发票是一种交易凭证,证明交易的存在。发票主要是公司做账的依据,同时也是缴税的费用凭证。

根据剑桥词典对“invoice”的解释:a list of things provided or work done together with their cost, for payment at a later time,从意义上更侧重于“(供之后支付的)费用清单”,即已供应的货物或已完成的工作的清单,显示需要支付多少钱。
通俗点来讲,卖家向买家开出invoice后,上面会有购物详细,比如数量价格等,买家按照上面的金额付款。
Invoices must be submitted by the 24th of every month.
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别人给你开发票,意味着你已经付款了,是一种付款凭证。
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别人给你开invoice,意味着你该付款了,是一种账单。
和invoice意思相近的词是bill,其含义是a request for payment of money owed, or the piece of paper on which it is written,即“账单”。我们在餐厅吃完饭,服务员递上来的账单就叫bill。
They sent us a bill for the work they had done.
They asked the waitress for the bill.

在剑桥词典中,“receipt”的词义是“a piece of paper that proves that money, goods, or information have been received”,即“收据,收条”。
Make sure you are given a receipt for everything you buy.
其实,receipt和中文的“发票”意思已经很相近了,都是用来证明已经付过钱的票据,在国外,出示商家提供的receipt是可以报销的,甚至手写的收据经过签名也可以报销,不需要经过税务局。
在中国,除了拿receipt外,还要多拿一样东西,就是发票。因为receipt很容易造假,只有统一用税务局监制的发票,才能作为记账凭证。
所以,receipt≠发票。
口语里和receipt接近的词是ticket,其含义是“a small piece of paper or card given to someone, usually to show that they have paid for an event, journey, or activity”,即“购物小票”。
It's more than my job's worth to let you in without a ticket.
在一位网友的英文版微信中,发现这样一行标题“My Fapiao Title”~
此处的“Fapiao”指的就是“发票”。国外并没有“发票”这样的东西,所以将其直译还是比较合适的,经常到中国做生意的外国朋友,都知道Fapiao这个概念。
国外网站是这样介绍中国“发票”的↓
A fapiao is an official invoice issued by the Chinese Tax Bureau (but provided by the seller) for any goods or services purchased within the country. The Chinese government uses these invoices to track tax payments and deter tax evasion.
发票是中国税务局核发(卖家提供)的正式的凭证,用来证明任何在中国购买的商品和服务。中国政府使用这样的费用清单来追踪纳税情况和制止逃税。
Would you make out a fapiao for me?
Please give me the name of the payee on your fapiao.
Please keep your change and your fapiao.
expense 费用
reimbursement/Claim 报销
budget 预算
funding 机构提供的资金支持
bank account 银行账号
balance 余额
savings 存款
bond 债券
deposit 存钱
withdraw 取钱
transfer 转账
branch 银行支行
mobile banking 手机银行
mobile payment 手机支付
transaction 交易
charge 要价,开价
voucher 代金券、购物券
foreign currency 外币
exchange rate 汇率
outstanding debts 拖欠债款
chit 欠账字据
immediate payment 立即支付
counterfoil (票、支票等的)存根,票根
payslip 工资单,工资条
the tab (待付的)账单,账款
toll (道路、桥梁等的)通行费
本文综编自网络,参考来源:知乎、China Daily、普特英语听力网、Cambridge Dictionary、《牛津词典》