Legal problems and typical cases frequently encountered in international flight transfer
在全球化出行日益频繁的背景下,国际航班转机已经成为跨境旅客的常态。然而,转机过程中隐藏的法律风险常常被忽视,一旦出现纠纷,往往涉及多法域的复杂法律关系。本文将从律师视角,探讨转机中的主要法律问题,并辅以典型案例加以说明🌻。
Against the background of the increasing frequency of global travel, international flight transfer has become the norm for cross-border passengers. However, the hidden legal risks in the transition process are often ignored. Once a dispute occurs, it often involves complex legal relations with multiple jurisdictions. This article will discuss the main legal issues in the turning point from the perspective of lawyers, supplemented by typical cases.
1. 转机签证与入境许可 🌻
不少国家要求旅客在机场转机时必须申请过境签证(Transit Visa),特别是长时间中转或需更换航站楼时。如果旅客未提前办理签证,可能导致无法登机或被拒绝入境。
Many countries require passengers to obtain a transit visa when making international connections, especially if the layover is long or involves switching terminals. Failure to secure the proper visa in advance can result in denied boarding or entry refusal.
典型案例:
2023年,一名中国公民在德国法兰克福转机时因未办理过境签证,被边检拒绝登机并强制遣返,造成巨额经济损失。
2. 航班延误与衔接责任 🌻
国际转机常常因前段航班延误导致后段航班错过。旅客能否获得赔偿,取决于承运人是否为同一航空公司或同一运输合同下。欧盟法规(EC No.261/2004)在此类情况下为旅客提供了较强的赔偿保障。
Missed connections due to flight delays are a common legal dispute. Compensation eligibility depends on whether the flights are on a single contract or operated by the same carrier. Under EU Regulation EC 261/2004, passengers enjoy relatively strong rights to compensation in such cases.
典型案例:
2019年,欧盟法院在 C-502/18 Germanwings 案件中裁定,即使前一段航班延误发生在非欧盟境内,只要最终目的地在欧盟,旅客仍可依据EC261获得赔偿。
3. 行李丢失与国际责任 🌻
转机过程中的行李丢失、延误或损坏,涉及《蒙特利尔公约》的国际责任制度。航空公司通常对行李损失承担有限责任(目前约为1,288特别提款权,SDR)。
During international transfers, lost, delayed, or damaged baggage falls under the Montreal Convention liability regime. Airlines are usually liable up to 1,288 SDRs (Special Drawing Rights) unless passengers declared higher value in advance.
典型案例:
2021年,加拿大一旅客在多哈转机时,托运行李被延误三天。法院最终依据《蒙特利尔公约》判令航空公司赔偿旅客的实际损失。
4. 航空公司与旅客的合同法律关系 🌻
不同航司承运的联程票与“自助转机”在法律上存在本质区别。联程票下,承运人承担全程运输义务;而自助转机属于分段合同,一旦前段延误,后段航班损失通常需旅客自行承担。
There is a crucial legal distinction between through-tickets and self-transfer tickets. In through-tickets, the carrier assumes responsibility for the entire journey. In self-transfers, separate contracts apply, and passengers usually bear the risk of missed connections.
典型案例:
2022年,英国伦敦高等法院在 Shaw v. British Airways 案中明确,自助转机因属独立合同,航空公司对旅客后段航班损失不负赔偿责任。
5. 跨境纠纷的法律适用与管辖 🌻
国际航班转机涉及多个司法管辖区,争议往往涉及“法律适用”与“法院管辖”的冲突。多数情况下,《蒙特利尔公约》规定了旅客可选择的管辖地,包括承运人主要营业地、合同签订地、目的地等。
Cross-border disputes in transit cases often raise questions of applicable law and jurisdiction. Under the Montreal Convention, passengers may choose among several jurisdictions: the carrier’s principal place of business, the place of contract, or the final destination.
典型案例:
2018年,美国纽约南区联邦法院在一起转机延误案中确认,旅客有权选择在目的地法院提起诉讼,即便航空公司总部设在境外。
律师专业提示 👩⚖️🌻
旅客在国际转机时,应提前确认过境签证要求、购买联程机票、妥善保管行李条码,并在发生延误或损失时及时保存证据。律师在处理此类案件时,应重点关注《蒙特利尔公约》的适用范围,以及不同法域下的强制性旅客保护规则。
Passengers should check transit visa requirements, prefer through-tickets, keep baggage tags, and preserve evidence in case of delays or losses. Lawyers handling such disputes should focus on the scope of the Montreal Convention and mandatory passenger protection rules across jurisdictions.
结语(Conclusion)🌻
国际航班转机虽属常见,但涉及的法律问题复杂且跨境性强。通过案例可见,合理的合规意识与法律应对策略,能够最大限度地降低旅客损失,同时为律师处理跨境航空纠纷提供借鉴。
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