2023年全国乙卷
第二部分 阅读理解(共两节，满分40分)
第一节(共15小题;每小题2分，满分30分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
PRACTITIONERS
行医者
Jacqueline Felice de Almania (c.1322) highlights the suspicion that women practicing medicine faced. Born to a Jewish family in Florence, she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery. In 1322 she was tried for practicing unlawfully. In spite of the court hearing testimonials (证明) of her ability as a doctor, she was banned from medicine. 杰奎琳·菲利斯·德·阿尔马尼亚(约1322年)强调了行医的妇女所面临的怀疑。出生于佛罗伦萨的一个犹太家庭，她搬到了巴黎，在那里她成为了一名内科医生并进行外科手术。1322年，她因非法行医而受到审判。尽管法庭听取了证词，她仍被禁止行医。 |
James Barry (c.1789 — 1865) was born Margaret Bulkley in Ireland but, dressed as a man, she was accepted by Edinburgh University to study medicine. She qualified as a surgeon in 1813, then joined the British Army, serving overseas. Barry retired in 1859, having practiced her entire medical profession living and working as a man. 詹姆斯·巴里(约1789 — 1865)出生于爱尔兰，原名玛格丽特·巴克利，但她打扮成男人，被爱丁堡大学录取学医。她在1813年取得了外科医生的资格，然后加入了英国军队，在海外服役。巴里在1859年退休，她已经作为一个男人实践了她的整个医疗职业生活和工作。 |
Tan Yunxian (1461 — 1554) was a Chinese physician who learned her skills from her grandparents. Chinese women at the time could not serve apprenticeships (学徒期) with doctors. However, Tan passed the official exam. Tan treated women from all walks of life. In 1511, Tan wrote a book, Sayings of a Female Doctor, describing her life as a physician. 谭允贤(1461 — 1554)是一位中国医生，她的医术是从她的祖父母那里学来的。当时的中国女性不能当学徒和医生在一起。然而，谭通过了正式考试。谭为各行各业的妇女看病。1511年，谭写了一本名为《女医生语录》的书，描述了她的医生生涯。 |
Rebecca Lee Crumpler (1831 — 1895) worked as a nurse for eight years before studying in medical college in Boston in 1860. Four years later, she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree. She moved to Virginia in 1865, where she provided medical care to freed slaves. 丽贝卡·李·克伦普勒(1831 — 1895)在1860年去波士顿医学院学习之前做了八年护士。四年后，她成为第一位获得医学学位的非裔美国女性。她于1865年搬到弗吉尼亚，在那里她为获得自由的奴隶提供医疗服务。 |
21. What did Jacqueline and James have in common?
杰奎琳和詹姆斯有什么共同点？
A. Doing teaching jobs.
做教学工作。
B. Being hired as physicians.
被聘为医师。
C. Performing surgery.
做手术。
D. Being banned from medicine.
被禁止用药。
【答案】 C
22. How was Tan Yunxian different from the other practitioners?
谭允贤和其他行医者有什么不同？
A. She wrote a book.
她写了本书。
B. She went through trials.
她经历了考验。
C. She worked as a dentist.
她是一名牙医。
D. She had formal education.
她受过正规教育。
【答案】 A
23. Who was the first African American with a medical degree?
谁是第一个获得医学学位的非裔美国人？
A. Jacqueline Felice de Almania.
杰奎琳·菲利斯·德·阿尔马尼亚。
B. Tan Yunxian.
谭允贤。
C. James Barry.
詹姆斯·巴里。
D. Rebecca Lee Crumpler.
丽贝卡·李·克伦普勒。
【答案】 D
B
Living in Iowa and trying to become a photographer specializing in landscape (风景) can be quite a challenge, mainly because the corn state lacks geographical variation.
住在爱荷华州，并试图成为一名专门从事风景摄影的摄影师可能是一个相当大的挑战，主要是因为这个盛产玉米的州缺乏地理差异。
Although landscapes in the Midwest tend to be quite similar, either farm fields or highways, sometimes I find distinctive character in the hills or lakes. To make some of my landscape shots, I have traveled up to four hours away to shoot within a 10-minute time frame. I tend to travel with a few of my friends to state parks or to the countryside to go on adventures and take photos along the way.
尽管中西部的风景往往十分相似，不是农田就是公路，但有时我会在丘陵或湖泊中发现与众不同的特点。为了拍摄一些风景照片，我走了长达四个小时的路，拍摄时间却不超过十分钟。我倾向于和我的几个朋友去州立公园或乡下旅行、去探险，并沿途拍照。
distinctive adj.独特的
frame n.框架；画面
Being at the right place at the right time is decisive in any style of photography. I often leave early to seek the right destinations so I can set up early to avoid missing the moment I am attempting to photograph. I have missed plenty of beautiful sunsets/sunrises due to being on the spot only five minutes before the best moment.
在任何摄影风格中，在正确的时间出现在正确的地点是关键的。我经常很早就离开去寻找合适的目的地，这样我就可以早点准备好，以免错过我试图拍摄的时刻。我错过了许多美丽的日落/日出，因为在最佳时刻前五分钟才到达现场。
decisive adj.决定性的；关键的；果断的
One time my friends and I drove three hours to Devil’s Lake, Wisconsin, to climb the purple quartz (石英) rock around the lake. After we found a crazy-looking road that hung over a bunch of rocks, we decided to photograph the scene at sunset. The position enabled us to look over the lake with the sunset in the background. We managed to leave this spot to climb higher because of the spare time until sunset. However, we did not mark the route (路线) so we ended up almost missing the sunset entirely. Once we found the place, it was stressful getting lights and cameras set up in the limited time. Still, looking back on the photos, they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely.
有一次我和我的朋友开了三个小时的车，到威斯康辛州的魔鬼湖，去爬紫色石英湖边的岩石。我们发现一条看起来很疯狂的道路从岩石上垂下，我们即决定在日落时拍摄这个场景。这个位置使我们能以落日为背景俯瞰湖面。因为到日落前还有时间，我们又离开了这个地方爬到更高处。但是，我们没有标记路线所以我们最终几乎完全错过了日落。当我们找回到这个地方时，在有限的时间内安装灯光和摄像机就变得很有压力。尽管如此，回过头来看这些照片，它们是我最好的一些照片。当然，如果我有所准备并明智地管理我的时间，它们也许会更好。
24. How does the author deal with the challenge as a landscape photographer in the Midwest?
作为中西部的风景摄影师，作者是如何应对挑战的？
A. By teaming up with other photographers.
通过与其他摄影师合作。
B. By shooting in the countryside or state parks.
在乡村或州立公园拍摄。
C. By studying the geographical conditions.
通过研究地理条件。
D. By creating settings in the corn fields.
通过在玉米田里创造场景。
【答案】 B
25. What is the key to successful landscape photography according to the author?
根据作者所说，成功的风景摄影的关键是什么？
A. Proper time management.
适当的时间管理。
B. Good shooting techniques.
良好的拍摄技术。
C. Adventurous spirit.
冒险精神。
D. Distinctive styles.
独特的风格。
【答案】 A
26. What can we infer from the author’s trip with friends to Devil’s Lake?
从作者和朋友去魔鬼湖的旅行中我们可以推断出什么？
A. They went crazy with the purple quartz rock.
他们对紫色石英石着了迷。
B. They felt stressed while waiting for the sunset.
他们在等待日落时感到紧张。
C. They reached the shooting spot later than expected.
他们到达拍摄地点的时间比预期的要晚。
D. They had problems with their equipment.
他们的设备出了问题。
【答案】 C
27. How does the author find his photos taken at Devil’s Lake?
作者如何看待他在魔鬼湖拍的照片？
A. Amusing.
有趣。
B. Satisfying.
令人满意。
C. Encouraging.
令人鼓舞。
D. Comforting.
令人欣慰。
【答案】 B
C
What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.
当你想到英国食物时，你会想到什么？可能是鱼和薯条，或者是周日晚餐的肉和两种蔬菜。但是英国菜真的这么没意思吗？尽管英国的烹饪名声不太好，但它在出产很多顶级的厨师，他们经常出现在我们的电视屏幕上，他们的食谱经常在畅销书排行榜上名列前茅。
cuisine n.烹饪；菜系
recipe n. 烹饪法；食谱
It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking.
多亏了这些电视厨师，而不是任何广告宣传，英国人正在远离肉、蔬菜和现成的食物，在烹饪习惯上变得更加大胆。据最近报道，坚持传统饮食的人数正在缓慢下降，大约一半的英国消费者希望以某种方式改变或改善他们的烹饪方法。申请英国大学和学院食品课程的学生人数有所上升。电视节目似乎帮助改变了人们对烹饪的看法。
adventurous adj.勇于冒险的
According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.
根据市场分析师的一项新研究，五分之一的英国人表示，观看电视烹饪节目促使他们尝试不同的食物。几乎三分之一的人说他们现在使用更多种多样的配料；不到四分之一的人说，他们现在购买的食材质量比以前更好。四分之一的成年人表示，电视上的厨师让他们对拓展学习烹饪知识和技能更有信心，年轻人也对烹饪越来越感兴趣。英国对食物的执念是通过电视时间表反映出来的。烹饪节目和关于食物的纪录片比以前播出得更多了。随着电视上的男厨师越来越多，男生喜欢烹饪不再是“不酷”了。
documentary n.纪录片
28. What do people usually think of British food?
人们通常对英国食物有什么看法？
A. It is simple and plain.
它简单明了。
B. It is rich in nutrition.
它富含营养。
C. It lacks authentic tastes.
它缺乏真正的味道。
D. It deserves a high reputation.
它应该享有很高的声誉。
【答案】 A
29. Which best describes cookery programme on British TV?
哪个最能描述英国电视上的烹饪节目？
A. Authoritative.
权威。
B. Creative.
有创意。
C. Profitable.
盈利。
D. Influential.
有影响力。
【答案】 D
30. Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now?
现在使用更多不同配料的人的比例是多少？
A. 20%.
B. 24%.
C. 25%.
D. 33%.
【答案】 D
31. What might the author continue talking about?
作者可能会继续谈论什么？
A. The art of cooking in other countries.
其他国家的烹饪艺术。
B. Male chefs on TV programmes.
电视节目中的男厨师。
C. Table manners in the UK.
英国的餐桌礼仪。
D. Studies of big eaters.
对大食者的研究。
【答案】 B
D
If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一个不专属于某一阶段人类的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文字，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。书写是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物品来记录他们所在乎的事情。
privilege v.授予特权
humanity n.人类；人性
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
理想情况下，历史应该将文本和实物结合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。在有文字和无文字的历史中，最明显的例子可能是第一次冲突——在植物学湾，库克船长的航行和澳大利亚土著之间的冲突。在英国方面，我们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只有一个木制盾牌，这是一名男子第一次经历枪击后，在奔跑中扔下的。如果我们想要重现那天发生的事情，就必须像书面报告一样深入和严格地质疑和解释盾牌。
in flight 飞行着；奔跑中
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
除了双方误解的问题外，还有一些是意外或故意歪曲的胜利，特别是当只有胜利者才知道如何书写的时候。那些失败的人往往只有他们的东西来讲述他们的故事。加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印加人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最有力的成就：通过物品讲述的历史，给了他们一次发言权。当我们探讨诸如此类的有文字社会和无文字社会之间的接触时，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一方。如果我们要找到对话的另一方，我们不仅要读文本，还要读实物。
miscomprehension n.误解
twist v.扭曲
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
第一段的主要内容是什么?
A. How past events should be presented.
过去的事件应该如何呈现。
B. What humanity is concerned about.
人类关心的是什么。
C. Whether facts speak louder than words.
事实是否胜于雄辩。
D. Why written language is reliable.
为什么书面语言是可靠的。
【答案】 A
33. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2?
作者在第二段提到库克船长是什么意思?
A. His report was scientific.
他的报告是科学的。
B. He represented the local people.
他代表当地人民。
C. He ruled over Botany Bay.
他统治植物学湾。
D. His record was one-sided.
他的记录是片面的。
【答案】 D
34. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to?
第三段中划线的“对话”指的是什么?
A. Problem.
问题。
B. History.
历史
C. Voice.
声音。
D. Society.
社会。
【答案】 B
35. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from?
本文最有可能出自下列哪一本书?
A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World
《地图如何讲述世界的故事》
B. A Short History of Australia
《澳大利亚简史》
C. A History of the World in 100 Objects
《100件物品中的世界史》
D. How Art Works Tell Stories
《艺术作品如何讲述故事》
【答案】 C
