英语阅读训练13：中国文化概况（Overview）XIII Modern Period
The Opium War(鸦片战争)was the turning point in Chinese history which marked the close of the ancient period and the beginning of the modern history. From 1840 on, imperialists made continuous inroads(侵犯)into China, and China gradually became a country of semi-feudal, semi-colonial status.
鸦片战争是中国历史的转折点，它标志着古代时期的结束和现代时期的开始，从1840年开始，帝国主义者对中国进行了持续的侵略，中国逐渐成为了半殖民地半封建社会。
The Qing dynasty, the last of China's feudal dynasties, was finally overthrown by the Revolution of 1911 led by Sun Yat-sen(1866—1925). One year later, the Republic of China(中华民国)was founded under his leadership.
中国最后一个封建王朝——清朝，最终被孙中山（1866-1925）领导的辛亥革命所推翻，一年后，在他的领导下成立了中华民国。
Sun Yat-sen：a Chinese political leader who established the Kuomintang Party in China, and helped to remove the last Qing dynasty emperor from power. He became the first president of the newly founded Republic ofChina in 1912.
孙中山，中国政治家，在中国创立了KMT，领导了推翻末代清朝皇帝的运动。他于1912年任新成立的中华民国的开国大总统。
With the introduction of Marxism and Leninism into China and under the influence of the October Revolution in Russia, the 4 MayMovement broke out in 1919, and in 1921 the CPC was founded, thus beginning a new period in Chinese history. After the anti-Japanese War and the Liberation War, the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949.
随着马列主义的传入和俄国十月革命的影响，1919年中国爆发了五四运动，1921年中国共产党的成立，开辟了中国历史的新纪元。在抗日战争和解放战争结束后，1949年中华人民共和国成立了。
【句子1】The Opium War(鸦片战争)was the turning point in Chinese history which marked the close of the ancient period and the beginning of the modern history. From 1840 on, imperialists made continuous inroads(侵犯)into China, and China gradually became a country of semi-feudal, semi-colonial status.
原句：...was the turning point in Chinese history which marked the close of the ancient period and the beginning of the modern history.
分析：which 引导的定语从句对先行词 the turning point 进行解释和定义，具体说明这个“转折点”的意义是什么，“名词 + which + 定义”的结构是下定义和进行详细说明的黄金句型。
仿写：The invention of the Internet was a technological revolution which has fundamentally changed the way people communicate and access information. （互联网的发明是一场技术革命，它从根本上改变了人们交流和获取信息的方式。）
2、From... on 时间状语（表起始点与持续性）
原句：From 1840 on, imperialists made continuous inroads into China...
分析：From [时间点] on 表示“从...开始”，强调一个起始点及其之后的持续状态。它比单纯的 after 或 since 更能体现历史的延续性。
仿写：From that day on, he made up his mind to study abroad. （从那天起，他下定决心要出国留学。）
the turning point：转折点（历史类话题超高频核心词）
mark the close/beginning of...：标志着...的结束/开始（mark 是高端动词）
make (continuous) inroads into：（不断）侵入，进军（固定搭配）
From [时间点] on：从...开始（强调起始点及后续持续性）
【句子2】The Qing dynasty, the last of China's feudal dynasties, was finally overthrown by the Revolution of 1911 led by Sun Yat-sen(1866—1925). One year later, the Republic of China(中华民国)was founded under his leadership.Sun Yat-sen：a Chinese political leader who established the Kuomintang Party in China, and helped to remove the last Qing dynasty emperor from power. He became the first president of the newly founded Republic ofChina in 1912.
1、同位语 (the last of China's feudal dynasties)
原句：The Qing dynasty, the last of China's feudal dynasties, was finally overthrown...
分析：名词短语 the last of China's feudal dynasties 是主语 The Qing dynasty 的同位语，对它进行解释和说明，避免使用 which was 从句的冗长。
仿写：WeChat, a ubiquitous social media app in China, has changed how people communicate. （微信，一款在中国无处不在的社交媒体应用，改变了人们的交流方式。）
2、过去分词短语作后置定语 (led by Sun Yat-sen)
原句：...the Revolution of 1911 led by Sun Yat-sen...
分析：过去分词短语 led by Sun Yat-sen 作后置定语，修饰 the Revolution of 1911，相当于定语从句 which was led by Sun Yat-sen。
仿写：The project, completed ahead of schedule, was a great success. （这个提前完成的项目取得了巨大成功。）
3、was founded under his leadership 被动语态与抽象名词
原句：...the Republic of China was founded under his leadership.分析：被动语态 was founded 强调动作本身而非主语。under his leadership (在他的领导下) 是一个地道的介词短语，使用抽象名词 leadership，比 he led the founding of... 更正式。
仿写：The policy was implemented under the guidance of experts. （这项政策是在专家的指导下实施的。）
4、who 引导的定语从句（用于提供人物背景）
原句：Sun Yat-sen: a Chinese political leader who established the Kuomintang Party...
分析：who 引导的定语从句是介绍人物生平、成就和特征的最常用句式，可以将大量相关信息整合在一个句子里，逻辑清晰。仿写：Marie Curie was a brilliant scientist who discovered radium and won two Nobel Prizes. (居里夫人是一位杰出的科学家，她发现了镭元素并两次获得诺贝尔奖。)
5、 核心词汇与搭配
1. 历史词汇
feudal dynasties：封建王朝
be overthrown by：被...推翻 (overthrow 的过去分词)
Revolution：革命 (注意大写特指某一事件)
be founded：被建立 (found 的过去分词)
remove from power：推翻...的权力
2. 政治词汇
political leader：政治领袖
establish a party：建立一个政党
under one's leadership：在某人的领导下
president：总统
3. 时间与背景短语
the last of：最后一个...
one year later：一年后
【句子3】With the introduction of Marxism and Leninism into China and under the influence of the October Revolution in Russia, the 4 May Movement broke out in 1919, and in 1921 the CPC was founded, thus beginning a new period in Chinese history. After the anti-Japanese War and the Liberation War, the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949.
1、With... and under... 复合介词短语作原因状语
原句：With the introduction of... and under the influence of..., the 4 May Movement broke out...
分析：With... 和 under... 两个介词短语并列，共同构成一个长长的原因状语，清晰地说明了“五四运动”爆发的两大历史背景（马克思主义的引入和十月革命的影响）。
仿写：With the development of AI and under the pressure of market competition, many industries are undergoing transformation. （在人工智能的发展和市场竞争的压力下，许多行业正在经历转型。）
2、thus beginning... 现在分词短语作结果状语
原句：...the CPC was founded, thus beginning a new period in Chinese history.
分析：现在分词短语 thus beginning... 用在主句之后，自然地表示主句动作（中国共产党成立）所带来的历史性结果。thus（因此）一词明确了这种因果关系，使表达非常紧凑和有力。
仿写：He passed all his exams with high scores, thus fulfilling his dream of studying abroad. （他以高分通过了所有考试，从而实现了出国留学的梦想。）
3、After..., ... was founded 时间状语与被动语态
原句：After the anti-Japanese War and the Liberation War, the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949.
分析：After... 时间状语简要概括了历程。被动语态 was founded 专注于事件本身（新中国成立）及其时间（1949），这是陈述历史事实的常用客观写法。
仿写：After years of research and experimentation, a new vaccine was finally developed. （经过多年的研究和实验，一种新疫苗终于被研发出来。）
4、 核心词汇与搭配
1. 思想与运动核心词
the introduction of Marxism and Leninism：马克思主义和列宁主义的传入 (introduction 此处意为“引入、传入”)
under the influence of：在...的影响下 (比 influenced by 更强调状态)
the October Revolution：十月革命 (专有名词，注意大写)
break out：(战争、运动等) 爆发 (不及物动词短语，主语是事件本身)
2. 政党与建国词汇
the CPC (the Communist Party of China)：中国共产党 (最重要的专有名词缩写，必须掌握)
be founded：被建立 (found 的过去分词)
the anti-Japanese War：抗日战争（新称法为“the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression”）
the Liberation War：解放战争
the People's Republic of China (PRC)：中华人民共和国 (全称和缩写都要记住)
3. 逻辑与结构词汇
thus：因此，从而 (表示结果，非常正式)
begin a new period：开启一个新的时期
缺乏自我价值感是不爱自己的另一种表现。——露易丝·海《生命的重建》
剧照｜拾荒者统治 Scavengers Reign
