
50. as far as I can see 依我看；据我所见
- 例句：As far as I can see, there is no better solution to this problem.（依我看，这个问题没有更好的解决办法了。）
51. as far as I know 就我所知
- 例句：As far as I know, the meeting has been postponed until next Monday.（就我所知，会议已经推迟到下周一了。）
52. as well as 既……又……；和……一样好
- 例句：She is good at playing the piano as well as singing.（她既擅长唱歌，又擅长弹钢琴。）
53. as good as 与……一样好；简直；几乎
- 例句：His performance in the exam was as good as his sister's.（他的考试成绩和他姐姐的一样好。）
54. as long as 只要；长达
- 例句：As long as you work hard, you will succeed sooner or later.（只要你努力，迟早会成功的。）
55. as soon as 一……就……
- 例句：As soon as he arrived home, he started to do his homework.（他一到家就开始做家庭作业。）
56. in summary/a word 总之
- 例句：In summary, we should take effective measures to protect the environment.（总之，我们应该采取有效措施保护环境。）
57. all in all 总之
- 例句：All in all, it was a wonderful trip that I will never forget.（总之，这是一次我永远不会忘记的美好旅行。）
58. in conclusion 总之
- 例句：In conclusion, the new policy will have a positive impact on the development of the local economy.（总之，这项新政策将对当地经济的发展产生积极影响。）
59. in short/brief 总之；简言之
- 例句：In short, we need to improve our service quality to meet the customers' needs.（简言之，我们需要提高服务质量，以满足客户的需求。）
60. to sum up 总之，概括地说
- 例句：To sum up, the advantages of this new technology far outweigh its disadvantages.（总之，这项新技术的优点远远大于缺点。）
三、核心句式
1. 主谓宾结构：Xie Lei is studying for a business qualification at a university in China and has come to our university on a year－long exchange programme.
- 解析：该句由and连接两个并列的谓语动词is studying和has come，分别表示“正在攻读”和“已经来到”，描述了谢蕾的当前状态和经历。
- 例句：My brother is studying for a master's degree in the United States and has won a scholarship for his excellent academic performance.（我哥哥正在美国攻读硕士学位，并且由于学业成绩优异获得了奖学金。）
2. 让步状语从句+定语从句：Although some foreign students live in campus accommodation，Xie Lei chose to live with a host family，who can help with her adaptation to the new culture.
- 解析：Although引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然”；who引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a host family，在从句中作主语。
- 例句：Although he is very busy with his work, he still spends a lot of time with his family, who always give him great support.（虽然他工作很忙，但他仍然花很多时间陪伴家人，家人总是给予他很大的支持。）
3. 宾语从句：“When I miss home, I feel comforted to have a second family，”Xie Lei said.
- 解析：直接引语中包含一个时间状语从句When I miss home，主句I feel comforted to have a second family中，to have a second family作原因状语，说明感到安慰的原因。
- 例句：“When I face difficulties, I feel encouraged to have such good friends，”she said.（她说：“当我遇到困难时，有这样好的朋友，我感到很受鼓舞。”）
4. 特殊疑问句：Who will be the successful applicant for the summer job at the law firm？
- 解析：该句为特殊疑问句，who作主语，询问“谁会成为律师事务所暑期工作的成功申请者”，focus on“申请职位的人”这一核心对象。
- 例句：Who will be the leader of the new project team set up by the company？（谁会成为公司新成立的项目团队的负责人？）
5. 并列谓语结构：Students need to generate ideas, offer examples, apply concepts, and raise questions, as well as give presentations.
- 解析：句子的谓语部分由多个并列的动词不定式构成，即to generate, (to) offer, (to) apply, (to) raise和(to) give，as well as连接最后一个并列成分，强调学生需要完成的多项任务。
- 例句：In this course, we need to read classic works, write book reviews, participate in discussions, and complete research reports, as well as take final exams.（在这门课程中，我们需要阅读经典作品、写书评、参与讨论、完成研究报告，还要参加期末考试。）
6. as well as连接的并列结构：As well as studying hard, I’ve been involved in social activities.
- 解析：as well as意为“除了……之外还”，连接两个并列的成分studying hard和been involved in social activities，强调“既努力学习，又参加社交活动”。
- 例句：As well as being a teacher, she is also a writer who has published many works.（除了是一名教师，她还是一位出版了许多作品的作家。）
7. 时间状语从句：The advisor talked about maintaining reasonable expectations when studying abroad.
- 解析：when studying abroad是时间状语从句的省略形式，完整形式为when (students are) studying abroad，从句主语与主句主语一致，且含有be动词，故省略主语和be动词。
- 例句：It is important to keep a positive attitude when facing difficulties in life.（在生活中面对困难时，保持积极的态度很重要。）
8. 宾语从句+包含被动含义的结构：Xie Lei also found many courses included students’ participation in class as part of the final result.
- 解析：found后接宾语从句，从句的主语是many courses，谓语是included，强调“许多课程将学生的课堂参与纳入最终成绩”，included在这里体现了“被包含”的含义。
- 例句：She found that the new rules included stricter requirements for the safety of food production.（她发现新规则包含了对食品生产安全更严格的要求。）
9. 时间状语从句+并列谓语：Some may struggle and suffer from culture shock when learning how to behave in new surroundings.
- 解析：when learning how to behave in new surroundings是时间状语从句的省略形式，主句中struggle和suffer from是并列谓语，描述了人们在新环境中可能遇到的困境。
- 例句：Many people may feel confused and nervous when starting a new job in a strange city.（许多人在陌生的城市开始一份新工作时，可能会感到困惑和紧张。）
10. 现在分词作状语：They have great facilities and outstanding professors, helping to educate young people who will contribute to the economy and further strengthen our country.
- 解析：helping to educate...是现在分词短语作结果状语，表示“拥有一流的设备和杰出的教授”所带来的自然结果；who引导定语从句，修饰先行词young people，在从句中作主语。
- 例句：The school has built a new library and recruited many excellent teachers, helping to provide better learning conditions for the students who will become the backbone of the society in the future.（这所学校新建了一座图书馆，并招聘了许多优秀的教师，为未来将成为社会中坚力量的学生提供更好的学习条件。）
四、语法知识
（一）词性转换规律
1. 名词后缀-ion/-tion/-sion：动词变名词，如adapt（动词，适应；改编）→adaptation（名词，适应；改编本）；participate（动词，参加；参与）→participation（名词，参加；参与）；decide（动词，决定）→decision（名词，决定）。
2. 名词后缀-ant：动词变表示人的名词，如participate（动词，参加；参与）→participant（名词，参与者）；serve（动词，服务）→servant（名词，仆人）。
3. 形容词后缀-able：动词或名词变形容词，如comfort（名词/动词，安慰；舒服）→comfortable（形容词，舒适的）；read（动词，阅读）→readable（形容词，易读的）。
4. 形容词后缀-ful：名词变形容词，如care（名词，小心）→careful（形容词，小心的）；beauty（名词，美丽）→beautiful（形容词，美丽的）。
5. 形容词后缀-ive：动词变形容词，如motivate（动词，激发；激励）→motivated（形容词，积极的；主动的）；create（动词，创造）→creative（形容词，有创造性的）。
6. 副词后缀-ly：形容词变副词，如reasonable（形容词，有道理的）→reasonably（副词，有理地；合理地）；quick（形容词，快的）→quickly（副词，快速地）。
7. 否定前缀un-：形容词变否定形容词，如comfortable（形容词，舒适的）→uncomfortable（形容词，不舒服的）；happy（形容词，开心的）→unhappy（形容词，不开心的）。
（二）定语从句
1. 定义：修饰名词或代词的从句，在句中作定语，被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词，连接定语从句的词称为关系词（关系代词或关系副词）。
2. 关系代词的用法：
- who：指人，在从句中作主语或宾语，如Although some foreign students live in campus accommodation，Xie Lei chose to live with a host family，who can help with her adaptation to the new culture.（who指代a host family，在从句中作主语）。
- which：指物，在从句中作主语或宾语，如The book which I bought yesterday is very interesting.（which指代the book，在从句中作宾语）。
- that：既可指人也可指物，在从句中作主语或宾语，如He is the man that we are looking for.（that指代the man，在从句中作宾语）。
- whose：指人或物，在从句中作定语，如This is the girl whose father is a doctor.（whose指代the girl，在从句中作定语，修饰father）。
3. 关系副词的用法：
- when：指时间，在从句中作时间状语，如I still remember the day when we first met.（when指代the day，在从句中作时间状语）。
- where：指地点，在从句中作地点状语，如This is the school where I studied when I was a child.（where指代the school，在从句中作地点状语）。
- why：指原因，在从句中作原因状语，如Do you know the reason why he was late for the meeting?（why指代the reason，在从句中作原因状语）。
（三）非谓语动词
1. 现在分词：
- 作定语：表示主动或进行，如The man standing at the door is my teacher.（standing修饰the man，与the man之间是主动关系）。
- 作状语：可表示时间、原因、结果、伴随等，如They have great facilities and outstanding professors, helping to educate young people...（helping作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果）。
- 作宾语补足语：表示主动或进行，如I saw him playing basketball on the playground.（playing作宾语补足语，与him之间是主动关系）。
2. 过去分词：
- 作定语：表示被动或完成，如The broken window has been repaired.（broken修饰the window，与the window之间是被动关系）。
- 作状语：可表示时间、原因、条件、让步等，如Exposed to freezing weather, courageous tourists and scientists still choose to visit Antarctica.（Exposed作让步状语，与tourists and scientists之间是被动关系）。
- 作宾语补足语：表示被动或完成，如I had my hair cut yesterday.（cut作宾语补足语，与my hair之间是被动关系）。
3. 动词不定式：
- 作主语：常用it作形式主语，如It is important to learn English well.（to learn English well是真正的主语）。
- 作谓语：不能直接作谓语，需与情态动词、助动词等连用，如She wants to go to the park this weekend.（to go作宾语）。
- 作宾语补足语：表示具体的动作或将来的动作，如My mother told me to finish my homework first.（to finish作宾语补足语）。
- 作状语：可表示目的、结果、原因等，如He came here to see his old friend.（to see作目的状语）。
（四）虚拟语气
1. 在It is necessary/important/strange...that...句型中：从句谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，should可省略，如It is necessary that initiatives calling for alternative transportation modes (should) be supported...（有必要支持呼吁替代交通方式的倡议……）。
2. 在表示建议、要求、命令等的动词后的宾语从句中：如suggest, demand, require, order等，从句谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，should可省略，如He suggested that we (should) start early tomorrow morning.（他建议我们明天早上早点出发。）
（五）倒装句
1. 部分倒装：
- Only+状语（副词、介词短语、状语从句）位于句首时，句子用部分倒装，即将助动词、情态动词或be动词提到主语之前，如Only with everyone’s contribution and participation can the campaign work wonders.（只有有了每个人的贡献和参与，这场运动才能创造奇迹。）
- 否定副词（如never, seldom, hardly等）位于句首时，句子用部分倒装，如Never have I seen such a beautiful place.（我从未见过如此美丽的地方。）
2. 完全倒装：表示地点、时间、方向等的副词或介词短语位于句首，且谓语动词是be, come, go, lie, stand等不及物动词时，句子用完全倒装，即将谓语动词提到主语之前，如There goes the bell.（铃响了。）
