近日，2025年诺贝尔经济学奖揭晓，授予乔尔·莫基尔（Joel Mokyr）、菲利普·阿吉翁（Philippe Aghion）和彼得·霍伊特（Peter Howitt），以表彰他们关于创新与“创造性破坏（creative destruction）”驱动经济增长的研究。
🤔️小作业：
1. The phrase “creative destruction” in the article is closest in meaning to:
A. A process where innovation continuously replaces outdated systems
B. A social collapse following industrial decline
C. An effort to control technological disruption
D. A temporary slowdown in economic productivity
无注释原文：
Trio win 2025 Nobel economics prize for work on innovation and 'creative destruction'
From: CNBC
Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt won the 2025 Nobel economics prize for their work on how innovation and the forces of “creative destruction” can drive economic growth, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said on Monday.
The prestigious award, formally known as the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, is the final prize to be given out this year and is worth 11 million Swedish crowns ($1.2 million). The prize winners' work explains how technology gives rise to new products and production methods which replace old ones, resulting in a better standard of living, health and quality of life for people around the globe, the Academy said.
“Over the last two centuries, for the first time in history, the world has seen sustained economic growth. This has lifted vast numbers of people out of poverty and laid the foundation of our prosperity,” the prize-awarding body said in a statement.
Economic growth is not guaranteed
The laureates have also shown that such progress cannot be taken for granted.
“Economic stagnation, not growth, has been the norm for most of human history. Their work shows that we must be aware of, and counteract, threats to continued growth,” the Academy said.
Mokyr is a professor at Northwestern University, in Evanston in the United States, while Aghion is professor at the College de France and INSEAD, in Paris, and at the London School of Economics and Political Science, in Britain.
Howitt is a professor at Brown University, in Providence in the United States.
Mokyr was awarded half the prize with the other half being shared between Aghion and Howitt.
“Joel Mokyr used historical observations to identify the factors necessary for sustained growth based on technological innovations,” John Hassler, member of the Nobel Committee, said.
“Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt produced a mathematical model of creative destruction, an endless process in which new and better products replace the old.”
Winner says Europe should learn from U.S. and China
Speaking by phone at the press conference, Aghion said he was “still speechless.”
“I did not expect it at all so I can't find the words to express what I feel,” he said. In pursuit of economic growth, Aghion called on Europe to learn from the U.S. and China, which he said have “found ways to reconcile competition and industrial policy.”
“In Europe, in the name of competition policy, we became very anti any form of industrial policy. I think we need to evolve on that and find ways to reconcile industrial policy in areas like defense, climate, AI, biotech, where we are very good, we have very good research there,” Aghion said.
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注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考
含注释全文：
Trio win 2025 Nobel economics prize for work on innovation and 'creative destruction'
From: CNBC
Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt won the 2025 Nobel economics prize for their work on how innovation and the forces of “creative destruction” can drive economic growth, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said on Monday.
瑞典皇家科学院10月13日宣布，将2025年诺贝尔经济学奖授予乔尔·莫基尔（Joel Mokyr）、菲利普·阿吉翁（Philippe Aghion）和彼得·霍伊特（Peter Howitt），以表彰他们关于创新与“创造性破坏（creative destruction）”驱动经济增长的研究。
The prestigious award, formally known as the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, is the final prize to be given out this year and is worth 11 million Swedish crowns ($1.2 million).
这项全称为“瑞典国家银行纪念阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔经济学奖”的荣誉，是本年度最后揭晓的诺贝尔奖项，奖金总额1100万瑞典克朗（约120万美元）。
prestigious
prestigious /presˈtɪdʒ.əs/ 表示“有威望的，有声望的，有威信的”，英文解释为“A prestigious institution, job, or activity is respected and admired by people.”举个🌰：It's one of the best equipped and most prestigious schools in the country. 它是该国设备最好、最有声望的学校之一。
crown
crown /kraʊn/ 作动词，1）表示“为…加冕”，英文解释为“to put a crown on the head of a new king or queen as a sign of royal power”举个🌰：Queen Elizabeth was crowned in 1952. 伊丽莎白女王于1952年加冕。
2）表示“（尤指通过增添成就、成功等）使圆满，使完美”，英文解释为“to make sth complete or perfect, especially by adding an achievement, a success, etc.”举个🌰：The award of the Nobel Prize has crowned a glorious career in physics. 荣获诺贝尔奖使其物理学研究的辉煌事业达到了顶点。
作名词，表示“王冠，皇冠；冕”，英文解释为“a circular decoration for the head, usually made of gold and jewels (= precious stones), and worn by a king or queen at official ceremonies”
📍crowning /ˈkraʊ.nɪŋ/ 表示“（事件，成就）最伟大的，最重要的”，英文解释为“A crowning event or achievement is the best or most important one.”如：the crowning achievement of her long career 她漫长职业生涯的最高成就。
kronor /'krəunə-ɔn:/ 克朗，瑞典货币单位。
“krona”和“kronor”都是瑞典货币瑞典克朗的名称，它们之间的区别在于单数和复数形式。Krona是单数形式。Kronor是复数形式。
此处，crowns拼错了吗？它指的并不是国王头上戴的“王冠”，而是特定的货币单位。在这个句子中，“crowns”指的是“瑞典克朗”。为什么会写成“crown”？在瑞典语中，“krona”这个词的本意就是“王冠”。当时为货币取名时，很多欧洲国家都用象征王权的“皇冠”来命名自己的货币，以体现权威性。所以，当把 “11 million Swedish kronor”翻译成英文时，有时会直接意译为“11 million Swedish crowns”，尤其是在非金融专业的新闻报道中，为了让读者更容易理解。更正式和通用的写法是使用“krona”或其货币代码“SEK”。
The prize winners' work explains how technology gives rise to new products and production methods which replace old ones, resulting in a better standard of living, health and quality of life for people around the globe, the Academy said.
瑞典皇家科学院指出，获奖者的研究阐释了技术如何催生新产品和新生产方式，进而取代旧体系，最终提升全球居民生活水平、健康保障与生活质量。
“Over the last two centuries, for the first time in history, the world has seen sustained economic growth. This has lifted vast numbers of people out of poverty and laid the foundation of our prosperity,” the prize-awarding body said in a statement.
瑞典皇家科学院在声明中指出：“过去两百年来，世界首次实现了持续经济增长。这一进程使大量人口脱贫，为当代繁荣奠定基础。”
sustained
sustained /səˈsteɪnd/ 1）表示“持续的，持久的”，英文解释为“continuing for a long time”举个🌰：His speech was greeted by sustained applause. 他的演讲博得了经久不息的掌声。
2）表示“坚定的，坚持不懈的”（determined），2020年政府工作报告Part 10中提到：持续打造市场化、法治化、国际化营商环境 make sustained efforts to create a market-oriented, law-based, and internationalized business environment.
prosperity
prosperity /prɒsˈper.ə.ti/ 表示“成功；（尤指经济上的）繁荣，昌盛”，英文解释为“the state of being successful and having a lot of money”举个🌰：A country's future prosperity depends, to an extent, upon the quality of education of its people. 一个国家未来的繁荣昌盛在一定程度上取决于国民的教育质量。
Economic growth is not guaranteed 经济增长并非必然
The laureates have also shown that such progress cannot be taken for granted.
获奖者还揭示了这种发展进程并非理所当然。
take sth for granted
take sth for granted 表示“认为…是理所当然的”，英文解释为“to believe something to be the truth without even thinking about it”举个🌰：I didn't realize that she hadn't been to college - I suppose I just took it for granted. 我不知道她没上大学——我只是想当然地认为她上过了。
“Economic stagnation, not growth, has been the norm for most of human history. Their work shows that we must be aware of, and counteract, threats to continued growth,” the Academy said.
“在人类历史长河中，经济停滞才是常态。他们的研究表明，我们必须警惕并抵制对持续增长构成的威胁，”瑞典皇家科学院指出。
stagnation
stagnation /stæɡˈneɪ.ʃən/ 1）表示“萧条”，英文解释为“a situation in which something stays the same and does not grow and develop”如：economic stagnation 经济萧条。
2）表示“（液体、气体）不流动，停滞”，英文解释为“a situation in which a liquid or air does not move or flow”举个🌰：The black colour of the water is due to stagnation. 水变成黑色是因为水流停滞造成的。
counteract
counteract /ˌkaʊn.tərˈækt/ 表示“抵消；对抗；减少”，英文解释为“to reduce or remove the effect of something unwanted by producing an opposite effect”举个🌰：Drinking a lot of water counteracts the dehydrating effects of hot weather. 大量饮水可缓解炎热天气引起的脱水。
📺美剧《绝命毒师》（Breaking Bad）中的台词提到：Although, we'll prescribe an anti-emetic and try to counteract that. 不过我们会开些止吐剂 帮助缓解症状。
Mokyr is a professor at Northwestern University, in Evanston in the United States, while Aghion is professor at the College de France and INSEAD, in Paris, and at the London School of Economics and Political Science, in Britain.
莫基尔是美国埃文斯顿西北大学教授，阿吉翁则任职于巴黎法兰西公学院、欧洲工商管理学院（INSEAD）及伦敦政治经济学院（LSE）。
Howitt is a professor at Brown University, in Providence in the United States.
而霍伊特是美国普罗维登斯布朗大学教授。
Mokyr was awarded half the prize with the other half being shared between Aghion and Howitt.
奖金分配方案为莫基尔独得半数，阿吉翁与霍伊特平分另外半数。
“Joel Mokyr used historical observations to identify the factors necessary for sustained growth based on technological innovations,” John Hassler, member of the Nobel Committee, said.
诺贝尔委员会成员约翰·哈斯勒解读道：“乔尔·莫基尔通过历史观察，揭示了技术创新驱动持续增长的必要条件。”
“Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt produced a mathematical model of creative destruction, an endless process in which new and better products replace the old.”
“阿吉翁与霍伊特则构建了'创造性破坏'的数学模型，精准刻画了优质创新产品不断淘汰旧产品的动态过程。”
Speaking by phone at the press conference, Aghion said he was “still speechless.”
在新闻发布会电话连线中，阿吉翁坦言“还说不出话来。”
“I did not expect it at all so I can't find the words to express what I feel,” he said.
"我完全没预料到获奖，此刻心情难以言表，"他说。
In pursuit of economic growth, Aghion called on Europe to learn from the U.S. and China, which he said have “found ways to reconcile competition and industrial policy.”
在追求经济增长方面，阿吉翁敦促欧洲学习中美经验，指出“这两国成功探索出竞争政策与产业政策的协同路径。”
reconcile
reconcile /ˈrek.ən.saɪl/ 表示“调和；调解；使一致”，英文解释为“to find a way in which two situations or beliefs that are opposed to each other can agree and exist together”举个🌰：It is sometimes difficult to reconcile science and religion. 有时很难调和宗教和科学之间的矛盾。
“In Europe, in the name of competition policy, we became very anti any form of industrial policy. I think we need to evolve on that and find ways to reconcile industrial policy in areas like defense, climate, AI, biotech, where we are very good, we have very good research there,” Aghion said.
“欧洲过去片面强调竞争政策，盲目排斥所有产业政策。现在亟需转变思维，在国防、气候、人工智能、生物技术等优势领域探索产业政策与市场竞争的协同路径，这些领域我们拥有扎实的研究基础。”阿吉翁建议。
evolve
evolve /ɪˈvɒlv/ 表示“（使）逐渐形成，逐步发展，逐渐演变，进化”，英文解释为“to develop gradually, especially from a simple to a more complicated form; to develop sth in this way”举个🌰：The company has evolved into a major chemical manufacturer. 这家公司已逐步发展成一个主要的化工厂。
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