absolute poverty 人们的收入太低，无法满足基本需求。 a condition where peoples income is too low to enable them to meet their basic needs.
actual economic growth 经济产出的增加。 an increase in the output of an economy.
ageing population 人口平均年龄的增长。 an increase in the average age of the population.
aggregate demand (AD) 在给定价格水平下对一个国家产品的总需求。它由消费者支出、投资、政府支出和净出口（出口一进口）。 the total demand for a country's product at a given price level. It consists of consumer expenditure, investment, government spending and net exports (exports 一 imports).
aggregate supply (AS) 在给定的价格水平下，国内（当地）公司愿意提供的商品和服务总量。 the total amount of goods and services that domestic (local) firms are wilting to supply at a given price level.
aggregation 将单个单位相加，得出总金额。 the addition of individual units to arrive at a total amount.
appreciation 浮动汇率的升值。 a rise in the value of a floating exchange rate.
average fixed cost 总固定成本除以外派费用 total fixed cost divided by outpour
average revenue 总收入除以销售量。 the total revenue divided by the quantity sold.
average total cost 总成本除以产量。 total cost divided by output.
average variable cost 总可变成本除以产出。 total variable cost divided by output.
balance of payments 一个国家与其他国家的经济交易记录。 the record of a country's economic transactions with other countries.
barrier to entry. 任何使公司难以开始生产产品的事情。 anything that makes it difficult for a firm to start producing the product.
barrier to exit 任何使公司难以停止生产产品的事情。 anything that makes it difficult for a firm to stop making the product.
the basic economic problem 其中无限的需求大于有限的资源。 where unlimited wants arc greater than finite resources.
birth rate 一个国家一年内每千人活产的数量。 the number of live births per 1 000 of a country's population in a year.
capital / capital goods生产中使用的人造物品。 artificial goods used in production.
capital-intensive 资本相对于劳动力的高比例使用。 the use of a high proportion of capital relative to labour.
casual unemployment因工人经常处于就业期之间而导致的失业。 unemployment arising from workers regularly being between periods of employment.
central bank 为政府和商业银行提供银行服务并执行货币政策的国有银行。 a government-owned bank which provides banking services to the government and commercial banks and operates monetary policy.
change in supply 供应条件的变化导致供应曲线的偏移。 changes in supply conditions causing shifts in the supply curve.
change in demand 在任何给定价格下或多或少地要求产品；导致需求曲线向右或向左移动。 more or less of a product being demanded at any given price; causes a shift of the demand curve, either to the right or left.
circular flow of income 经济中支出、收入和产出的变动。 the movement of expenditure, income and output around the economy.
collective bargaining 与雇主协会谈判的工人代表。 representatives of workers negotiating with employers' associations.
commercial bank 一家旨在通过向家庭和企业提供一系列银行服务来盈利的银行。 a bank which aims to make a profit by providing a range of banking services to households and firms.
competitive market 一个由多家公司相互竞争的市场。 a market with a number of firms that compete with each other.
complement 与另一种产品一起使用的产品。 a product that is used together with another product.
conglomerate merger 生产不同产品的公司之间的合并。 a merger between firms producing different products.
consumer durables 家庭购买的商品，持续时间相对较长，购买频率较低。 goods purchased by households that last a relatively long time and are purchased infrequently.
consumer goods 家庭为满足自身需求而购买的商品和服务。 goods and services purchased by households for their own satisfaction.
consumer price index (CPI) 衡量一篮子有代表性的商品和服务价格的加权平均值。 a measure of the weighted average of the prices of a representative basket of goods and services.
consumers 为自己或家人购买商品和服务的人。 people who buy goods and services for their own or their family's use.
consumption 家庭在消费品和服务上的支出。 expenditure by households on consumer goods and services.
contraction in demand由于产品价格上涨导致的需求量下降。 a fall in the quantity demanded caused by a rise in the price of the product.
contraction in supply 因产品价格下跌而导致的供应量下降。 a fall in the quantity supplied caused by a fall in the price of the product.
contractionary fiscal policy 削减政府支出和/或提高税收，以减少总需求。 cuts in government expenditure and/ or rises in taxation designed to reduce aggregate demand.
contractionary monetary policy 削减货币供应量或增加货币供应量和/或提高利率以减少总需求。 cuts in the money supply or growth of the money supply and/or rises in the rate of interest designed to reduce aggregate demand.
corporate income (corporation) tax 对公司利润征税。 a tax on profits of a company.
cost-push inflation 生产成本上升导致的价格水平上升。 rises in the price level caused by higher costs of production.
current account balance 一个国家在与其他国家打交道时所收收入和支出的记录。 a record of the income received and expenditure made by a country in its dealings with other countries.
cyclical unemployment 总需求不足造成的失业。 unemployment caused by a lack of aggregate demand.
death rate 一个国家一年内每千人的死亡人数。 the number of deaths per 1 000 of a country's population in a year.
declining (sunset) industries 正在倒闭的老工业。 old industries which are going out of business.
decrease in demand 任何给定价格的需求下降，导致需求曲线向左移动。 a fall in demand at any given price, causing the demand curve to shift to the left.
decrease in supply 在任何给定价格下供应量的下降，导致供应曲线向左移动。 a fall in supply at any given price, causing the supply curve to shift to the left.
deflation 随着时间的推移，商品和服务的平均价格下降。 a fall in the average price of goods and services over time.
deglobalisation 世界通过贸易和其他联系变得不那么相互联系的过程。 the process by which the world becomes less interconnected through trade and other links.
demand 购买产品的意愿和能力。 the willingness and ability to buy a product.
demand-pull inflation需求过剩导致的价格水平上涨。 rises in the price level caused by excess demand.
demerit goods政府认为消费者没有充分意识到这些产品有多么有害，因此如果任由市场力量决定，这些产品将被过度消费。 products which the government considers consumers do not fully appreciate how harmful they arc and so will be overconsumed if left to market forces.
dependency ratio 必须由劳动力养活的人口比例。 the proportion of the population that has to be supported by the labour force.
depreciation 浮动汇率的贬值。 a fall in the value of a floating exchange rate.
depreciation (capital consumption) 磨损或过时的资本货物的价值。 the value of capital goods that have worn out or become obsolete.
deregulation 规章制度的废除。 the removal of rules and regulations.
direct taxes 对个人和公司的收入和财富征税。 taxes on income and wealth of individuals and firms.
directives 国家（政府）对国有企业的指示。 instructions given by the state (government) to state-owned enterprises.
disinflation 通货膨胀率的下降。 a fall in the rate of inflation.
disposable income 扣除所得税后的收入和收到的国家福利。 income after income tax has been deducted and state benefits received.
division of labour 专门从事特定任务的工人。 workers specialising in particular tasks.
dumping 以低于生产成本的价格在国外市场销售产品。 selling products in a foreign market at a price below the cost of production.
earnings 工人收到的总工资。 the total pay received by a worker.
economic development 经济福利的改善。 an improvement in economic welfare.
economic good 一种需要资源来生产的产品，因此具有机会成本。 a product that requires resources to produce it and therefore has an opportunity cost.
economic growth 经济产出的增加，从长远来看，经济生产潜力的提高。 an increase in the output of an economy and, in the long run, an increase in the economy's productive potential.
economic system 影响经济运行方式并决定资源分配方式的机构、组织和机制。 the institutions, organisations and mechanisms that influence how an economy works and determine how resources are allocated.
economically active W 成为劳动力中的一员。 being a member of the labour force.
economically inactive W 不在劳动力队伍中的劳动年龄人口。 people of working age who are not in the labour force.
elastic demand当需求量的变化百分比大于价格的变化百分比时。 when the quantity demanded changes by a greater percentage than the percentage change in price.
elastic supply 当供应量的变化百分比大于价格的变化百分比时。 when the quantity supplied changes by a greater percentage than the percentage change in price.
elasticity of demand for labour 衡量劳动力需求对工资率变化的反应。 a measure of the responsiveness of demand for labour to a change in the wage rate.
elasticity of supply of labour 衡量劳动力供应对工资率变化反应的指标。 a measure of the responsiveness of the supply of labour to a change in the wage rate.
embargo 禁止进出口。 a ban on imports or exports.
emigration 人们离开这个国家去其他地方生活。 people leaving the country to live elsewhere.
employment 参与有报酬的生产活动。 being involved in a productive activity for which payment is received.
enterprise 风险承担和商业中的关键决策。 risk-taking and key decision-making in business.
entrepreneur 在企业中承担风险并做出关键决策的人。 a person who takes the risks and makes the key decisions in a business.
equilibrium price 需求和供应相等的价格，没有过剩也没有短缺。 the price at which demand and supply are equal and there is no surplus and no shortage.
equilibrium quantity 当买方的需求量等于卖方的供应量时，就没有剩余也没有短缺。 when the quantity demanded by buyers equals the quantity supplied by sellers, and so there is no surplus and no shortage.
expansionary fiscal policy 政府支出增加和/或旨在增加总需求的税收削减。 rises in government expenditure and/ or cuts in taxation designed to increase aggregate demand.
expansionary monetary policy 旨在增加总需求的货币供应量和/或利率的增加。 increases in the money supply and/ or the rate of interest designed to increase aggregate demand.
extension in demand 产品本身价格下跌导致的需求量增加。 a rise in the quantity demanded caused by a fall in the price of the product itself.
extension in supply 由产品本身价格上涨引起的供应量增加。 a rise in the quantity supplied caused by a rise in the price of the product itself.
external benefits 不直接参与他人消费和生产活动的人所享有的利益。 benefits enjoyed by those who are not directly involved in the consumption and production activities of others.
external costs 对那些不直接参与他人消费和生产活动的人施加的成本。 costs imposed on those who are not involved in the consumption and production activities of others directly.
external diseconomies of scale 行业增长过大导致的平均总成本较高。 higher average total cost arising from an industry growing too large.
external economies of scale 行业规模扩大导致平均总成本降低。 lower average total cost resulting from an industry growing in size.
eactors of production 土地、劳动力、资本和企业的经济资源。 the economic resources of land, labour, capital and enterprise.
firm 生产商品和服务的商业组织。 a business organisation that produces goods and services.
fiscal policy 旨在影响总需求的政府支出和税收决策。 decisions on government spending and taxation designed to influence aggregate demand.
fixed costs 短期内不随产量变化的成本。 costs which do not change with output in the short run.
flat taxes 单一税率的税收。 taxes with a single rate.
flexible labour force 能够快速平稳地适应市场条件变化的劳动力。 a labour force which adjusts quickly and smoothly to changes in market conditions.
floating exchange rate由市场力量决定的经常变化的汇率。 an exchange rate which can change frequently as it is determined by market forces.
foreign direct investment (FDI) 在另一个国家建立生产单位或购买现有的生产单位。 setting up production units or buying existing production units in another country.
foreign exchange rate一种货币相对于另一种或多种货币的价格。 the price of one currency in terms of another currency or currencies.
free good 一种不需要资源来制造的产品，因此没有机会成本。 a product that does not require resources to make it and so docs not have an opportunity cost.
free rider 消费商品或服务而不付钱的人。 someone who consumes a good or service w without paying for it.
free trade 国际贸易不受限制。 international trade without restrictions.
frictional unemployment 因工人处于失业状态而导致的临时失业。 temporary unemployment arising from workers being in between jobs.
full employment 尽可能低的失业率。 the lowest level of unemployment possible.
geographical mobility从一个位置移动到另一个位置的能力。 the ability to move from one location to another.
globalisation 世界通过贸易和其他联系日益相互联系的过程。 the process by which the world becomes increasingly interconnected through trade and other links.
government budget 政府收入与政府支出的关系。 the relationship between government revenue and government spending.
government budget deficit 政府支出高于政府收入。 government spending is higher than government revenue.
government budget surplus 政府收入高于政府支出。 government revenue is higher than government spending.
gross domestic product (GDP) 一个国家的总产出。 the total output of a country.
gross investment 资本货物总支出。 total spending on capital goods.
horizontal merger 在同一生产阶段生产同一产品的公司合并。 the merger of firms producing the same product and at the same stage of production.
hot money flows 货币在世界各地的流动，以利用利率和汇率的差异。 the movement of money around the world to lake advantage of differences in interest rates and exchange rates.
Human Development Index (HDI) 考虑收入、教育和预期寿命的生活水平衡量标准。 a measure of living standards which takes into account income, education and life expectancy.
hyperinflation 物价水平迅速大幅上涨。 a very rapid and large rise in the price level.
immigration 从其他地方来一个国家生活的人。 people coming from elsewhere to live in a country.
improvements in technology 资本货物质量和生产方法的进步。 advances in the quality of capital goods and methods of production.
increase in demand 在任何给定价格下需求的增加；导致需求曲线向右移动。 a rise in demand at any given price; causes the demand curve to shift to the right.
increase in supply 在任何给定价格下供应量的增加，导致供应曲线向右移动。 a rise in supply at any given price, causing the supply curve to shift to the right.
index-linking 根据通货膨胀率的变化改变支付。 changing payments in line with changes in the inflation rate.
indirect taxes 商品和服务税。 taxes on goods and services.
industrial action 当工人扰乱生产，迫使雇主同意他们的要求时。 when workers disrupt production to put pressure on employers to agree to their demands.
industry W 生产同一产品的一群公司。 a group of firms producing the same product.
inelastic demand 当需求量的变化百分比小于价格的变化百分比时。 when the quantity demanded changes by a smaller percentage than the percentage change in price.
inelastic supply 当供应量的变化百分比小于价格的变化百分比时。 when the quantity supplied changes by a smaller percentage than the percentage change in price.
infant (sunrise) industries 产量相对较低、成本较高的新兴产业。 new industries with relatively low output and high cost.
infant mortality rate 一个国家一年内每1000名活产婴儿的死亡人数。 the number of deaths per 1 000 live births in a country in a year.
inferior goods一种产品，其需求在收入增加时减少，在收入下降时增加。 a product whose demand decreases when income increases and increases when income falls.
inflation rate 商品和服务价格水平随时间上涨的百分比。 the percentage rise in the price level of goods and services over time.
inflation 随着时间的推移，商品和服务的平均价格上涨。 a rise in the average price of goods and services over time.
informal economy 不受政府监管、保护或征税的经济部分。 that part of the economy that is not regulated, protected or taxed by the government.
information failure 信息缺乏、信息不准确或信息不对称可能导致低效的选择。 a lack of information, inaccurate information or asymmetric information which may result in inefficient choices.
interest借贷的回报和储蓄的回报。 a payment for borrowing and a reward for saving.
internal diseconomies of scale 公司规模过大导致的平均总成本上升。 higher average total cost arising from a firm growing too large.
internal economies of scale 公司规模扩大导致平均总成本降低。 lower average total cost resulting from a firm growing in size.
International Monetary Fund (IMF) 一个促进国际合作并帮助有国际收支问题的国家的国际组织。 an international organisation which promotes international cooperation and helps countries with balance of payments problems.
investment 资本货物支出。 spending on capital goods.
labour productivity 每工时产量。 output per worker hour.
labour 生产中使用的人力。 human effort used in production.
labour force 在职人员和积极求职者。 people in work and those actively seeking work.
Labour Force Survey 通过调查来衡量该国人口的就业和失业情况。 a measure of employment and unemployment in the country's population by means of a survey.
labour-intensive 劳动力相对于资本的高比例使用。 the use of a high proportion of labour relative to capital.
land 生产中使用的自然资源。 natural resources used in production.
liquidity 能够快速将资产转化为现金而不造成损失。 being able to turn an asset into cash quickly without a loss.
long run 所有生产要素都可以改变，所有成本都是可变的。 the time period when all factors of production can be changed and all costs are variable.
lottery 抽签决定谁将获得产品。 the drawing of tickets to decide who will get the products.
market一种使买方与卖方接触并包括所有买方和卖方的安排。 an arrangement which brings buyers into contact with sellers and which includes all the buyers and sellers.
market demand 对产品的总需求。 total demand for a product.
market disequilibrium供需不平衡的情况。 a situation where demand and supply are not equal.
market economic system 在这种经济体系中，消费者决定生产什么，资源由价格机制分配，土地和资本归私人所有。 an economic system where consumers determine what is produced, resources are allocated by the price mechanism and land and capital arc privately owned.
market equilibrium 供需相等的情况。 a situation where demand and supply are equal.
market failure 市场力量导致资源配置效率低下。 market forces resulting in an inefficient allocation of resources.
market price 产品买卖的价格。 the price at which a product is bought and sold.
market structure 市场中存在的条件，包括公司的数量。 the conditions which exist in a market, including the number of firms.
market supply产品的总供应量。 total supply of a product.
menu costs 由于通货膨胀而不得不改变价格所涉及的成本。 costs involved in having to change prices as a result of inflation.
merit goods 政府认为消费者没有充分认识到这些产品的好处，因此如果任由市场力量决定，这些产品将被低估。 products which the government considers consumers do not fully appreciate the benefits of and so will be underconsumed if left to market forces.
mixed economic system 私营和公共部门都发挥重要作用的经济。 an economy in which both the private and public sectors play an important role.
mobility of labour 劳动力改变工作地点或职业的能力。 the ability of labour to change where or in which occupation it works.
monetarists 一群经济学家认为，通货膨胀是由货币供应量增长速度快于产出造成的。 a group of economists who think that inflation is caused by the money supply growing more rapidly than output.
monetary inflation 货币供应量过度增长导致的物价水平上涨。 rises in the price level caused by an excessive growth of the money supply.
monetary policy 影响总需求的货币供应量、利率和外汇汇率决策。 decisions on the money supply, the rate of interest and the foreign exchange rate taken to influence aggregate demand.
money作为一种支付方式被普遍接受的物品。 an item which is generally acceptable as a means of payment.
monopoly 只有一个供应商的市场。 a market with a single supplier.
mortgage 一个愿意帮忙买房的人。 a Ioan to help buy a house.
multinational company (MNC) 在多个国家经营的商业组织。 a business organisation that operates in more than one country.
multiplier effect 最终对总需求的影响大于初始变化。 the final impact on total (aggregate demand) being greater than the initial change.
national champions 已经或有潜力成为世界领导者的行业。 industries that are, or have the potential to be, world leaders.
national debt 随着时间的推移，政府借入的总金额。 the total amount the government has borrowed over time.
national minimum wage (NMW) 政府为整个经济确定的每小时工作的最低工资率。 a minimum rate of wage for an hours work, fixed by the government for the whole economy.
nationalisation将一个行业的所有权和控制权从私营部门转移到政府。 moving the ownership and control of an industry from the private sector to the government.
natural monopoly 一家公司可以以比两家或两家以上公司更低的平均成本生产的行业。 an industry where a single firm can produce at a lower average cost than two or more firms.
negative net investment 由于一些过时和磨损的资本货物没有被替换而导致的资本货物数量的减少。 a reduction in the number of capital goods caused by some obsolete and worn-out capital goods not being replaced.
net investment总投资减去折旧。 gross investment minus depreciation.
net migration rate 一年内，一个国家每千人口中的净移民人数。 the number of net migrants per 1000 of a country’s population in a year.
net migration 移民和迁出之间的区别。 the difference between immigration and emigration.
nominal GDP 按当前市场价格计算的国内生产总值，因此未经通胀调整。 GDP at current market prices and so not adjusted for inflation.
normal goods 一种产品，其需求在收入增加时增加，在收入下降时减少。 a product whose demand increases when income increases and decreases when income falls.
occupational mobility在职业之间转换的能力。 the ability to switch between occupations.
opportunity cost 放弃了最好的选择。 the best alternative forgone.
optimum population 使国家人均产出最大化的人口规模。 the size of the population which maximises the country's output per head.
output 由生产要素生产的商品和服务。 goods and services produced by the factors of production.
perfectly elastic demand 当价格变化导致需求量完全变化时。 when a change in price causes a complete change in the quantity demanded.
perfectly elastic supply 当价格变化导致供应量完全变化时。 when a change in price causes a complete change in quantity supplied.
perfectly inelastic demand 当价格变化对需求量没有影响时。 when a change in price has no effect on the quantity demanded.
perfectly inelastic supply 当价格变化对供应量没有影响时。 when a change in price has no effect on the quantity supplied.
planned economic system 政府做出主要决策、土地和资本为国有、资源按指令分配的经济体系。 an economic system where the government makes the main decisions, land and capital are state-owned, and resources are allocated by directives.
potential economic growth 经济、生产能力的提高。 an increase in an economy、productive capacity.
price elasticity of demand (PED) 需求量对价格变化的响应性的度量。 a measure of the responsiveness of the quantity demanded to a change in price.
price elasticity of supply (PES) 供应量对价格变化的响应性的度量。 a measure of the responsiveness of the quantity supplied to a change in price.
price fixing 当两个或多个公司同意以相同的价格销售产品时。 when two or more firms agree to sell a product at the same price.
price mechanism 家庭（买家或消费者）和公司（卖家）做出的决策如何相互作用，以决定资源的分配。 the way the decisions made by households (buyers or consumers) and firms (sellers) interact to decide the allocation of resources.
price 为获得产品而必须支付的金额。 the amount of money that has to be given to obtain a product.
primary income 在不同国家工作的人获得的收入和进出该国的投资收入。 income earned by people working in different countries and investment income which comes into and goes out of the country.
primary sector涵盖农业、渔业、林业、采矿业和其他开采自然资源的行业。 covers agriculture, fishing, forestry, mining and other industries which extract natural resources.
private benefits 直接消费或生产产品的人所获得的利益。 benefits received by those directly consuming or producing a product.
private costs 直接消费或生产产品的人所产生的成本。 costs incurred by those directly consuming or producing a product.
private good 一种既具有竞争性又具有排他性的产品。 a product which is both rival and excludable.
privatisation 将公共部门资产出售给私营部门。 the sale of public sector assets to the private sector.
production possibility curve (PPC) 显示两种产品的最大产量以及可用现有资源和技术生产的产品组合的曲线。 a curve that shows the maximum output of two types of products and combination of those products that can be produced with existing resources and technology.
productivity 一小时内每个生产要素的产量。 the output per factor of production in an hour.
profit maximisation 尽可能多地获利。 making as much profit as possible.
progressive tax 占富人收入或财富较大比例的税。 tax that takes a larger percentage of the income or wealth of the rich.
proportional tax 占所有纳税人收入或财富相同比例的税。 tax that takes the same percentage of the income or wealth of all taxpayers.
public corporation 政府所有的商业组织，旨在为公众利益行事。 a business organisation owned by the government which is designed to act in the public interest.
public good 一种非竞争性、非排他性的产品，因此需要通过税收融资。 a product which is non-rival and non-excludable and so needs to be financed by taxation.
public sector 政府控制的经济部分。 the part of the economy controlled by the government.
quota 对进出口的限制。 a limit placed on imports or exports.
rate of interest借钱的费用和借钱的付款。 a charge for borrowing money and a payment for lending money.
rationalisation 消除不必要的设备和工厂，使公司更有效率。 eliminating unnecessary equipment and plant to make a firm more efficient.
rationing 对可消耗量的限制。 a limit on the amount that can be consumed.
raw materials 用于生产商品的基本材料。 basic materials used to produce goods.
real GDP 按不变价格计算的国内生产总值，因此根据通货膨胀进行了调整。 GDP at constant prices and so adjusted for inflation.
real income 经通胀调整后的收入。 income adjusted for inflation.
recession 实际国内生产总值在六个月或更长时间内下降。 a reduction in real GDP over a period of six months or more.
regional unemployment 该国特定地区就业机会减少造成的失业。 unemployment caused by a decline in job opportunities in a particular area of the country.
regressive tax 占贫困人口收入或财富较大比例的税收。 tax that takes a larger percentage of the income or wealth of those living in poverty.
relative poverty 与该国其他人相比，人们处于贫困状态。他们的收入太低，无法享受本国的平均生活水平。 a condition where people arc poor in comparison to others in the country. Their income is too low to enable them to enjoy the average standard of living in their country.
resources 用于生产商品和服务的投入。 inputs used to produce goods and services.
savings rate/ratio 家庭可支配收入中储蓄的比例。 the proportion of household disposable income that is saved.
scale of production 生产单位的规模和使用的生产方法。 the size of production units and the methods of production used.
scarcity 没有足够的资源来满足每个人的需求的情况。 a situation where there arc not enough resources to satisfy everyone's wants.
search unemployment失业是指失去工作的工人寻找他们愿意接受的工作。 unemployment arising from workers who have lost their jobs looking for a job they are willing to accept.
seasonal unemployment 一年中特定时期需求下降造成的失业。 unemployment caused by a fall in demand at particular times of the year.
secondary income 居民和非居民之间转移金钱、商品或服务，不换取其他任何东西。 transfers between residents and non-residents of money, goods or services, not in return for anything else.
secondary sector W 涵盖制造业和建筑业。 covers manufacturing and construction industries.
shoe-leather costs 转移资金以获得高利率所涉及的成本。 costs involved in moving money around to gain high interest rates.
short run 至少一个生产要素的数量是固定的/不能改变的时间段。 the time period when the quantity of at least one factor of production is fixed/ cannot be changed.
shortage 需求大于供应的量（超额需求）。 the amount by which demand is greater than supply (excess demand).
social benefits经济活动给社会带来的总利益。 the total benefits to a society of an economic activity.
social costs 一项经济活动给社会带来的总成本。 the total costs to a society of an economic activity.
socially optimum output 社会成本等于社会效益，社会福利最大化的产出水平。 the level of output where social cost equals social benefit and society's welfare is maximised.
specialisation 专注于特定的产品或任务。 the concentration on particular products or tasks.
specialisation by country 专注于生产数量有限、最擅长生产的商品和服务的国家。 countries concentrating on producing a limited number of goods and services that they are best at producing.
stable prices 经济中的价格水平不会随着时间的推移而发生显著变化。 the price level in the economy not changing significantly over time.
state-owned enterprises (SOEs) 政府拥有的销售产品或提供服务的组织。 organisations owned by the government which sell products or provide services.
strategic industries 对国家经济发展和安全至关重要的行业。 industries that are important for the economic development and safety of the country.
strike 一群工人停止工作，向雇主施压，要求雇主同意他们的要求。 a group of workers stopping work to put pressure on an employer to agree to their demands.
structural unemployment 需求模式和生产方式长期变化造成的失业。 unemployment caused by long-term changes in the pattern of demand and methods of production.
subsidy 政府为鼓励产品的生产或消费而支付的款项。 a payment by government to encourage the production or consumption of a product.
subsistence agriculture 供农民个人使用的农产品产量。 the output of agricultural goods for farmers' personal use.
substitute 一种可以用来代替另一种产品的产品。 a product that can be used in place of another.
sunk costs 如果公司退出该行业，将无法收回的成本。 cost that cannot be recovered if the firm leaves the industry.
supply 销售产品的意愿和能力。 the willingness and ability to sell a product.
supply-side policy 旨在增加总供给的措施。 measures designed to increase aggregate supply.
surplus供应大于需求的量（超额供应）。 the amount by which supply is greater than demand (excess supply).
sustainable economic growth经济增长不会危及国家未来的增长能力。 economic growth that does not endanger the country's ability to grow in the future.
tariff 进口税。 a tax on imports.
tax 向政府付款。 a payment to the government.
technological unemployment 资本设备取代工人造成的失业。 unemployment caused by workers being replaced by capital equipment.
tertiary sector 涵盖提供服务的行业。 covers industries which provide services.
third parties 不直接参与产品生产或消费的人。 those not directly involved in producing or consuming a product.
total cost 用于生产产品的生产要素的总支出。 the total amount spent on the factors of production used to produce a product.
total revenue 从销售产品中获得的总金额。 the total amount of money received from selling a product.
trade in goods出口商品的价值和进口商品的价值。 the value of exported goods and the value of imported goods.
trade in goods deficit 进口商品支出超过出口商品收入。 expenditure on imported goods exceeding revenue from exported goods.
trade in goods surplus出口商品收入超过进口支出。 revenue from exported goods exceeding expenditure on imports.
trade in services 出口服务的价值和进口服务的价值。 the value of exported services and the value of imported services.
trade in service surplus 出口服务收入超过进口服务支出。 revenue from exported services exceeding expenditure on imported services.
trade union 代表一群工人利益的协会。 an association which represents the interests of a group of workers.
trade war 为报复而提高贸易限制的国家。 countries raising trade restrictions in retaliation.
transfer payments 将收入从一个群体转移到另一个群体，而不是为了提供商品或服务。 transfers of income from one group to another not in return for providing a good or service.
unemployment 没有工作，但愿意并能够工作。 being without a job while willing and able to work.
unemployment rate 愿意并有能力工作但没有工作的劳动力的百分比。 the percentage of the labour force who are willing and able to work but are without jobs.
unit cost 平均生产成本。它是通过将总成本除以产量得出的。 the average cost of production. It is found by dividing total cost by output.
unitary elastic 当价格变化导致供应量发生相等百分比的变化时。 when a change in price causes an equal percentage change in the quantity supplied.
unitary elastic demand 当百分比价格的变化导致需求量的相同百分比变化时，总收入保持不变。 when a change in percentage price causes an equal percentage change in the quantity demanded, leaving total revenue unchanged.
value added 收到的销售收入与使用的原材料成本之间的差额。 the difference between the sales revenue received and the cost of raw materials used.
variable costs 成本随产量而变化。 costs that change with output.
vertical merger 一家公司与另一家公司的合并，cither为其产品提供销售渠道或向其供应原材料、零部件或其销售的产品。 the merger of one firm with another firm that cither provides an outlet for its products or supplies it with raw materials, components or the products it sells.
vertical merger backwards 在供应链的早期阶段与一家公司合并。 a merger with a firm at an earlier stage of the supply chain.
vertical merger forwards 在供应链的后期与一家公司合并。 a merger with a firm at a later stage of the supply chain.
vicious circle of poverty 人们陷入贫困的情况。 a situation where people become trapped in poverty.
wage differential 工资的差异。 the difference in wages.
wage-price spiral 工资上涨导致价格上涨，进而导致进一步的工资索赔和价格上涨。 wage rises leading to higher prices which, in turn, lead to further wage claims and price rises.
wage rate 雇主与工人签订合同支付的款项。它是工人每单位时间或单位产出所获得的基本工资。 a payment which an employer contracts to pay a worker. It is the basic wage a worker receives per unit of time or unit of output.
wants 对商品和服务的渴望。 desires for goods and services.
wealth资产存量，包括银行账户中的资金、公司股票、政府债券、汽车和房地产。 a stock of assets including money held in bank accounts, shares in companies, government bonds, cars and property.
workers’ remittances 农民工寄往国外亲属的钱和亲属从其他国家的农民工那里收到的钱。 money sent by migrant workers to relatives abroad and money received by relatives from migrant workers in other countries.