MIS Quarterly: Management Information Systems（季刊） 2025年第3期 9月刊

Volume 49, Issue 3, September 2025

MIS Quarterly: Management Information Systems (MIS Quarterly，季刊，FT50，UTD24，ABS4*)是信息管理科学领域的顶刊，创刊于1977年，主要关注信息系统领域，特别是与管理信息系统相关的主题，包括信息技术的采用、组织信息系统、信息系统管理、电子商务、信息系统战略和数据分析等。

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本期论文概览

Editor’s Comments: Rebalancing Novelty with Rigor and Relevance in Information Systems Research

编辑评论：在信息系统研究中平衡新颖性、严谨性和相关性
Heshan Sun; Wen Wen; Jason Bennett Thatcher; Michael Chau; Susan Brown
This editorial is inspired by a growing concern within the information systems (IS) community that novelty has become a dominant criterion for publication, despite being unevenly interpreted and poorly specified. In our editorial experience, when authors are told that their papers lack novelty, they often receive little concrete guidance on what precisely counts as novelty, how it varies across paradigms, or how it should be balanced with rigor and relevance.
本社论受到信息系统（IS）领域日益增长的担忧的启发，即新颖性已成为发表的主要标准，尽管其解释不均一且定义模糊。在我们的社论经验中，当作者被告知他们的论文缺乏新颖性时，他们往往很少得到关于什么具体算作新颖性、如何在不同范式中体现新颖性，或如何将其与严谨性和相关性相平衡的具体指导。

MIS Quarterly: Management Information Systems（季刊） 2025年第3期 9月刊
Volume 49, Issue 3, September 2025
MIS Quarterly: Management Information Systems (MIS Quarterly，季刊，FT50，UTD24，ABS5)是信息管理科学领域的顶刊，创刊于1977年，主要关注信息系统领域，特别是与管理信息系统相关的主题，包括信息技术的采用、组织信息系统、信息系统管理、电子商务、信息系统战略和数据分析等。

Fake News and True News Assessment: The Persuasive Effect of Discursive Evidence in Judging Veracity

假新闻与真新闻评估：论辩证据在判断真实性中的说服力
Abayomi Baiyere; Jan M. Bauer; Ioanna Constantiou; Daniel Hardt
Individuals are often unable to assess the veracity of news claims—especially on social media platforms. Recent research has suggested that interventions indicating normative signals, such as flagging false claims, are not always effective. We propose an approach in which users are provided with discursive evidence to consider in determining the veracity of claims rather than depending on normative true or false flags. We conducted a series of experiments to explore the effects of different forms of discursive evidence on individual judgments of the veracity of news claims. We found that providing such evidence can significantly improve individuals’ judgment of both true and false news claims—with certain caveats. Providing discursive evidence with high evidence strength leads to a general increase in veracity judgment. Discursive evidence containing items with lower evidence strength may shift believability— thus improving judgments for either true or false claims but degrading them for the other. We also identify important asymmetries between true and false claims, finding that the effect of some evidence may be improved if people are in a more critical mindset—for example, by priming them to think about the concept of truth and lies. Taken together, these results extend knowledge on the problem of fake news and may suggest effective approaches to address the problem without diminishing attention to true news.
人们往往无法评估新闻声明的真实性——尤其是在社交媒体平台上。最近的研究表明，提供规范性信号（如标记虚假声明）的干预措施并不总是有效。我们提出了一种方法，即向用户提供可供考虑的论述性证据，以判断声明的真实性，而不是依赖规范性的真假标记。我们进行了一系列实验，探索不同形式的论述性证据对个人判断新闻声明真实性的影响。我们发现，提供此类证据可以显著提高个人对真假新闻声明的判断——但需注意某些限制。提供证据强度高的论述性证据会导致真实性判断总体上升。包含证据强度较低项目的论述性证据可能会改变可信度——从而提高对真假声明的判断，但会降低对另一方的判断。 我们也识别出真实与虚假声明之间的重要不对称性，发现如果人们处于更批判性的思维状态，某些证据的效果可能会得到改善——例如，通过让他们思考真理与谎言的概念。综合来看，这些结果扩展了对假新闻问题的认识，并可能提出有效的方法来应对这一问题，同时不会减少对真实新闻的关注。

Dancing to the #Challenge: The Effect of TikTok on Closing the Artist Gender Gap in the Music Industry

参与#挑战#：抖音对缩小音乐行业中艺术家性别差距的影响
Yifei Wang; Jui Ramaprasad; Anandasivam Gopal
This study investigates how “Hashtag Dance Challenges” (HDCs), a phenomenon popularized on the short-video platform TikTok, are instrumental in helping music artists gain traction in the digital music marketplace. HDCs represent an appealing combination of music and dance, designed to engage users and achieve virality, thereby benefiting artists whose music is featured. This research focuses on how HDCs contribute to the success of women artists, as compared to men, in an industry known for its diversity but challenged by gender inclusivity. We apply role congruity theory to posit that women artists are in a better position to derive benefits from being featured on HDCs, relative to male artists, particularly in cases of gender concordance—when both the creator and the artist are women. We measure the benefits of HDCs using daily changes in the artist’s followership on Spotify, a leading music streaming service, and test our hypotheses using song and artist-level data collected from Spotify and TikTok. We found that artists featured in a new HDC achieve a significant increase in followership on Spotify, relative to similar artists not featured in an HDC. Further, we observed that women creators drive this effect, enhancing the daily growth of Spotify followers by approximately 3% more for women artists, underscoring the value of gender concordance. Our findings shed light on the role of short videos, especially through the vehicle of HDCs, in advancing women artists, while also promoting inclusivity within the digital music industry.
这项研究探讨了在短视频平台 TikTok 上流行的“标签舞蹈挑战”（HDCs）现象，如何帮助音乐艺术家在数字音乐市场中获得关注。HDCs 将音乐与舞蹈相结合，旨在吸引用户并实现病毒式传播，从而使 featured 音乐的艺术家受益。本研究重点关注 HDCs 如何促进女性艺术家相对于男性艺术家的成功，在一个以多样性著称但面临性别包容性挑战的行业中。我们运用角色一致性理论，提出女性艺术家在 featured 于 HDCs 时，相对于男性艺术家能更好地获得收益，尤其是在性别一致性情况下——即创作者和艺术家均为女性时。我们使用 Spotify（领先的流媒体音乐服务）上艺术家粉丝数的每日变化来衡量 HDCs 的收益，并使用从 Spotify 和 TikTok 收集的歌曲和艺术家级数据来检验我们的假设。我们发现，被 featured 在新 HDC 中的艺术家在 Spotify 上的粉丝数显著增加，相对于未 featured 在 HDC 中的类似艺术家。 此外，我们观察到女性创作者推动了这一效应，女性艺术家的 Spotify 粉丝每日增长速度比男性艺术家高出约 3%，这突显了性别一致性的价值。我们的研究揭示了短视频，特别是通过 HDCs 这一媒介，在促进女性艺术家发展方面的作用，同时也推动了数字音乐产业内的包容性。

Do Digital Platforms Improve the Performance of Nonbinding Contracts? Evidence From the Amazon Freight Platform

数字平台是否提升了非约束性合同的执行效果？来自亚马逊货运平台的证据
Ali S. Babakan; He Li; William J. Kettinger
This research examines how digital platforms influence the performance of nonbinding contracts. Businesses in many industries with high uncertainty, such as trucking freight and construction, simultaneously use nonbinding contracts, which impose no legal sanctions for refusals, and spot markets, which facilitate real-time, flexible transactions with market-determined prices. Understanding the conditions under which nonbinding contracts perform is a major concern in these industries. Leveraging the entry of the Amazon Freight platform in the trucking freight industry, we demonstrate that adding a digital platform-enabled spot marketplace improves the performance of nonbinding contracts. We identified several mechanisms driving this effect: (1) expanding carriers’ transportation capacity, (2) lowering spot market prices, and (3) reducing shippers’ reliance on nonbinding contracts for shorter-haul truckloads. Moreover, the digital platform’s impact on enhancing nonbinding contract performance is particularly pronounced in markets with volatile demand and shorter hauls. This research contributes to understanding the impacts of digital platforms in highly uncertain industries that simultaneously use nonbinding contracts and spot markets. Our findings provide implications to policymakers and business managers on leveraging digital platforms to improve operational efficiency in highly uncertain industries.
这项研究探讨了数字平台如何影响非约束性合同的绩效。在许多不确定性较高的行业，如卡车货运和建筑，企业同时使用非约束性合同和现货市场。非约束性合同不施加拒绝的法律制裁，而现货市场则促进实时、灵活的交易，价格由市场决定。理解非约束性合同发挥作用的条件是这些行业的主要关注点。借助亚马逊货运平台进入卡车货运行业的契机，我们证明了添加一个由数字平台支持的现货市场可以提高非约束性合同的绩效。我们确定了几个驱动这种效果的机制：（1）扩大承运人的运输能力，（2）降低现货市场价格，（3）减少托运人对短途卡车货运的非约束性合同依赖。此外，数字平台对提升非约束性合同绩效的影响在需求波动且航程较短的市场中尤为显著。 这项研究有助于理解数字平台对同时使用非约束性合同和现货市场的高度不确定行业的影响。我们的研究结果为政策制定者和企业管理者提供了利用数字平台提高高度不确定行业运营效率的启示。

Engaging Physicians with Introductory Incentives: References to Online and Offline Income

用初步激励吸引医生：线上线下收入的参考
Xiaofei Zhang; Karen Xie; Bin Gu; Xitong Guo
Incentives make or break user contributions. While providing introductory incentives to attract new users has become increasingly popular among online communities, their impact on user contributions remains largely unknown. Utilizing a policy change that doubled the incentives paid to physicians in a leading online health community, we examined the impacts of both the initiation and the termination of such introductory incentives on physician contributions (in terms of patient consultations) and how the impacts varied according to the physician’s online and offline income. We found that despite an increase in physician contributions during the policy window, the introductory incentives unintentionally decreased physician contributions after the policy window ended. Additionally, physicians tended to anchor their contributions using their online rather than offline income as a reference point, suggesting that mental accounting was at play. Our findings provide a cautionary perspective on the unintended consequences of using introductory incentives and reveal the associated mechanisms of mental accounting when users make contributions (or not) to online communities. These findings provide important implications for incentive design and user engagement in online communities.
激励措施决定或破坏用户贡献。虽然向新用户提供入门激励已成为在线社区中越来越流行的做法，但它们对用户贡献的影响仍然很大程度上未知。我们利用一个将领先在线健康社区中向医生支付的激励翻倍的政策变化，考察了这种入门激励的启动和终止对医生贡献（以患者咨询为衡量标准）的影响，以及这些影响如何根据医生的线上和线下收入而变化。我们发现，尽管在政策实施期间医生贡献有所增加，但入门激励在政策结束后无意中降低了医生贡献。此外，医生倾向于使用他们的线上收入而非线下收入作为参考点来锚定他们的贡献，这表明心理账户在起作用。我们的研究为使用入门激励可能带来的非预期后果提供了警示视角，并揭示了用户向在线社区做出（或不做出）贡献时心理账户的相关机制。 这些发现对在线社区的激励机制和用户参与度设计具有重要启示。

Producing the “We” in High-Risk Online Activism: Identity Configurations in My Stealthy Freedom

在高风险网络行动中产生“我们”：我的隐蔽自由中的身份配置
Mahya Ostovar; Ulrike Schultze
The research on online social movements generally concludes that collective identity, i.e., the sense of we-ness that individual protesters in a movement share, is not only unattainable but also dispensable, even though it is considered a defining feature of traditional movements. In this paper, we explore one of the boundary conditions of these findings, namely the riskiness of protest practices. Analysing the high-risk social movement, My Stealthy Freedom (MySF), which contests compulsory hijab in Iran in a way that hybridizes online and offline protest practices, we show that a sense of collectiveness can be instantiated in online social movements, why it is critical to the success of high-risk activism, and how it is (re)produced. Comparing and contrasting three instantiations of MySF, each of which was enacted on a different social media platform, we develop a theoretical model of how feelings of collectiveness are enacted in high-risk online activism. In addition to providing guidance for online movements where collective identity is desirable, our study challenges prior research on online activism by theorizing the role of embodiment, affect, and the dialectic between activists’ personal and the movement’s collective identity.
关于线上社会运动的研究通常得出结论：集体认同，即运动中个体抗议者所共享的"我们感"，不仅难以实现，而且并非必需，尽管它被视为传统运动的标志性特征。本文探讨了这些发现的一个边界条件，即抗议实践的风险性。通过分析以混合线上与线下抗议实践方式挑战伊朗强制戴头巾的高风险社会运动"我的隐蔽自由"(MySF)，我们展示了集体感如何在线上社会运动中得以实现，为何它对高风险行动主义的成功至关重要，以及它是如何（被）再生产的。通过比较和对比 MySF 的三种不同社交媒体平台上的实现方式，我们构建了一个关于集体感如何在高风险线上行动主义中得以实现的理论模型。 除了为需要集体认同的在线运动提供指导外，我们的研究还通过阐述具身化、情感以及行动者个人身份与运动集体身份之间的辩证关系，挑战了先前关于在线行动主义的研究。

Augmented Reality at Work: Attention Management and Its Impact on Work Performance

工作中的增强现实：注意力管理与工作绩效的影响
Runge Zhu; Cheng Yi; Ting Li
RUNGE ZHU
Augmented reality (AR) is rapidly emerging as a transformative display technology, blending computer-generated content with the real-world environment in real time. Using divided attention theory, this study investigates how different information delivery channels (i.e., AR vs. mobile phone) and the nature of information (i.e., dependence on specific physical context and complexity) affect work performance. A field experiment in the aircraft maintenance context demonstrates that the effect on work performance of providing information via AR vs. a mobile phone is mediated by work attentiveness. The findings reveal that the effectiveness of AR is particularly pronounced when information is highly dependent on the specific physical context but diminishes when information complexity is high. This research deepens our understanding of how presenting information directly in front of users’ eyes (i.e., via AR) affects their attention management and work performance. The findings have significant implications for firms in terms of how to leverage AR to enhance work performance in industrial settings.
增强现实（AR）正迅速成为一种变革性的显示技术，它实时将计算机生成内容与真实世界环境相结合。本研究运用分配注意力理论，探讨了不同的信息传递渠道（即 AR 与手机）以及信息性质（即对特定物理环境的依赖性和复杂性）如何影响工作表现。一项在飞机维护背景下的实地实验表明，通过 AR 与手机提供信息对工作表现的影响受到工作注意力的调节。研究结果表明，当信息高度依赖特定物理环境时，AR 的有效性尤为显著，但当信息复杂性较高时，其效果会减弱。这项研究加深了我们对直接在用户眼前呈现信息（即通过 AR）如何影响其注意力管理和工作表现的理解。这些发现对企业如何利用 AR 来提升工业环境中的工作表现具有重大意义。

Mobile Advertising in Distracted Environments: Exploring the Impact of Distractions on Dual-Task Interference

分心环境中的移动广告：探索分心对双任务干扰的影响
Siddharth Bhattacharya; Heather Kennedy; Vinod Venkatraman; Sunil Wattal
It is increasingly common for consumers to engage with various tasks on their personal devices amid other distractions such as watching television at home, shopping at malls, or attending concerts. While this split in attention poses challenges, it also opens valuable opportunities for advertisers to strategically push targeted advertisements based on information about the user’s environment. Across a series of controlled lab experiments using a custom app developed for this study, we demonstrate how marketers can optimize pop-up advertising on consumers’ personal devices within distraction-filled environments. In doing so, we extend traditional insights from dual-task interference studies that have previously focused on corresponding tasks in isolation, without considering any stimuli from the environment. Our results indicate that, in the presence of additional stimuli from the environment, a facilitating relationship exists between the attention paid to a task and the effectiveness of pop-up advertisements interrupting the task. However, this relationship is moderated by the extent of attention diffusion from the environment. As the distance between the task and the environment increases, consumer attention to the task is more diffused, resulting in poorer encoding of the pop-up advertisements. Critically, optimizing the content and timing of pop-up advertisements to the environmental content can significantly improve their effectiveness. Our results have important implications for helping marketers develop actionable strategies for mobile advertising in distraction-filled environments.
在家庭观看电视、购物中心购物或参加音乐会等其他干扰情况下，消费者越来越多地使用个人设备处理各种任务。虽然这种注意力分散带来了挑战，但也为广告商提供了宝贵的机会，他们可以根据用户环境信息，策略性地推送定向广告。通过一系列使用本研究开发的定制应用程序进行的受控实验室实验，我们展示了营销人员如何在充满干扰的环境中优化消费者个人设备上的弹出式广告。通过这种方式，我们扩展了以往专注于孤立对应任务的双任务干扰研究中的传统见解，而没有考虑任何环境刺激。我们的结果表明，在环境中存在额外刺激的情况下，任务所受的注意力与干扰任务的弹出式广告效果之间存在促进作用关系。然而，这种关系受到环境注意力分散程度的影响。 随着任务与环境的距离增加，消费者对任务的注意力更加分散，导致弹出广告的编码效果更差。关键在于，优化弹出广告的内容和时机以匹配环境内容，可以显著提高其效果。我们的研究结果对帮助营销人员制定充满干扰环境中的移动广告行动策略具有重要意义。

Automating in High-Expertise, Low-Label Environments: Evidence-Based Medicine by Expert-Augmented Few-Shot Learning

在高专业知识、低标签环境中自动化：基于证据的医学通过专家增强小样本学习
Rong Liu; Jingjing Li; Marko Zivkovic; Ahmed Abbasi
Many real-world process automation environments are rife with high-expertise and limited labeled data. We propose a computational design science artifact to automate systematic review (SR) in such an environment. SR is a manual process that collects and synthesizes data from medical literature to inform medical decisions and improve clinical practice. Existing machine learning solutions for SR automation suffer from a lack of labeled data and a misrepresentation of the high-expertise manual process. Motivated by humans’ impressive capability to learn from limited examples, we propose a principled and generalizable few-shot learning framework—FastSR—to automate the multistep, expertise-intensive SR process using minimal training data. Informed by SR experts’ annotation logic, FastSR extends the traditional few-shot learning framework by including (1) various representations to account for diverse SR knowledge, (2) attention mechanisms to reflect semantic correspondence of medical text fragments, and (3) shared representations to jointly learn interrelated tasks (i.e., sentence classification and sequence tagging). We instantiated and evaluated FastSR on three test beds: full-text articles from Wilson disease (WD) and COVID-19, as well as a public dataset (EBM-NLP) containing clinical trial abstracts on a wide range of diseases. Our experiments demonstrate that FastSR significantly outperforms several benchmarking solutions and expedites the SR project by up to 65%. We critically examine the SR outcomes and practical advantages of FastSR compared to other ML and manual SR solutions and propose a new FastSR-augmented protocol. Overall, our multifaceted evaluation quantitatively and qualitatively underscores the efficacy and applicability of FastSR in expediting SR. Our results have important implications for designing computational artifacts for automating/augmenting processes in high-expertise, low-label environments.
许多现实中的流程自动化环境普遍存在高专业知识要求和有限标注数据的问题。我们提出一种计算设计科学工具，用于在这样的环境中自动化系统评价（SR）。SR 是一种手动流程，通过收集和综合医学文献中的数据来为医疗决策提供信息并改进临床实践。现有的 SR 自动化机器学习解决方案因缺乏标注数据和对高专业知识手动流程的误表现象而存在缺陷。受人类从有限示例中学习令人印象深刻的启发，我们提出了一种原则性且可推广的小样本学习框架——FastSR，利用极少的训练数据自动化多步骤、专业知识密集型的 SR 流程。在系统评价专家标注逻辑的指导下，FastSR 通过包含（1）多种表示方法来涵盖多样的 SR 知识，（2）注意力机制来反映医学文本片段的语义对应关系，以及（3）共享表示方法来联合学习相互关联的任务（即句子分类和序列标注）。 我们在三个测试平台上实例化和评估了 FastSR：威尔逊病（WD）和 COVID-19 的全文文章，以及包含广泛疾病临床试验摘要的公共数据集（EBM-NLP）。我们的实验表明，FastSR 显著优于几种基准解决方案，并将 SR 项目加速了高达 65%。我们批判性地考察了 FastSR 与其他机器学习和人工 SR 解决方案的 SR 结果和实际优势，并提出了一种新的 FastSR 增强协议。总体而言，我们多方面的评估从定量和定性上强调了 FastSR 在加速 SR 方面的有效性和适用性。我们的结果对在高专业知识、低标签环境下设计用于自动化/增强过程的计算工具有重要意义。

Organizing for AI Innovation: Insights From an Empirical Exploration of U.S. Patents

为人工智能创新组织：来自美国专利实证研究的见解
Yu-Kai Lin; Likoebe M. Maruping
Although the prevalence of artificial intelligence (AI) innovations is on the rise, firms frequently report failures and setbacks in their development and implementation of AI innovation efforts. One common issue behind many failing AI initiatives is that they are organized just like other information technology (IT) innovation efforts. To elucidate why and how the production of AI and IT innovations may need to be managed differently, this study juxtaposes these two types of innovations based on two key dimensions of the Schumpeterian framework: the form (product vs. process) and magnitude (radical vs. incremental) of innovations. By analyzing a matched sample of AI and IT patents, we found robust evidence that AI innovations are less radical and more process oriented than comparable IT innovations. Drawing upon our empirical discovery, we developed a conceptual framework to suggest a new way to think about organizing AI innovation. Our research contributes to the literature and practice on AI innovation by illuminating the comparative differences between AI innovations and other IT innovations and advancing a set of empirically derived propositions on how firms may be able to better manage their AI innovation activities.
尽管人工智能（AI）创新日益普及，但企业在 AI 创新努力的开发和实施中经常报告失败和挫折。许多失败的 AI 计划背后一个常见的问题是，它们的组织方式与其他信息技术（IT）创新努力相同。为了阐明为什么和如何管理 AI 和 IT 创新可能需要不同，本研究基于熊彼特框架的两个关键维度——创新的形态（产品与过程）和规模（激进与渐进）——将这两种类型的创新进行对比。通过分析一组匹配的 AI 和 IT 专利，我们发现 AI 创新相比可比的 IT 创新，其激进程度较低且更偏向过程导向。基于我们的实证发现，我们构建了一个概念框架，提出了一种关于组织 AI 创新的新思路。 我们的研究通过阐明人工智能创新与其他信息技术创新的比较差异，为人工智能创新的文献和实践做出了贡献，并提出了关于企业如何能够更好地管理其人工智能创新活动的经验性命题。

The Complementor’s Dilemma: Navigating Growth Ambitions and the Dependency on Focal Actors in Platform Ecosystems

互补者的困境：在平台生态系统中应对增长野心与对核心参与者的依赖
Shiyuan Liu; Ola Henfridsson; Jochem T. Hummel; Joe Nandhakumar
The literature on platform ecosystems increasingly recognizes that nonfocal actors such as complementors may have growth ambitions. Such ambitions, if successfully advanced, may even elevate the complementor’s position in the platform ecosystem to that of a focal actor. However, transitioning from nonfocal actor to focal actor is challenging. Along the way, the nonfocal actor may need to choose between the seemingly unfavorable alternatives of acting on its growth ambitions—risking losing the focal actors’ support needed for that growth—or relinquishing its ambitions to ensure the support of the focal actors continues. Referring to this phenomenon as the complementor’s dilemma, we unpack the process whereby a nonfocal actor can pursue growth ambitions while successfully managing relationships with the focal platforms in the ecosystem. To address this research problem, we conducted an in-depth, embedded case study of a Chinese short-form video platform, Douyin (known as TikTok outside of China), from its inception as a complement in 2016 to its establishment as a focal actor in 2018. During this two-year period, Douyin grew spectacularly from 0.75 million to 208.28 million users. We examined the process through which Douyin navigated the complementor’s dilemma multiple times within the confines of its dependency on Weibo and WeChat, the focal actors in China’s social network platform ecosystem. We contribute to the platform ecosystem literature by offering a process perspective that conceptualizes the complementor’s dilemma and theorizes how to navigate the dilemma when transitioning from a nonfocal actor to a focal actor in a platform ecosystem.
关于平台生态系统的文献越来越多地认识到，非核心参与者如补充者可能具有增长野心。如果这些野心能够成功推进，甚至可能将补充者在平台生态系统中的地位提升到核心参与者的水平。然而，从非核心参与者转变为核心参与者是具有挑战性的。在这个过程中，非核心参与者可能需要在看似不利的选项之间做出选择：要么追求其增长野心——冒着失去核心参与者支持的风险，而这种支持是增长所必需的；要么放弃其野心以确保核心参与者的支持能够持续。我们将这种现象称为补充者的困境，并剖析了非核心参与者如何在成功管理生态系统中的核心平台关系的同时追求增长野心的过程。为了解决这一研究问题，我们对中国短视频平台抖音（在中国以外地区被称为 TikTok）进行了深入、嵌入式的案例研究，该平台从 2016 年作为补充者开始，到 2018 年成为核心参与者为止。在这两年期间，抖音的用户数量从 75 万增长到 2.08 亿。 我们考察了抖音在依赖微博和微信——中国社交网络平台生态系统中的核心参与者——的过程中，如何多次应对互补者困境。我们通过提供一个将互补者困境概念化，并阐述在从非核心参与者转变为核心参与者时如何应对该困境的平台生态系统视角，为平台生态系统文献做出了贡献。

Does Ransomware Make Investors “WannaCry”? On Investors’ Divergent Reactions to Ransomware Hits and Near Misses

勒索软件是否让投资者陷入“想哭”的境地？投资者对勒索软件攻击和险些得手的反应差异
Sebastian W. Schuetz; Yan Chen; Jens Forderer; Yusi Ma
In recent years, ransomware has become one of the most dangerous cyber threats, with successful attacks causing severe operational disruptions and staggering damages. Rationally speaking, investors should react negatively to firms’ ransomware disclosures, but this may not always be the case. Based on norm theory, we describe a paradoxical phenomenon wherein investors exhibit negative reactions to ransomware hits (i.e., events that led to operational disruptions) but positive reactions to near misses (i.e., events in which operational disruptions were narrowly avoided). The positive reactions occur due to an outcome bias in which near-miss events—events that are objectively negative but less severe than expected—are viewed positively instead of negatively. We tested these predictions by reporting on an investigation of stock market reactions to disclosures of ransomware hits vs. near misses. To do so, we assembled a comprehensive dataset of ransomware incidents disclosed by U.S. public firms. Using the event study method, we estimated abnormal stock market returns and found evidence in support of our predictions. First, in line with expectations, ransomware hits that led to the expected severe impact resulted in stock price drops of -4.40%. However, near misses, where disruptions were avoided, were rewarded with gains of 2.87%, confirming positive instead of negative reactions. This offers new insights into investors’ biased responses to certain cybersecurity incidents. These positive reactions, however, represent a call for caution because, albeit seemingly favorable, they mask underlying risks.
近年来，勒索软件已成为最危险的网络安全威胁之一，成功的攻击会导致严重的运营中断和惊人的损失。从理性角度看，投资者应对公司的勒索软件披露做出负面反应，但这并不总是如此。基于规范理论，我们描述了一种矛盾现象：投资者对勒索软件攻击（即导致运营中断的事件）表现出负面反应，但对险些失手（即运营中断险些发生但最终避免的事件）表现出正面反应。这种正面反应是由于结果偏差，即险些失手事件——这些事件客观上是负面的，但比预期的严重程度要轻——被正面看待而不是负面看待。我们通过报告对勒索软件攻击与险些失手披露的股市反应调查来验证这些预测。为此，我们汇编了美国上市公司披露的勒索软件事件的综合数据集。使用事件研究法，我们估计了异常股市回报，并发现了支持我们预测的证据。 首先，正如预期的那样，导致预期严重影响的勒索软件攻击使得股价下跌了 4.40%。然而，那些避免了中断的“差一点就发生”的事件反而获得了 2.87%的收益，证实了积极的而非消极的反应。这为投资者对某些网络安全事件的有偏反应提供了新的见解。然而，这些积极反应实际上是一种警示，因为尽管看似有利，它们却掩盖了潜在的风险。

The Interplay Between Healthcare Information Technologies and Denied Claims

医疗信息技术与拒赔之间的相互作用
Sezgin Ayabakan; Hilal Atasoy; Min-Seok Pang
This study investigates the role of health information technology (HIT) in reducing claim denials, which are a significant burden for healthcare providers in the U.S. We theorize the impacts of electronic health records (EHRs) on claim denials, starting with an examination of EHR adoption and followed by a deeper assessment of how EHRs are sourced both within a hospital and across hospitals in the same health system. We propose that while EHR adoption reduces the likelihood of claim denials by improving the accuracy and completeness of information processing, it can also increase claim denials if EHR applications are sourced from multiple vendors within a hospital or different vendors across hospitals. Using a large-scale dataset of claim records from the state of Maryland from 2012-2016, we found that the greater the EHR adoption by care providers, the less likely a claim is denied. In addition, our findings suggest that EHRs are more effective in preventing denials when a hospital sources EHR applications from a single vendor and when a group of hospitals in the same health system sources EHRs from the same vendor. Additionally, we observed a decrease in claim denials when physicians previously worked in hospitals utilizing EHR applications from the same vendor. This study provides significant theoretical insights into the information systems literature on HIT and offers practical implications for healthcare providers by uncovering the multifaceted roles of EHRs in information processing and compliance.
本研究探讨了健康信息技术（HIT）在减少理赔拒付中的作用，而理赔拒付是美国医疗提供者面临的重大负担。我们理论化了电子健康记录（EHR）对理赔拒付的影响，首先考察了 EHR 的采用情况，随后深入评估了 EHR 在医院内部及同一医疗系统内不同医院之间的来源情况。我们提出，虽然 EHR 的采用通过提高信息处理的准确性和完整性来降低理赔拒付的可能性，但如果医院从多个供应商处获取 EHR 应用，或不同医院之间采用不同供应商的 EHR 应用，则可能增加理赔拒付。利用 2012-2016 年马里兰州的理赔记录大规模数据集，我们发现医疗提供者的 EHR 采用程度越高，理赔被拒付的可能性就越低。此外，我们的研究结果表明，当医院从单一供应商处获取 EHR 应用，或同一医疗系统内的一组医院从同一供应商处获取 EHR 时，EHR 在预防拒付方面更为有效。 此外，我们观察到，当医生曾就职于使用同一供应商电子健康记录（EHR）应用程序的医院时，索赔被拒绝的情况有所减少。这项研究为健康信息技术（HIT）的信息系统文献提供了重要的理论见解，并通过揭示电子健康记录在信息处理和合规性中的多方面作用，为医疗服务提供者提供了实际意义。

Find the Good. Seek the Unity: A Hidden Markov Model of Human-AI Delegation Dynamics

发现美好。寻求统一：人类-AI 委托动态的隐马尔可夫模型
Junming Liu; Wei Thoo Yue; Alvin Chung Man Leung; Xin Zhang
As AI becomes integral to enterprise decision-making, this study explores the collaborative dynamics between managers and AI systems, focusing on human willingness to delegate tasks to AI. Grounded in the “agentic” systems delegation framework and instance-based learning theory, we employed a hidden Markov model in a longitudinal study of the dynamic delegation decision-making process involving 875 store managers. We found that there is a potential polarization in managers’ delegation willingness, with managers who recognize the capability of AI exhibiting high delegation willingness and fostering increased collaboration with AI over time—in contrast to their counterparts who are inclined to reduce AI’s involvement. During human-AI interactions, managers’ continuous performance appraisal of AI shapes their dynamic delegation willingness, which in turn affects their assessment of AI capability. This process forms a delegation feedback loop that drives the dynamics of delegation behaviors. Our study indicates that managers with a high willingness to delegate tend to outperform their counterparts and offers valuable insights for human-AI collaborative intelligence in organizational settings.
随着人工智能成为企业决策的重要组成部分，本研究探讨了管理者与人工智能系统之间的协作动态，重点关注人类将任务委托给人工智能的意愿。基于“代理”系统委托框架和基于实例的学习理论，我们在一项纵向研究中采用了隐马尔可夫模型，对涉及 875 名商店管理者的动态委托决策过程进行了研究。我们发现，管理者的委托意愿存在潜在的极化现象，那些认识到人工智能能力的管理者表现出较高的委托意愿，并随着时间的推移与人工智能的协作程度增加——这与那些倾向于减少人工智能参与度的管理者形成对比。在人与人工智能的互动过程中，管理者对人工智能的持续绩效评估塑造了他们的动态委托意愿，进而影响他们对人工智能能力的评估。这一过程形成了一个委托反馈循环，驱动了委托行为的动态变化。 我们的研究表明，愿意授权程度高的管理者往往表现优于同行，并为组织环境中的人机协同智能提供了宝贵的见解。

An Empirical Study of Strategic Opacity in Crowdsourced Evaluations

Linli Xu; Qi Xie; Gordon Burtch
Crowd-voting mechanisms are commonly used to implement scalable evaluations of crowdsourced creative submissions. Unfortunately, the use of crowd-voting also raises the potential for gaming and manipulation. Manipulation is problematic because (1) submitters’ motivation depends on their belief that the system is meritocratic, and (2) manipulated feedback may undermine learning, as submitters seek to learn from received evaluations and those of peers. In this work, we consider a design approach to addressing the issue, focusing on the notion of strategic opacity, i.e., purposefully obfuscating evaluation procedures. On the one hand, opacity may reduce the incentive and thus the prevalence of vote manipulation, and submitters may instead dedicate that time and effort to improving their submission quantity or quality. On the other hand, because opacity makes it difficult for submitters to discern the returns to legitimate effort, submitters may also reduce their submission effort or simply exit the market. We explored this tension via a multimethod study employing field experiments at 99designs and a controlled experiment on Amazon Mechanical Turk. We observed consistent results across all experiments: opacity leads to reductions in gaming in these crowdsourcing contests and significant increases in the allocation of effort toward legitimate vs. illegitimate activities, with no discernible influence on contest participation. We discuss boundary conditions and the implications for contest organizers and contest platform operators.
众包投票机制通常用于实现众包创意提交的可扩展评估。然而，使用众包投票也引发了游戏和操纵的潜在风险。操纵是一个问题，因为（1）提交者的动机取决于他们相信系统是公平竞争的，以及（2）被操纵的反馈可能会破坏学习，因为提交者希望通过收到的评估和同伴的评估来学习。在这项工作中，我们考虑了一种解决该问题的设计方法，重点关注战略不透明性，即故意模糊评估程序。一方面，不透明性可能会减少操纵的动机和普遍性，从而减少投票操纵的激励，提交者可能会将时间和精力投入到提高提交数量或质量上。另一方面，由于不透明性使得提交者难以辨别合法努力的回报，提交者也可能减少提交努力或干脆退出市场。我们通过一项多方法研究探索了这种张力，该研究在 99designs 进行了实地实验，并在 Amazon Mechanical Turk 上进行了控制实验。 我们在所有实验中都观察到一致的结果：透明度导致这些众包竞赛中的游戏减少，并显著增加了对合法与非法活动的努力分配，而对竞赛参与没有明显影响。我们讨论了边界条件和这对竞赛组织者及竞赛平台运营者的启示。

Information Technology Firms and Revenue Stall, 1950-2015: Theory and Empirical Evidence1

Terence J. V. Saldanha; Sunil Mithas; Raveesh Mayya
A slowdown in revenue growth, referred to as revenue stall in this study, is a key concern for any firm. We examine how information technology-producing firms (i.e., IT firms) differ from non-IT firms in experiencing revenue stall and in benefiting from R&D investments in terms of reduced revenue stall. We hypothesize that whereas IT firms experience more revenue stall than non-IT firms, R&D investments reduce revenue stall to a greater extent in IT firms than in non-IT firms. Our empirical analyses of a longitudinal dataset of more than 1,400 large public firms in the United States from 1950 to 2015 broadly support our hypotheses. Consistent with the theoretical arguments underlying our hypotheses, we also find that IT firms experience higher competition, dynamism, and turbulence, and have higher intangible assets than non-IT firms.
收入增长放缓，在本研究中称为收入停滞，是任何企业面临的主要问题。我们考察信息技术生产型企业（即 IT 企业）与非 IT 企业在经历收入停滞以及从研发投资中受益（以减少收入停滞）方面的差异。我们假设，虽然 IT 企业比非 IT 企业经历更多的收入停滞，但研发投资在 IT 企业中比在非 IT 企业中更能减少收入停滞。我们对 1950 年至 2015 年间美国 1400 多家大型上市公司的纵向数据集进行的实证分析，大体上支持我们的假设。与支撑我们假设的理论论点一致，我们还发现 IT 企业面临更高的竞争、动态性和动荡，并且拥有比非 IT 企业更多的无形资产。

Editor’s Comments: Rebalancing Novelty with Rigor and Relevance in Information Systems Research

编辑评论：在信息系统研究中平衡新颖性、严谨性和相关性
Heshan Sun; Wen Wen; Jason Bennett Thatcher; Michael Chau; Susan Brown
This editorial is inspired by a growing concern within the information systems (IS) community that novelty has become a dominant criterion for publication, despite being unevenly interpreted and poorly specified. In our editorial experience, when authors are told that their papers lack novelty, they often receive little concrete guidance on what precisely counts as novelty, how it varies across paradigms, or how it should be balanced with rigor and relevance.
本社论受到信息系统（IS）领域日益增长的担忧的启发，即新颖性已成为发表的主要标准，尽管其解释不均一且定义模糊。在我们的社论经验中，当作者被告知他们的论文缺乏新颖性时，他们往往很少得到关于什么具体算作新颖性、如何在不同范式中体现新颖性，或如何将其与严谨性和相关性相平衡的具体指导。

Engaging Physicians with Introductory Incentives: References to Online and Offline Income

用初步激励吸引医生：线上线下收入的参考
Xiaofei Zhang; Karen Xie; Bin Gu; Xitong Guo
Incentives make or break user contributions. While providing introductory incentives to attract new users has become increasingly popular among online communities, their impact on user contributions remains largely unknown. Utilizing a policy change that doubled the incentives paid to physicians in a leading online health community, we examined the impacts of both the initiation and the termination of such introductory incentives on physician contributions (in terms of patient consultations) and how the impacts varied according to the physician’s online and offline income. We found that despite an increase in physician contributions during the policy window, the introductory incentives unintentionally decreased physician contributions after the policy window ended. Additionally, physicians tended to anchor their contributions using their online rather than offline income as a reference point, suggesting that mental accounting was at play. Our findings provide a cautionary perspective on the unintended consequences of using introductory incentives and reveal the associated mechanisms of mental accounting when users make contributions (or not) to online communities. These findings provide important implications for incentive design and user engagement in online communities.
激励措施决定或破坏用户贡献。虽然向新用户提供入门激励已成为在线社区中越来越流行的做法，但它们对用户贡献的影响仍然很大程度上未知。我们利用一个将领先在线健康社区中向医生支付的激励翻倍的政策变化，考察了这种入门激励的启动和终止对医生贡献（以患者咨询为衡量标准）的影响，以及这些影响如何根据医生的线上和线下收入而变化。我们发现，尽管在政策实施期间医生贡献有所增加，但入门激励在政策结束后无意中降低了医生贡献。此外，医生倾向于使用他们的线上收入而非线下收入作为参考点来锚定他们的贡献，这表明心理账户在起作用。我们的研究为使用入门激励可能带来的非预期后果提供了警示视角，并揭示了用户向在线社区做出（或不做出）贡献时心理账户的相关机制。 这些发现对在线社区的激励机制和用户参与度设计具有重要启示。

Producing the “We” in High-Risk Online Activism: Identity Configurations in My Stealthy Freedom

在高风险网络行动中产生“我们”：我的隐蔽自由中的身份配置
Mahya Ostovar; Ulrike Schultze
The research on online social movements generally concludes that collective identity, i.e., the sense of we-ness that individual protesters in a movement share, is not only unattainable but also dispensable, even though it is considered a defining feature of traditional movements. In this paper, we explore one of the boundary conditions of these findings, namely the riskiness of protest practices. Analysing the high-risk social movement, My Stealthy Freedom (MySF), which contests compulsory hijab in Iran in a way that hybridizes online and offline protest practices, we show that a sense of collectiveness can be instantiated in online social movements, why it is critical to the success of high-risk activism, and how it is (re)produced. Comparing and contrasting three instantiations of MySF, each of which was enacted on a different social media platform, we develop a theoretical model of how feelings of collectiveness are enacted in high-risk online activism. In addition to providing guidance for online movements where collective identity is desirable, our study challenges prior research on online activism by theorizing the role of embodiment, affect, and the dialectic between activists’ personal and the movement’s collective identity.
关于线上社会运动的研究通常得出结论：集体认同，即运动中个体抗议者所共享的"我们感"，不仅难以实现，而且并非必需，尽管它被视为传统运动的标志性特征。本文探讨了这些发现的一个边界条件，即抗议实践的风险性。通过分析以混合线上与线下抗议实践方式挑战伊朗强制戴头巾的高风险社会运动"我的隐蔽自由"(MySF)，我们展示了集体感如何在线上社会运动中得以实现，为何它对高风险行动主义的成功至关重要，以及它是如何（被）再生产的。通过比较和对比 MySF 的三种不同社交媒体平台上的实现方式，我们构建了一个关于集体感如何在高风险线上行动主义中得以实现的理论模型。 除了为需要集体认同的在线运动提供指导外，我们的研究还通过阐述具身化、情感以及行动者个人身份与运动集体身份之间的辩证关系，挑战了先前关于在线行动主义的研究。

Augmented Reality at Work: Attention Management and Its Impact on Work Performance

工作中的增强现实：注意力管理与工作绩效的影响
Runge Zhu; Cheng Yi; Ting Li
RUNGE ZHU
Augmented reality (AR) is rapidly emerging as a transformative display technology, blending computer-generated content with the real-world environment in real time. Using divided attention theory, this study investigates how different information delivery channels (i.e., AR vs. mobile phone) and the nature of information (i.e., dependence on specific physical context and complexity) affect work performance. A field experiment in the aircraft maintenance context demonstrates that the effect on work performance of providing information via AR vs. a mobile phone is mediated by work attentiveness. The findings reveal that the effectiveness of AR is particularly pronounced when information is highly dependent on the specific physical context but diminishes when information complexity is high. This research deepens our understanding of how presenting information directly in front of users’ eyes (i.e., via AR) affects their attention management and work performance. The findings have significant implications for firms in terms of how to leverage AR to enhance work performance in industrial settings.
增强现实（AR）正迅速成为一种变革性的显示技术，它实时将计算机生成内容与真实世界环境相结合。本研究运用分配注意力理论，探讨了不同的信息传递渠道（即 AR 与手机）以及信息性质（即对特定物理环境的依赖性和复杂性）如何影响工作表现。一项在飞机维护背景下的实地实验表明，通过 AR 与手机提供信息对工作表现的影响受到工作注意力的调节。研究结果表明，当信息高度依赖特定物理环境时，AR 的有效性尤为显著，但当信息复杂性较高时，其效果会减弱。这项研究加深了我们对直接在用户眼前呈现信息（即通过 AR）如何影响其注意力管理和工作表现的理解。这些发现对企业如何利用 AR 来提升工业环境中的工作表现具有重大意义。

Mobile Advertising in Distracted Environments: Exploring the Impact of Distractions on Dual-Task Interference

分心环境中的移动广告：探索分心对双任务干扰的影响
Siddharth Bhattacharya; Heather Kennedy; Vinod Venkatraman; Sunil Wattal
It is increasingly common for consumers to engage with various tasks on their personal devices amid other distractions such as watching television at home, shopping at malls, or attending concerts. While this split in attention poses challenges, it also opens valuable opportunities for advertisers to strategically push targeted advertisements based on information about the user’s environment. Across a series of controlled lab experiments using a custom app developed for this study, we demonstrate how marketers can optimize pop-up advertising on consumers’ personal devices within distraction-filled environments. In doing so, we extend traditional insights from dual-task interference studies that have previously focused on corresponding tasks in isolation, without considering any stimuli from the environment. Our results indicate that, in the presence of additional stimuli from the environment, a facilitating relationship exists between the attention paid to a task and the effectiveness of pop-up advertisements interrupting the task. However, this relationship is moderated by the extent of attention diffusion from the environment. As the distance between the task and the environment increases, consumer attention to the task is more diffused, resulting in poorer encoding of the pop-up advertisements. Critically, optimizing the content and timing of pop-up advertisements to the environmental content can significantly improve their effectiveness. Our results have important implications for helping marketers develop actionable strategies for mobile advertising in distraction-filled environments.
在家庭观看电视、购物中心购物或参加音乐会等其他干扰情况下，消费者越来越多地使用个人设备处理各种任务。虽然这种注意力分散带来了挑战，但也为广告商提供了宝贵的机会，他们可以根据用户环境信息，策略性地推送定向广告。通过一系列使用本研究开发的定制应用程序进行的受控实验室实验，我们展示了营销人员如何在充满干扰的环境中优化消费者个人设备上的弹出式广告。通过这种方式，我们扩展了以往专注于孤立对应任务的双任务干扰研究中的传统见解，而没有考虑任何环境刺激。我们的结果表明，在环境中存在额外刺激的情况下，任务所受的注意力与干扰任务的弹出式广告效果之间存在促进作用关系。然而，这种关系受到环境注意力分散程度的影响。 随着任务与环境的距离增加，消费者对任务的注意力更加分散，导致弹出广告的编码效果更差。关键在于，优化弹出广告的内容和时机以匹配环境内容，可以显著提高其效果。我们的研究结果对帮助营销人员制定充满干扰环境中的移动广告行动策略具有重要意义。

Automating in High-Expertise, Low-Label Environments: Evidence-Based Medicine by Expert-Augmented Few-Shot Learning

在高专业知识、低标签环境中自动化：基于证据的医学通过专家增强小样本学习
Rong Liu; Jingjing Li; Marko Zivkovic; Ahmed Abbasi
Many real-world process automation environments are rife with high-expertise and limited labeled data. We propose a computational design science artifact to automate systematic review (SR) in such an environment. SR is a manual process that collects and synthesizes data from medical literature to inform medical decisions and improve clinical practice. Existing machine learning solutions for SR automation suffer from a lack of labeled data and a misrepresentation of the high-expertise manual process. Motivated by humans’ impressive capability to learn from limited examples, we propose a principled and generalizable few-shot learning framework—FastSR—to automate the multistep, expertise-intensive SR process using minimal training data. Informed by SR experts’ annotation logic, FastSR extends the traditional few-shot learning framework by including (1) various representations to account for diverse SR knowledge, (2) attention mechanisms to reflect semantic correspondence of medical text fragments, and (3) shared representations to jointly learn interrelated tasks (i.e., sentence classification and sequence tagging). We instantiated and evaluated FastSR on three test beds: full-text articles from Wilson disease (WD) and COVID-19, as well as a public dataset (EBM-NLP) containing clinical trial abstracts on a wide range of diseases. Our experiments demonstrate that FastSR significantly outperforms several benchmarking solutions and expedites the SR project by up to 65%. We critically examine the SR outcomes and practical advantages of FastSR compared to other ML and manual SR solutions and propose a new FastSR-augmented protocol. Overall, our multifaceted evaluation quantitatively and qualitatively underscores the efficacy and applicability of FastSR in expediting SR. Our results have important implications for designing computational artifacts for automating/augmenting processes in high-expertise, low-label environments.
许多现实中的流程自动化环境普遍存在高专业知识要求和有限标注数据的问题。我们提出一种计算设计科学工具，用于在这样的环境中自动化系统评价（SR）。SR 是一种手动流程，通过收集和综合医学文献中的数据来为医疗决策提供信息并改进临床实践。现有的 SR 自动化机器学习解决方案因缺乏标注数据和对高专业知识手动流程的误表现象而存在缺陷。受人类从有限示例中学习令人印象深刻的启发，我们提出了一种原则性且可推广的小样本学习框架——FastSR，利用极少的训练数据自动化多步骤、专业知识密集型的 SR 流程。在系统评价专家标注逻辑的指导下，FastSR 通过包含（1）多种表示方法来涵盖多样的 SR 知识，（2）注意力机制来反映医学文本片段的语义对应关系，以及（3）共享表示方法来联合学习相互关联的任务（即句子分类和序列标注）。 我们在三个测试平台上实例化和评估了 FastSR：威尔逊病（WD）和 COVID-19 的全文文章，以及包含广泛疾病临床试验摘要的公共数据集（EBM-NLP）。我们的实验表明，FastSR 显著优于几种基准解决方案，并将 SR 项目加速了高达 65%。我们批判性地考察了 FastSR 与其他机器学习和人工 SR 解决方案的 SR 结果和实际优势，并提出了一种新的 FastSR 增强协议。总体而言，我们多方面的评估从定量和定性上强调了 FastSR 在加速 SR 方面的有效性和适用性。我们的结果对在高专业知识、低标签环境下设计用于自动化/增强过程的计算工具有重要意义。

Organizing for AI Innovation: Insights From an Empirical Exploration of U.S. Patents

为人工智能创新组织：来自美国专利实证研究的见解
Yu-Kai Lin; Likoebe M. Maruping
Although the prevalence of artificial intelligence (AI) innovations is on the rise, firms frequently report failures and setbacks in their development and implementation of AI innovation efforts. One common issue behind many failing AI initiatives is that they are organized just like other information technology (IT) innovation efforts. To elucidate why and how the production of AI and IT innovations may need to be managed differently, this study juxtaposes these two types of innovations based on two key dimensions of the Schumpeterian framework: the form (product vs. process) and magnitude (radical vs. incremental) of innovations. By analyzing a matched sample of AI and IT patents, we found robust evidence that AI innovations are less radical and more process oriented than comparable IT innovations. Drawing upon our empirical discovery, we developed a conceptual framework to suggest a new way to think about organizing AI innovation. Our research contributes to the literature and practice on AI innovation by illuminating the comparative differences between AI innovations and other IT innovations and advancing a set of empirically derived propositions on how firms may be able to better manage their AI innovation activities.
尽管人工智能（AI）创新日益普及，但企业在 AI 创新努力的开发和实施中经常报告失败和挫折。许多失败的 AI 计划背后一个常见的问题是，它们的组织方式与其他信息技术（IT）创新努力相同。为了阐明为什么和如何管理 AI 和 IT 创新可能需要不同，本研究基于熊彼特框架的两个关键维度——创新的形态（产品与过程）和规模（激进与渐进）——将这两种类型的创新进行对比。通过分析一组匹配的 AI 和 IT 专利，我们发现 AI 创新相比可比的 IT 创新，其激进程度较低且更偏向过程导向。基于我们的实证发现，我们构建了一个概念框架，提出了一种关于组织 AI 创新的新思路。 我们的研究通过阐明人工智能创新与其他信息技术创新的比较差异，为人工智能创新的文献和实践做出了贡献，并提出了关于企业如何能够更好地管理其人工智能创新活动的经验性命题。

The Complementor’s Dilemma: Navigating Growth Ambitions and the Dependency on Focal Actors in Platform Ecosystems

互补者的困境：在平台生态系统中应对增长野心与对核心参与者的依赖
Shiyuan Liu; Ola Henfridsson; Jochem T. Hummel; Joe Nandhakumar
The literature on platform ecosystems increasingly recognizes that nonfocal actors such as complementors may have growth ambitions. Such ambitions, if successfully advanced, may even elevate the complementor’s position in the platform ecosystem to that of a focal actor. However, transitioning from nonfocal actor to focal actor is challenging. Along the way, the nonfocal actor may need to choose between the seemingly unfavorable alternatives of acting on its growth ambitions—risking losing the focal actors’ support needed for that growth—or relinquishing its ambitions to ensure the support of the focal actors continues. Referring to this phenomenon as the complementor’s dilemma, we unpack the process whereby a nonfocal actor can pursue growth ambitions while successfully managing relationships with the focal platforms in the ecosystem. To address this research problem, we conducted an in-depth, embedded case study of a Chinese short-form video platform, Douyin (known as TikTok outside of China), from its inception as a complement in 2016 to its establishment as a focal actor in 2018. During this two-year period, Douyin grew spectacularly from 0.75 million to 208.28 million users. We examined the process through which Douyin navigated the complementor’s dilemma multiple times within the confines of its dependency on Weibo and WeChat, the focal actors in China’s social network platform ecosystem. We contribute to the platform ecosystem literature by offering a process perspective that conceptualizes the complementor’s dilemma and theorizes how to navigate the dilemma when transitioning from a nonfocal actor to a focal actor in a platform ecosystem.
关于平台生态系统的文献越来越多地认识到，非核心参与者如补充者可能具有增长野心。如果这些野心能够成功推进，甚至可能将补充者在平台生态系统中的地位提升到核心参与者的水平。然而，从非核心参与者转变为核心参与者是具有挑战性的。在这个过程中，非核心参与者可能需要在看似不利的选项之间做出选择：要么追求其增长野心——冒着失去核心参与者支持的风险，而这种支持是增长所必需的；要么放弃其野心以确保核心参与者的支持能够持续。我们将这种现象称为补充者的困境，并剖析了非核心参与者如何在成功管理生态系统中的核心平台关系的同时追求增长野心的过程。为了解决这一研究问题，我们对中国短视频平台抖音（在中国以外地区被称为 TikTok）进行了深入、嵌入式的案例研究，该平台从 2016 年作为补充者开始，到 2018 年成为核心参与者为止。在这两年期间，抖音的用户数量从 75 万增长到 2.08 亿。 我们考察了抖音在依赖微博和微信——中国社交网络平台生态系统中的核心参与者——的过程中，如何多次应对互补者困境。我们通过提供一个将互补者困境概念化，并阐述在从非核心参与者转变为核心参与者时如何应对该困境的平台生态系统视角，为平台生态系统文献做出了贡献。

Does Ransomware Make Investors “WannaCry”? On Investors’ Divergent Reactions to Ransomware Hits and Near Misses

勒索软件是否让投资者陷入“想哭”的境地？投资者对勒索软件攻击和险些得手的反应差异
Sebastian W. Schuetz; Yan Chen; Jens Forderer; Yusi Ma
In recent years, ransomware has become one of the most dangerous cyber threats, with successful attacks causing severe operational disruptions and staggering damages. Rationally speaking, investors should react negatively to firms’ ransomware disclosures, but this may not always be the case. Based on norm theory, we describe a paradoxical phenomenon wherein investors exhibit negative reactions to ransomware hits (i.e., events that led to operational disruptions) but positive reactions to near misses (i.e., events in which operational disruptions were narrowly avoided). The positive reactions occur due to an outcome bias in which near-miss events—events that are objectively negative but less severe than expected—are viewed positively instead of negatively. We tested these predictions by reporting on an investigation of stock market reactions to disclosures of ransomware hits vs. near misses. To do so, we assembled a comprehensive dataset of ransomware incidents disclosed by U.S. public firms. Using the event study method, we estimated abnormal stock market returns and found evidence in support of our predictions. First, in line with expectations, ransomware hits that led to the expected severe impact resulted in stock price drops of -4.40%. However, near misses, where disruptions were avoided, were rewarded with gains of 2.87%, confirming positive instead of negative reactions. This offers new insights into investors’ biased responses to certain cybersecurity incidents. These positive reactions, however, represent a call for caution because, albeit seemingly favorable, they mask underlying risks.
近年来，勒索软件已成为最危险的网络安全威胁之一，成功的攻击会导致严重的运营中断和惊人的损失。从理性角度看，投资者应对公司的勒索软件披露做出负面反应，但这并不总是如此。基于规范理论，我们描述了一种矛盾现象：投资者对勒索软件攻击（即导致运营中断的事件）表现出负面反应，但对险些失手（即运营中断险些发生但最终避免的事件）表现出正面反应。这种正面反应是由于结果偏差，即险些失手事件——这些事件客观上是负面的，但比预期的严重程度要轻——被正面看待而不是负面看待。我们通过报告对勒索软件攻击与险些失手披露的股市反应调查来验证这些预测。为此，我们汇编了美国上市公司披露的勒索软件事件的综合数据集。使用事件研究法，我们估计了异常股市回报，并发现了支持我们预测的证据。 首先，正如预期的那样，导致预期严重影响的勒索软件攻击使得股价下跌了 4.40%。然而，那些避免了中断的“差一点就发生”的事件反而获得了 2.87%的收益，证实了积极的而非消极的反应。这为投资者对某些网络安全事件的有偏反应提供了新的见解。然而，这些积极反应实际上是一种警示，因为尽管看似有利，它们却掩盖了潜在的风险。

The Interplay Between Healthcare Information Technologies and Denied Claims

医疗信息技术与拒赔之间的相互作用
Sezgin Ayabakan; Hilal Atasoy; Min-Seok Pang
This study investigates the role of health information technology (HIT) in reducing claim denials, which are a significant burden for healthcare providers in the U.S. We theorize the impacts of electronic health records (EHRs) on claim denials, starting with an examination of EHR adoption and followed by a deeper assessment of how EHRs are sourced both within a hospital and across hospitals in the same health system. We propose that while EHR adoption reduces the likelihood of claim denials by improving the accuracy and completeness of information processing, it can also increase claim denials if EHR applications are sourced from multiple vendors within a hospital or different vendors across hospitals. Using a large-scale dataset of claim records from the state of Maryland from 2012-2016, we found that the greater the EHR adoption by care providers, the less likely a claim is denied. In addition, our findings suggest that EHRs are more effective in preventing denials when a hospital sources EHR applications from a single vendor and when a group of hospitals in the same health system sources EHRs from the same vendor. Additionally, we observed a decrease in claim denials when physicians previously worked in hospitals utilizing EHR applications from the same vendor. This study provides significant theoretical insights into the information systems literature on HIT and offers practical implications for healthcare providers by uncovering the multifaceted roles of EHRs in information processing and compliance.
本研究探讨了健康信息技术（HIT）在减少理赔拒付中的作用，而理赔拒付是美国医疗提供者面临的重大负担。我们理论化了电子健康记录（EHR）对理赔拒付的影响，首先考察了 EHR 的采用情况，随后深入评估了 EHR 在医院内部及同一医疗系统内不同医院之间的来源情况。我们提出，虽然 EHR 的采用通过提高信息处理的准确性和完整性来降低理赔拒付的可能性，但如果医院从多个供应商处获取 EHR 应用，或不同医院之间采用不同供应商的 EHR 应用，则可能增加理赔拒付。利用 2012-2016 年马里兰州的理赔记录大规模数据集，我们发现医疗提供者的 EHR 采用程度越高，理赔被拒付的可能性就越低。此外，我们的研究结果表明，当医院从单一供应商处获取 EHR 应用，或同一医疗系统内的一组医院从同一供应商处获取 EHR 时，EHR 在预防拒付方面更为有效。 此外，我们观察到，当医生曾就职于使用同一供应商电子健康记录（EHR）应用程序的医院时，索赔被拒绝的情况有所减少。这项研究为健康信息技术（HIT）的信息系统文献提供了重要的理论见解，并通过揭示电子健康记录在信息处理和合规性中的多方面作用，为医疗服务提供者提供了实际意义。

Find the Good. Seek the Unity: A Hidden Markov Model of Human-AI Delegation Dynamics

发现美好。寻求统一：人类-AI 委托动态的隐马尔可夫模型
Junming Liu; Wei Thoo Yue; Alvin Chung Man Leung; Xin Zhang
As AI becomes integral to enterprise decision-making, this study explores the collaborative dynamics between managers and AI systems, focusing on human willingness to delegate tasks to AI. Grounded in the “agentic” systems delegation framework and instance-based learning theory, we employed a hidden Markov model in a longitudinal study of the dynamic delegation decision-making process involving 875 store managers. We found that there is a potential polarization in managers’ delegation willingness, with managers who recognize the capability of AI exhibiting high delegation willingness and fostering increased collaboration with AI over time—in contrast to their counterparts who are inclined to reduce AI’s involvement. During human-AI interactions, managers’ continuous performance appraisal of AI shapes their dynamic delegation willingness, which in turn affects their assessment of AI capability. This process forms a delegation feedback loop that drives the dynamics of delegation behaviors. Our study indicates that managers with a high willingness to delegate tend to outperform their counterparts and offers valuable insights for human-AI collaborative intelligence in organizational settings.
随着人工智能成为企业决策的重要组成部分，本研究探讨了管理者与人工智能系统之间的协作动态，重点关注人类将任务委托给人工智能的意愿。基于“代理”系统委托框架和基于实例的学习理论，我们在一项纵向研究中采用了隐马尔可夫模型，对涉及 875 名商店管理者的动态委托决策过程进行了研究。我们发现，管理者的委托意愿存在潜在的极化现象，那些认识到人工智能能力的管理者表现出较高的委托意愿，并随着时间的推移与人工智能的协作程度增加——这与那些倾向于减少人工智能参与度的管理者形成对比。在人与人工智能的互动过程中，管理者对人工智能的持续绩效评估塑造了他们的动态委托意愿，进而影响他们对人工智能能力的评估。这一过程形成了一个委托反馈循环，驱动了委托行为的动态变化。 我们的研究表明，愿意授权程度高的管理者往往表现优于同行，并为组织环境中的人机协同智能提供了宝贵的见解。

An Empirical Study of Strategic Opacity in Crowdsourced Evaluations

Linli Xu; Qi Xie; Gordon Burtch
Crowd-voting mechanisms are commonly used to implement scalable evaluations of crowdsourced creative submissions. Unfortunately, the use of crowd-voting also raises the potential for gaming and manipulation. Manipulation is problematic because (1) submitters’ motivation depends on their belief that the system is meritocratic, and (2) manipulated feedback may undermine learning, as submitters seek to learn from received evaluations and those of peers. In this work, we consider a design approach to addressing the issue, focusing on the notion of strategic opacity, i.e., purposefully obfuscating evaluation procedures. On the one hand, opacity may reduce the incentive and thus the prevalence of vote manipulation, and submitters may instead dedicate that time and effort to improving their submission quantity or quality. On the other hand, because opacity makes it difficult for submitters to discern the returns to legitimate effort, submitters may also reduce their submission effort or simply exit the market. We explored this tension via a multimethod study employing field experiments at 99designs and a controlled experiment on Amazon Mechanical Turk. We observed consistent results across all experiments: opacity leads to reductions in gaming in these crowdsourcing contests and significant increases in the allocation of effort toward legitimate vs. illegitimate activities, with no discernible influence on contest participation. We discuss boundary conditions and the implications for contest organizers and contest platform operators.
众包投票机制通常用于实现众包创意提交的可扩展评估。然而，使用众包投票也引发了游戏和操纵的潜在风险。操纵是一个问题，因为（1）提交者的动机取决于他们相信系统是公平竞争的，以及（2）被操纵的反馈可能会破坏学习，因为提交者希望通过收到的评估和同伴的评估来学习。在这项工作中，我们考虑了一种解决该问题的设计方法，重点关注战略不透明性，即故意模糊评估程序。一方面，不透明性可能会减少操纵的动机和普遍性，从而减少投票操纵的激励，提交者可能会将时间和精力投入到提高提交数量或质量上。另一方面，由于不透明性使得提交者难以辨别合法努力的回报，提交者也可能减少提交努力或干脆退出市场。我们通过一项多方法研究探索了这种张力，该研究在 99designs 进行了实地实验，并在 Amazon Mechanical Turk 上进行了控制实验。 我们在所有实验中都观察到一致的结果：透明度导致这些众包竞赛中的游戏减少，并显著增加了对合法与非法活动的努力分配，而对竞赛参与没有明显影响。我们讨论了边界条件和这对竞赛组织者及竞赛平台运营者的启示。

Information Technology Firms and Revenue Stall, 1950-2015: Theory and Empirical Evidence1

Terence J. V. Saldanha; Sunil Mithas; Raveesh Mayya
A slowdown in revenue growth, referred to as revenue stall in this study, is a key concern for any firm. We examine how information technology-producing firms (i.e., IT firms) differ from non-IT firms in experiencing revenue stall and in benefiting from R&D investments in terms of reduced revenue stall. We hypothesize that whereas IT firms experience more revenue stall than non-IT firms, R&D investments reduce revenue stall to a greater extent in IT firms than in non-IT firms. Our empirical analyses of a longitudinal dataset of more than 1,400 large public firms in the United States from 1950 to 2015 broadly support our hypotheses. Consistent with the theoretical arguments underlying our hypotheses, we also find that IT firms experience higher competition, dynamism, and turbulence, and have higher intangible assets than non-IT firms.
收入增长放缓，在本研究中称为收入停滞，是任何企业面临的主要问题。我们考察信息技术生产型企业（即 IT 企业）与非 IT 企业在经历收入停滞以及从研发投资中受益（以减少收入停滞）方面的差异。我们假设，虽然 IT 企业比非 IT 企业经历更多的收入停滞，但研发投资在 IT 企业中比在非 IT 企业中更能减少收入停滞。我们对 1950 年至 2015 年间美国 1400 多家大型上市公司的纵向数据集进行的实证分析，大体上支持我们的假设。与支撑我们假设的理论论点一致，我们还发现 IT 企业面临更高的竞争、动态性和动荡，并且拥有比非 IT 企业更多的无形资产。

Editor’s Comments: Rebalancing Novelty with Rigor and Relevance in Information Systems Research

编辑评论：在信息系统研究中平衡新颖性、严谨性和相关性
Heshan Sun; Wen Wen; Jason Bennett Thatcher; Michael Chau; Susan Brown
This editorial is inspired by a growing concern within the information systems (IS) community that novelty has become a dominant criterion for publication, despite being unevenly interpreted and poorly specified. In our editorial experience, when authors are told that their papers lack novelty, they often receive little concrete guidance on what precisely counts as novelty, how it varies across paradigms, or how it should be balanced with rigor and relevance.
本社论受到信息系统（IS）领域日益增长的担忧的启发，即新颖性已成为发表的主要标准，尽管其解释不均一且定义模糊。在我们的社论经验中，当作者被告知他们的论文缺乏新颖性时，他们往往很少得到关于什么具体算作新颖性、如何在不同范式中体现新颖性，或如何将其与严谨性和相关性相平衡的具体指导。