江门中微子实验正式运行
Jiangmen Neutrino Experiment Officially Begins Operation
记者从中国科学院获悉，26日，江门中微子实验（以下简称“JUNO”）已成功完成2万吨液体闪烁体灌注，并正式运行取数，成为国际上首个运行的超大规模和超高精度中微子专用大科学装置。JUNO合作组发言人王贻芳表示：“这是一个历史性的里程碑，将使我们能够回答关于物质和宇宙本质的基本问题。”
According to the Chinese Academy of Sciences, on the 26th, the Jiangmen Neutrino Experiment (JUNO) successfully completed the filling of 20,000 tons of liquid scintillator and officially began data collection, becoming the world’s first large-scale, ultra-high-precision neutrino-dedicated scientific facility in operation. Wang Yifang, spokesperson for the JUNO Collaboration, remarked: “This is a historic milestone that will allow us to answer fundamental questions about the nature of matter and the universe.”
Jiangmen Neutrino Experiment central detector. Photo by Jin Liwang
中微子是构成物质世界的基本粒子之一，也是宇宙中最古老、数量最多的粒子，从宇宙大爆炸起就弥散在宇宙中，无处不在却又“神出鬼没”，几乎不与任何物质发生反应，导致人们不仅看不到，就连探测也十分不易。
Neutrinos are one of the fundamental particles that make up the material world, and they are also the oldest and most abundant particles in the universe. Since the Big Bang, they have been diffused throughout the cosmos—omnipresent yet elusive—hardly interacting with any matter, making them not only invisible but also extremely difficult to detect.
JUNO探测器位于广东省江门市附近的地下700米处，其核心探测器为有效质量达2万吨的液体闪烁体探测器（中心探测器），安置于地下实验大厅44米深的水池中央；直径41.1米的不锈钢网壳作为主支撑结构，承载了35.4米直径的有机玻璃球、2万吨液体闪烁体、2万只20英寸光电倍增管、2.5万只3英寸光电倍增管，以及前端电子学、电缆、防磁线圈和隔光板等众多关键部件。它可以探测53公里外台山和阳江核电站产生的中微子，并以前所未有的精度测量它们的能谱。
The JUNO detector is located 700 meters underground near Jiangmen, Guangdong Province. Its core detector is a liquid scintillator with an effective mass of 20,000 tons, placed at the center of a 44-meter-deep water pool in the underground experimental hall. A 41.1-meter-diameter stainless steel truss serves as the main support structure, housing a 35.4-meter-diameter acrylic sphere, 20,000 tons of liquid scintillator, 20,000 20-inch photomultiplier tubes, 25,000 3-inch photomultiplier tubes, along with key components such as front-end electronics, cables, magnetic shielding coils, and light-blocking panels. It can detect neutrinos produced by the Taishan and Yangjiang nuclear power plants, 53 kilometers away, and measure their energy spectrum with unprecedented precision.
JUNO在试运行期间首批获取的数据显示，探测器关键性能指标全面达到或超越设计预期，这使它能够着手解决粒子物理学领域的一个重大问题——中微子质量排序，即第三种中微子（ν3）是否比第二种（ν2）更重。
Data collected during JUNO’s trial operation showed that key performance indicators of the detector fully met or exceeded design expectations. This enables it to tackle a major issue in particle physics—the ordering of neutrino masses, specifically whether the third neutrino (ν3) is heavier than the second (ν2).
与国际同类实验相比，JUNO对质量顺序的测定不受地球物质效应和其他未知中微子振荡参数的影响，并将显著提高6个中微子振荡参数中的3个参数的精度，使科学家能够对来自太阳、超新星、大气和地球的中微子开展前沿研究，从而开启探索未知物理的新窗口。
Compared with similar international experiments, JUNO’s determination of the mass hierarchy is unaffected by Earth matter effects or other unknown neutrino oscillation parameters. It will significantly improve the precision of three out of the six neutrino oscillation parameters, enabling scientists to conduct cutting-edge studies of neutrinos from the Sun, supernovae, the atmosphere, and Earth itself—thereby opening a new window to explore unknown physics.
作为重大国际合作项目，JUNO由中国科学院高能物理研究所主导，700名研究人员来自17个国家和地区、74个科研机构。它的设计使用寿命达30年，后期可升级改造为世界最灵敏的无中微子双贝塔衰变实验，将探测中微子绝对质量，检验中微子是否为马约拉纳粒子，从而解决粒子物理、天体物理和宇宙学的前沿交叉热点难题，并深刻影响人类对宇宙的理解。（记者 齐芳）
As a major international collaboration, JUNO is led by the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, with 700 researchers from 74 institutions across 17 countries and regions. It is designed to operate for 30 years and may later be upgraded into the world’s most sensitive neutrinoless double-beta decay experiment, which would measure the absolute mass of neutrinos and test whether they are Majorana particles. Such research will help address frontier questions at the intersection of particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology, profoundly shaping humanity’s understanding of the universe. (Reporter: Qi Fang)
来源：光明日报
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