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一、常见商业合同词汇总结
1. 公司印章(Company seal) - 代表着公司的官方印鉴,并常需要公司两名高级职员的签名。自1989年以来,企业已经可以通过两个签名(董事或公司秘书)加上正式声明来表示协议达成,不必使用印章。但是,有些公司仍然喜欢使用印章,并且公司的章程高于法律,可以要求使用印章。
例句:
For foreign insurance companies, only signatures of the aforesaid senior management and company seal are required other than the signature of the board chairman.
外国保险公司分公司只需要上述高级管理人员的签名及公司的印章,不需要董事长的签名。
2. 商标(Trademark) - 受法律保护的注册名称或标志。商标必须通过专利局授予。
例句:
Please identify the registered trademark.
请认明注册商标。
3. 合并(Incorporate) - 指两家以上的公司依契约或法令归并为一个公司的行为。公司合并包括吸收合并和创新合并两种形式:前者是指两个以上的公司合并中,其中一个公司因吸收了其他公司而成为存续公司的合并形式,后者是指两个或两个以上的公司通过合并创建了一个新的公司。
例句:
We had to incorporate for a company for tax reasons.
鉴于税务原因,我们得组成公司。
4. 合资企业(Joint venture) - 企业中两个或多个独立企业之间的协议,他们将共享创业所产生的成本,管理,利润或利益。确切的股份和责任将在合营协议中列明。
例句:
I would also receive joint venture offers or requests in the email.
在电子邮件里,我也会收到一些联合企业的提供和要求。
5. 母公司(Parent company) - 一家公司拥有另一家公司50%以上的表决权,前者称为母公司,后者则成为其子公司。母公司也可以在不到50%的情况下控制子公司的董事会:即有权在不参考其他股东意见的情况下委任和解聘董事。
例句:
Earlier this year, the family transferred the parent company shareholding to a new company registered in Delaware, which requires disclosure of only the bare minimum of corporate information.
同年早些时候,该家族把其母公司股权转让给了美国特拉华州一家新成立的公司,并要求只能最低限额地披露公司信息。
6. 伙伴关系(Partnership) - 由两个或两个以上的合伙人订立合伙协议,为经营共同事业,共同出资、合伙经营、共享收益、共担风险的营利性组织。
例句:
In the past, she had employee and partnership problems.
她过去曾遇到过员工以及合伙问题。
7. 注册办事处(Registered Office) - 是指公司在公司管理部门所注册的办公地址,该地址收到的任何文件,均视为法律意义上的送达。
例句:
The place of performance shall be the Buyer's registered office. A different place of performance may be agreed for delivery.合同履行地点应当为买方的注册办公所在地。可以另行约定交付地点。
8. 特许经营(Franchising) - 指特许经营权拥有者以合同约定的形式,允许被特许经营者使用其产品和服务的商业经营模式。例如,大多数汽车制造商将特许经营权卖给当地的汽车修理厂,然后它们再用制造商的品牌进行运营。
例句:
Franchising is a great way to expand your business in China, but you have to do it right.在中国,特许经营是扩大业务的好办法,但做起来需要正确的方法。
9. 持续经营(Going concern) - 财务会计的基本假设或基本前提之一,是指企业的生产经营活动将按照既定的目标持续下去,在可以预见的将来,不会面临破产清算。
例句:
The shareholders argue that the bank was a going concern and had a strong asset base, albeit hit by short-term liquidity problems.股东们认为,银行是连续经营的企业,有着强大的资产基础,尽管会遭受短期流动性问题。
10. 清算(Liquidation) - 指在公司解散时,对公司未了结的业务、财产及债权债务关系等进行清理、处分的行为和程序。这通常发生在业务无力偿债(insolvent)的情况下。
例句:
The social and economic consequences if they end up in liquidation would be grave, he says.他说,如果它们以清算结束,其社会和经济影响将是巨大的。
11. 消费者(Consumer) - 购买商品或服务但不属于其业务范围的人。当合同与其业务无关时,一个公司也可以成为消费者,特别是为其所属员工购买商品或服务。慈善机构也可以被视为消费者。
例句:
So much of that depends on the consumer.这在很大程度上依赖于消费者。
12. 代理人(Agent) - 被指定代表另一人即委托人(principal)的人。代理人的权力大小取决于委托人与代理人之间签订的协议。但除非另有说明,否则第三方可以认为代理人有全权处理问题的权力。
例句:
I empower my agent to make the deal for me.我授权我的代理人处理此项交易。
13. 非执行董事(Non-executive director) - 不直接为公司工作但向其他董事提供意见的董事。非执行董事具有任何其他董事的全部权力和权威,并可代表公司洽谈合同。
例句:
I am also a non-executive director of a company that is faring still worse.
我还是另一家公司的非执行董事,那家公司情况更糟。
14. 代理人/委托人(Proxy) - 代表另一人为特定目的行事的人。在公司中,股东可以委任代理人出席会议并代表他们投票。
例句:It's Goodbody that they're dealing with, although they have ways of--for a proxy and they have ways of finding out who's who.与他们打交道的是古德巴迪,古德巴迪是代理商而已,而公司有多种方式查出投资者是谁。
15. 承销商/担保人(Underwriter) - 签署合同的一方。现在通常只适用于保险合同,在保险合同中,保险人同意承担全部或部分风险,以换取保险费。
例句:Depending on whether an operation is invoked by the customer or by the underwriter, the returned behavior may be quite different.根据某个操作是由客户还是由担保人调用的,所返回的行为可能会有很大不同。
16. 发盘/要约(Offer) - 一方当事人以缔结合同为目的,向对方当事人提出合同条件,希望对方当事人接受的意思表示。它必须能够被接受(其中不应包含任何不可能的条件),也必须是完整的(不需要更多补充的信息),而且不能仅是广告。
例句:
Since I wrote to you a few days ago, there has been an important development as regards the offer I then made you.数日前写给贵公司的信谅已收到, 前函的发盘现又有重要进展。
17. 接受(Acceptance) - 指受盘人必须无条件地同意发盘(offer)的条件,也表明了合同的成立。在接受之前,任何发盘都可以撤销,但一旦接受,合同对双方均具有约束力。并且还盘(counter offer)中的任何条件(conditions)另一方必须接受。
例句:
An acceptance is a statement made by the offeree indicating assent to an offer.接受是指受盘人在发盘有效期内无条件同意发盘的全部内容。
18. 对价(Consideration) - 指一方为换取另一方做某事而承诺向另一方支付的金钱代价或得到该种承诺的承诺,即当事人在获得某种利益时,必须给予对方相应的代价。
例句:
Formal contracts do not have to possess consideration.正式合同并非必须有对价。
19. 交易条款/合同生效条件(Conditions) - 合同中的主要条款。交易条款是合同的基础,如果其中一个没有达到,则违反了合同。这与另一种交易术语特约条款(warranties)相反,特约条款相对来说不是很重要,通常也不会导致违约,但是要调整价格或支付赔偿金。
例句:
On what terms and conditions?条款与条件又是什么?
20. 担保条款(Warranties) - 在合同中作出的承诺,但不是合同生效条件。如果合同任何一方违反了他的担保责任,那么另外一方可以主张其赔偿损失,但不属于违反合同。而违反了合同生效条件(condition),则确实违反了合同。
例句:
All parts of this Agreement relating to liability and its limitations, warranties, indemnities and confidentiality shall survive expiration and termination of this Agreement.所有本协议中有关责任、限制,担保、赔偿和保密的部分应在本协议过期和终止后继续有效。
21. 限制性条款(Restrictive covenant) - 通常被包含于长期合同和雇佣合同中,以阻止双方在协议期间以及此后的一段时间内与竞争对手合作。但是,除非经过仔细的书面记录,法院将会把它们看作是贸易约束,而不会强制执行。
例句:
If the employer fails to pay compensation to the employee upon termination of the employment contract, the non-competition restrictive covenant shall become invalid.假如雇主在终止劳动合同后不向雇员支付补偿金,则有关的竞业禁止限制契诺将会失效。
22. 不平等条款(Unfair terms) - 一些条款因立法而变得不公平,并且不会被法院强制执行。该法案主要保护消费者,但也适用于企业对企业(business-to-business)的合同,当其中一方比另一方强大得多。
例句:
There is both European and English legislation, and you can't have unfair terms and conditions.在欧洲和英国都有法律规定,你不能有这种不平等的条款。
23. 除外责任条款(Exclusion clauses) - 指当事人约定的用以免除或限制其未来合同责任的条款。就其本意讲是指合同中双方当事人在订立合同或格式合同提供者提供格式合同时,为免除或限制一方或者双方当事人责任而设立的条款。
例句:
Which patterns can we adopt to regulate exclusion clauses?除外责任条款规制有哪些模式呢?
24. 免责条款(Exemption clauses) - 限制攥写合同一方的责任的合同条款。广义的免责条款不仅包括完全免除当事人责任的条款,也包括限制当事人责任的条款。
例句:
Fourth, The defenses may be objectively justified , analysis in light of EC competition law and the principle of reasonable exemption clause.四是可能的正当理由抗辩,结合欧共体竞争法中的合理原则和豁免条款进行分析。
25. 明示条款(Express terms) - 合同中实际声明的条款。可以是书面条款,也可以是在合同签订之前或签订时商定的口头协议。
例句:
The implied terms is relative to the express terms and also the complement to the implied terms.默示条款是相对明示条款而言的,也是明示条款的补充和完善。
26. 默示条款(Implied terms) - 指某些事项虽然没有在合同中载明,但依据法律和惯例已成自然,视为合同中已经写明,但是明示条款优先默示条款。
例句:
Try to figure out the possible express and implied terms of the agreement with reference to their importance and impact if these terms are broken.试着找出可能的表达和默示条款并参照其如果违反了这些条款的重要性和影响。
27. 违约(Breach of contract) - 一方当事人未能履行合同义务。违约将使整个合同无效,并且违约的一方应对此引起的后果负责。
例句:
It's clearly a breach of contract.这显然违反了合同。
28. 毁约(Repudiation) - 在合同法中有两种含义。第一种是一方拒绝遵守合同,与违反合同相似。第二种是由18岁以下的未成年人(18岁以下)作出的合同,然后在18岁以后或不久之后拒绝这项合同。视这种类型的合同为无效,而不是违约。
例句:
In particular, in business transactions among enterprises, the security requirement of non-repudiation needs to be satisfied.特别是在企业间的商业交易中,不可抵赖性的安全性要求需要得到满足。
29. 责任(Liability) - 被认定为有责任的人或公司受法律约束。个人或企业有不当行为、违反约定或违背信赖时,应对其负责。
例句:
On the other hand, your debt is an asset to the bank, but it is your liability.在另一方面,你的债务是银行的一种资产,但它却是你的责任。
30. 连带责任(Joint and several liability) - 在合同中各方作为合作伙伴共同履行责任。除了所有合伙人一起负责外,每个合伙人还对整个合同单独承担责任,所以债权人(creditor)可以从其中任何一个合伙人中单独收回全部债务,让该人可以从其他合伙人中追回股份。
例句:
He contends that every defendant should be ordered to pay the full amount, under the doctrine of joint and several liability.他争辩道根据连带责任的原则,每个被告都必须支付全额赔偿。
31. 有限责任(Limited liability) - 指投资人仅以自己投入企业的资本对企业债务承担清偿责任,资不抵债的,其多余部分自然免除的责任形式。
例句:
The concept of limited liability, whereby the shareholders are not liable, in the last resort, for the debts of their company, can be traced back to the Romans.有限责任的概念可以追溯到古罗马时期。在有限责任制中作为底线,股东们不必为他们公司的债务负责。
32. 股东协议(Shareholders' agreement) - 所有股东之间关于公司如何运作以及股东权利适用情况的协议。这是股东之间的合约。公司本身并不受其约束,因为它并不属于协议的一方。
例句:
The Board shall deny acceptance for transfer of shares if the buyer does not sign and accept the Shareholders' Agreement.董事会应当拒绝接受股份转让,如果买方不签字,并接受股东协议。
33. 集体协议(Collective agreement) - 表示雇员和雇主之间达成协议的术语,通常涉及工会,覆盖多个组织。虽然可以被看作是合同,但它们受雇佣法而不是合同法的约束。
例句:
Pay deductions may not be made for disciplinary reasons, unless this is regulated by collective agreement or permitted by law.除非是集体协议的规定或法律允许,否则不能出于惩戒原因减扣工资。
34. 保密协议(Confidentiality agreement ) - 如果必须向另一方披露机密信息的协议。通常用于谈判较大的合同时,双方可能需要向彼此透露有关业务的信息。在这种情况下,无论实际合同是否签字,保密协议均构成具有约束力的合同,也可被称为non-disclosure agreement。
例句:
We will sign the confidential agreement once we agree to start the project.我们将签署保密协议,一旦我们同意启动该项目。
35. 雇佣合同(Employment contract) - 雇主与雇员之间的合同。与其他合同有所不同,因为它受就业法的约束——优先于普通的合同法。
例句:
The employment contract results in the creation of an authority relationship between the organization and the employee.雇佣合同导致在组织与其雇员之间创造了一种权威关系。
36. 服务合同(Service contract) - 公司的董事和高级管理人员通常会获得与服务合同或雇佣合同不同的服务合同。这是因为董事和高级职员并不总是员工,而且就业法的效用是不同的。
例句:
The current contract, however, will be only a "service contract" under which CNPC is simply paid for its services.然而目前与中石油签订的合同仅是“服务合同”,合同规定中石油只是提供付费服务。
37. 告慰函(Comfort letters) - 一种签发的函件,但没有任何合同地位。他们通常由企业集团母公司或联营公司发行,表示该集团愿意支持旗下的子公司,以提高其交易地位,也可以被称为letters of comfort。
例句:
The seller issues FCO, Buyer signs and returns it to the seller with official bank comfort letter .卖方发出FCO,买方签字并返还给卖方,连带正式的“银行资信函”。
38. 仲裁(Arbitration) - 使用独立的第三方来解决纠纷而不上法庭。作为仲裁员(arbitrator)的第三方必须经双方同意。通常合同中会包括仲裁条款并事先指定仲裁员。
例句:
It was settled by compulsory arbitration.此事已通过强制性仲裁得到解决。
39. 尽职调查(Due diligence) - 在收购之前或作为合同中的另一方调查对方业务背景的正式过程。是一种风险管理,为了确保没有其他隐患会影响接下来的交易。
例句:
Due Diligence by purchaser is one of the efficient ways for the evaluation, risks control and identifying the legal liabilities of relevant parties.收购方所进行的尽职调查是估价标的公司、控制并购风险、确定双方法律责任的重要途径。
40. 失实陈述(Misrepresentation) - 合同的一方对另一方描述与事实不符,而有关资料又是构成交易决定的重要因素。那么收到虚假陈述的一方可以获得赔偿损失。
例句:
Examples of void contracts are those entered into as a result of misrepresentation, duress or undue influence.无效合同可以是因虚假陈述、强迫或不正当施压而签订的合同。
41. 批准(Ratification) - 授权已经完成的一项行为。公司股东大会决议可以批准董事以前做过的行为; 或委托人可以选择批准超出代理人指定权力的行为。
例句:
For those who have already signed, the next step is the deposit of instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval.对于那些已签署的国家,使协定生效的下一步骤将是交付批准、接受或同意的文件。
42. 受合同约束 (Subject to contract) - 双方在合同谈判期间交换的文件中使用的词语。表示该文件不是要约或接受,双方正处于谈判阶段。
例句:
The words "subject to contract" may be placed on top of a letter in order to indicate that an offer is not to be legally blinding.“受合同约束”的字样如果被置于信件的开头,是为了表明要约不具有法律约束力。
43. 无效(Void) - 无效合同是不能执行或不能全部完成的。
如果一份合同从一开始就无效,通常的补救办法是将所有事情回归到签订合同前。
当一方缺乏履行合同任务的能力时,合同也是无效的,通常基于一个错误,或由于非法等原因。
例句:
To cognize and deal with the void contract is a very important problem in legal study and practices.无效合同的认定及其处理是合同法理论和司法实践中的重要问题。
44. 不侵害某人的合法权利(Without prejudice) - 律师在协商中所使用的一项条款,目的是为了避免向法院提出诉讼。如果案件已向法庭提交,没有任何证据表明存在偏颇,就可以作为证据予以呈现。在谈判中经常被企业误用,实际上他们想指受合同约束(subject to contract)。
例句:
In the interests of immediate disposal of this claim, we are prepared to entertain a reduced settlement entirely without prejudice.为了能尽快处理该项索赔,我们打算在完全不损害各方利益的前提下采取简化处理的方式来解决。
45. 禁令(Injunction) - 法院责令被申请人停止或者不得为一定行为的命令。用来阻止另一方违约做事。禁令听凭法院处理,法官也可以不给予禁令但是索取赔偿金。
例句:
He took out a court injunction against the newspaper demanding the return of the document.他取得了法院强制令,要求报社归还那份文件。
46. 管辖权(Jurisdiction) - 管辖权条款通常包括选择法院和择地行诉两方面。英格兰和苏格兰有不同的法律条款,所以这需要具体指明。
例句:
Beijing and the other municipalities under direct jurisdiction of the State Council have benefited tremendously from such special favors.北京和其它自治市享有国务院的直接司法权,并从这特殊的帮助中,受益颇丰。
47. 法定人数(Quorum) - 在会议上进行和作出任何决定所需的最少人数。
例句:
Once their initial vote was cast, they disappeared and prevented the group from reaching a quorum on unrelated and much less controversial issues.一旦他们投出选票后,他们将会消失,因而在决议无关的和争议较少的问题时无法达到法定人数。
二、看懂英文合同必备词汇
要进外企工作,拿到劳动合同一看,全是英文,顿时觉得一头雾水。这里一个herein,那里一个whereof,后面又来一个hereby,这些平时很少用到的词全集中在这一份合同里了。别着急,小编今天就带着大家一起认识认识这些在英文合同里出现频率极高的"古体词"。希望能够让大家在今后看英文合同完全没难度!
看懂英文合同必备词汇
先看看几个例句:
This contract is made this 19th of February,2014 by WFX Corporation (hereinafter referred to as "Sellers")who agree to sell and HK Corporation (hereinafter referred to as "Buyers"), who agree to buy the following goods on the terms and conditions as below.
本合同由WFX公司(以下简称"卖方")与HK公司(以下简称"买方")于2014年2月19日订立,双方同意按下述条件买卖下列货物。
The deposit paid by the Buyers shall not be refunded if the Buyers fail to make full payment within the time herein specified and the Buyers shall be liable for all losses incurred therefrom to the Sellers.
如果买方在规定的时间内未付清货款,买方的保证金将不予退还,而且买方应承担卖方由此产生的一切损失。
在翻译古体词的时候,应根据本意及上下文灵活掌握释义。例如在此例中, herein可以不必译出。或采用汉语的文言词例如"兹"、"之"、"鉴于"、"特"等进行翻译。
IN WITNESSTH WHEREOF the parties hereto have executed this Contract by their authorized representatives as of the date first above written.
兹特由双方授权的代表,于上述首开日期签署本合同为据。
此例中的"IN WITNESSTH WHEREOF"意思是"作为协议事项的证据",是格式化的合同语言,类似采用大写形式的还有:IN CONSIDERATION OF(考虑到,以为约因)、WHEREAS (鉴于)、IN THE PRESENCE OF (见证人)、NOWTHEREFORE(特此、兹特)、NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS(兹特立约为据)。
当然,类似这样运用大量"古体词"的句子在任何一本英文合同里都可以找出上百句来。于是我们整理了这么一个列表,如果将下述词汇全都理解透,相信各位一定会对法律英语有进一步的了解,至少能更顺利地阅读法律文本。
1. hereafter
after this in sequence or in time, in some future time or state(此后,以下)
例句:
Both parties must agree to the terms specified hereunder.
双方均须同意以下条款。
2. hereby
by this means(以此方式,以此,特此)
例句:
I hereby acknowledge receipt of your letter of 25 July.
特此告知贵方7月25日的来函收悉。
3. herefrom
from this fact or statement(由此,从此)
例句:
The organization, XXXX, will be liable for any economic and legal liability incurred herefrom.
XXX一方将承担由此产生的一切经济和法律责任。
4. herein
in this document(此中,于此,在此文件中)
例句:
The statements and views expressed herein are those of the author and are not necessarily those of the Wilson Centre.
本书中的陈述和观点为作者个人意见,不一定代表威尔逊中心的看法。
5. hereinabove
at a prior point in this writing or document(前文,上文)
例句:
Any tax or duty other than those described hereinabove, if any, be borne by the Buyer.
除上述的税务和关税外,如果产生其他的税务和关税, 应有买方负担。
6. hereinafter
in the following part of this writing or document(在下文)
例句:
These territories are hereinafter referred to as trust territories.
此项领土以下简称“托管领土”。
7. hereinbefore
in the preceding part of this writing or document(在上文)
例句:
The hereinbefore is authentic and assures our business activities are legal.
以上所填内容属实,保证所从事的经济活动符合法律法规。
8. hereof
of this(就此,关于此)
例句:
The amount of each drawing must be endorsed on reverse hereof.
每笔汇票金额必须在信用证背面给予签注。
9. hereto
to this writing or document(对此,至此)
例句:
The Parties hereto reach an agreement in writing.
双方达成书面协议。
10. hereunder
under or in accordance with this writing or document(在下面,在下文)
例句:
Please quote us your lowest price for the items listed hereunder.
请报下列商品的最低价。
11. herewith
with this communication;enclosed in this(同此,随信附上)
例句:
Please find two samples enclosed herewith.
寄上样品两种,请查收。
12. thereafter
after that(此后,后来)
例句:
The commitment fee shall quarterly be paid from the date in the third month thereafter to the earlier day of the Disbursement Date and the Termination Date.
从其后第3个月的该日起开始按季支付承诺费至发放日与终止日中较早之日。
13. therein
in or into that place,time,or thing(在那里,在其中)
例句:
A certificate of the Borrower shall, substantially, comply with the form set forth in Appendix 4, and the attachments specified therein.
借款人证明书,其格式基本上应遵照附录4及其附件规定的格式。
14. thereinafter
in the following part of that matter (as writing, document, or speech)(在下文)
例句:
All expenses and risks thereinafter shall be borne by your side.
此后一切所发生的风险和费用由你方承担。
15. thereof
of that(在其中)
例句:
When the Buyer is entitled to determine the time within a specified period and /or the place of taking delivery, the Buyer in question shall give the Seller the notice thereof.
买方有权确定在规定期限内提取货物的时间和/或地点时,应将有关信息通知卖方。
16. thereto
to that(此外,在其上)
例句:
The parties thereto shall, in good faith, comply with the decision and award of the arbitration tribunal.
双方须以良好诚信的态度遵守仲裁庭的决定。
17. thereunder
under that part of a contract(在其下,按规定条款)
例句:
The Borrower fails to pay amount payable thereunder as amount shall become payable.
借款人未能支付根据该协议规定到期应付的款项。
18. therewith
with that(与此)
例句:
I therewith withdraw my complaints.
我同时撤回我的投诉。
19. whereby
by which(凭此,由此)
例句:
They voted to accept a deal whereby the union will receive nearly three-quarters of a million pounds from the International Miners Organisation.
他们表决同意了一项协议,根据这一协议工会将从国际矿工组织得到近75万英镑。
20. wherein
in which(在那方面)
例句:
Adequate housing is possible in developed, mixed economies wherein the interests of the poor have prevailed.
在发达的混合经济体中,充足的房源供给是可能的,在那里贫困阶层的利益较有保障。
21. whereof
of which(其中,有关的)
例句:
A contract made by an urban council, whereof the value and amount exceed X50, must be under seal, and certain other formalities must be observed.
由市政厅签署的合同,若其中涉及的金额和数量超过50倍,则须盖章并履行其他手续。
三、外贸合同中常用的这些英语单词你都认识吗?
一)常见外贸合同英语单词含义
1. whereas 鉴于
正式而重要的合同,尤其是英美法系的合同,多用它在前文中引出签约背景和目的,起连词作用。
eg: Whereas the Contractor is desirous to provide the manpower for the works, we provide the fund.
鉴于承包人想为此工程提供劳动力,我们就提供资金。
2.witness 证明
在合同前文中常用作首句的谓语动词。
eg: This agreement witnesses that both sides acknowledged all items in the contract.
本协议证明,双方都已认可合同中的全部条款。
in witness whereof作为所协议事项的证据,该短语常用于合同的结尾条款。
eg: In witness whereof, the parties have executed this Contract in duplicate by their duly authorized representatives on the date first above written.
作为所协议事项的证据,双方授权代表于上面首次写明的日期正式签订本协议一式两份。
3. in consideration of 以……为约因/报酬
eg: Now Therefore, in consideration of the premises and the covenants herein, contained, the parties hereto agree as follows:
兹以上述各点和契约所载条款为约因,订约双方协议如下:
4. now, therefore兹特
此短语用于whereas条款之后引出具体协议事项的常用开头语,并与其后hereby的结合。如果无HEREAS条款,则本短语可省略。
eg: Now, therefore, it’s hereby agreed and understood as follows;
兹特协议和谅解如下:
二)外贸合同其他常见单词
1.for and on behalf the first party 甲方代表
the employer 雇主
capacity 职位
in the Presence of 见证人
for and on behalf of the second party 乙方代表
the contractor 承包人
hereby 特此
covenant 立约,签订合同、条约
legal agreement 具有法律约束的正式合同
completion of the works 工程的竣工
therein 在本工程中
the contract price 合同总价,指工程的总造价
the provisions of the contract 合同条款
to the best of our knowledge 据我们所知
foregoing statement 上述声明
documentary proof 证明文件
四、合同条款常用英文词汇
买方 buyer
卖方 seller
项目名称 Project name
地址 address
电话 phone
传真 fax
联系人 contact person
本合同由买卖双方签订,根据本合同条款,买方同意购买,卖方同意出售以下产品。
This contract is made by and between the buyers and sellers, whereby the buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned. Commodities according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.
1. 详细货物清单 Detail supply list
2. 合同价格 Contract value
序号 item 型号 model 尺寸 size, dimension 数量 amount, unit 单价 unit price 总价 total price 备注 remark 货物,运费 freight, transportation 合同总额(含安装费与税金) Contract amount incl. VAT installation
3. 付款条件 payment conditions, payment terms
4. 交货地点 delivery place
5. 发货期 delivery time
6. 安装条款 installation clause
7. 验收条款 inspection clause
8. 保证条款 guarantee clause
9. 不可抗拒条款 Force Majeure Clause
10. 违约条款 Breach clause
11. 其他条款 Miscellaneous clause
12. 买卖双方信息 buyer and seller information
此合同一式二份,由双方各持一正本。This contract is made in two originals that should be held by each party.
五、商务英语写作合同条款常用句
1.We are satisfied with the terms of this contract for the most part, but we feel that your terms of payment are too severe.
我们对该合同大部分条款感到满意,但是你们的付款条款太刻苛
2.We would like to have another discussion of these conditions in the afternoon before there are finally included in the contract.
在合同最终签订之前,我们想在下午就这些条款进行其它的讨论
3. Before signing the contract this afternoon, I think we better go over few final details.
在今天下午签订合同之前,我想们最好重温一下最后的细节
4.We’d better draw up a rough draft to the contract then talk it over in detail at our next meeting.
我们最好先就合同拟定一个草案,在下次会议中我们再确定细节
5.This is a copy of our specimen contract in which the general sales terms and conditions are contained.
这是我们一份包括一般销售条款和条件的合同样本
商务英语写作合同条款常用句
6.We hope that you won’t object to our inserting such a clause in the agreement.
我们希望你们不介意在协议中加入这一条款
7.If any other clause in this contract is in conflict with the supplementary conditions the supplementary conditions should be taken as final and binding.
若合同中任一条款与附加条款冲突,则附属条款为最终裁决并对双方有约束力
8.We think it is necessary to include a force majeure clause in this contract.
我们认为合同中加入不可抗力条款很有必要
9. After studying your draft contract we found it necessary to make a few changes.
研究过贵司起草的合同,我们发现有必要做一些修改
10.Since both of us are in agreement on all the terms shall we sign the contract now?
既然我们双方均同意所有条款,那我们现在就签合同?
11.We think your draw contract needs some modification.
我们认为贵司起草的合同需做一些修改。
12.Any modification alteration to the contract shall be made with the consent of both parties.
合同的任何更改变更均应得到双方许可才行
13.No changes can be made on this contract without mutual consent.
不经双方同意,合同不能做任何更改
14.We must make it clear in the contract that you are obliged to complete the delivery of the good within the contractual time of
shipment.
我们必须确认你方必须在合同装运期内完成货物装运
15.If the shipment can not be made within three month as stipulated, the contract will become void.
如果不能在规定的三个月内出货,则合同视为无效。
六、合同翻译常用句型和词汇
This contract is made in two originals that should be held by each party.
此合同一式二份,由双方各持一正本。
What is left unmentioned in contract may be added there as an appendix.
本合同未尽事宜,可由双方增补作为合同附件。
The Contract is written in quadruplicate (two for original and copy respectively) which shall become valid on the date of signature.
本合同一式四份(正副本各两份)自签署后生效
This Contract is executed in two counterparts each in Chinese and English, each of which shall be deemed equally authentic. This contract is in 2 copies effective since being signed/sealed by both parties.本合同为中英文两种文本,两种文本具有同等效力。本合同一式两份。自双方签字(盖章)之日起生效。
This contract is made by and between the buyers and sellers, whereby the buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned. Commodities according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.
本合同由买卖双方签订,根据本合同条款,买方同意购买,卖方同意出售以下产品。
买方 buyer
卖方 seller
项目名称 Project name
地址 address
电话 phone
传真 fax
联系人 contact person
1. 详细货物清单 Detail supply list
2. 合同价格 Contract value
序号 item 型号 model 尺寸 size, dimension 数量 amount, unit 单价 unit price 总价 total price 备注 remark 货物,运费 freight, transportation 合同总额(含安装费与税金) Contract amount incl. VAT & installation
3. 付款条件 payment conditions, payment terms
4. 交货地点 delivery place
5. 发货期 delivery time
6. 安装条款 installation clause
7. 验收条款 inspection clause
8. 保证条款 guarantee clause
9. 不可抗拒条款 Force Majeure Clause
10. 违约条款 Breach clause
11. 其他条款 Miscellaneous clause
12. 买卖双方信息 buyer and seller information
a long-term contract 长期合同
a short-term contract 短期合同
completion of contract 完成合同
contract for future delivery 期货合同
contract for goods 订货合同
contract for purchase 采购合同
contract for service 劳务合同
labor contract 劳动合同
contract note 买卖合同(证书)
contract of arbitration 仲裁合同
contract of carriage /Carriage Contract运输合同
Passenger Carriage Contract 客运合同
Cargo Carriage Contract 货运合同
Technology Contract 技术合同
Technology Development Contract技术开发合同
Technology Transfer Contract技术转让合同
Technical Consulting Contract技术咨询合同
Technical Service Contract技术服务合同
Safekeeping Contract 保管合同
Warehousing Contract 仓储合同
Agency Appointment Contract 委托合同
Trading-Trust Contract 行纪合同
Brokerage Contract 居间合同
Multi-modal Carriage Contract多式联运合同
contract of employment 雇佣合同
contract of insurance 保险合同
contract of sale 销售合同
Sales Contract 买卖合同
Contract for Supply of Power, Water, Gas , Or Heat 供电、水、气、热合同
Gift Contract 赠与合同
Contract for Loan of Money 借款合同
contract law 合同法
Leasing Contract 租赁合同
Financial Leasing Contract 融资租赁合同
Contracts of Hired Work 承揽合同
Contracts for Construction Project 建设工程合同
contract life 合同有效期
a nice fat contract 一个很有利的合同
a written contract 书面合同
an executor contract 尚待执行的合同
breach of contract 违反合同
cancellation of contract 撤消合同
contract parties 合同当事人
contract period (or contract term) 合同期限
contract price 合约价格
contract provisions/stipulations 合同规定
contract sales 订约销售
contract terms (or contract clause) 合同条款
contract wages 合同工资
contract 合同,订立合同
contractor 订约人,承包人
contractual claim 根据合同的债权
contractual damage 合同引起的损害
contractual dispute 合同上的争议
contractual guarantee 合同规定的担保
contractual income 合同收入
contractual liability/obligation 合同规定的义务
contractual practice/usage 合同惯例
contractual specifications 合同规定
contractual terms & conditions 合同条款和条件
contractual 合同的,契约的
contractual-joint-venture 合作经营,契约式联合经营
copies of the contract 合同副本
originals of the contract 合同正本
execution of contract/performance of contract 履行合同
expiration of contract 合同期满
interpretation of contract 解释合同
renewal of contract 合同的续订
此合同一式二份,由双方各持一正本。This contract is made in two originals that should be held by each party.
What is left unmentioned in contract may be added there as an appendix.
本合同未尽事宜,可由双方增补作为合同附件。
The Contract is written in quadruplicate (two for original and copy respectively) which shall become valid on the date of signature.
合同一式四份(正副本各两份)自签署后生效。
七、合同相关英语词汇
Agreement协议 / Contract 合同
1. Definition of Terms 定义
2. Term of Agreement 合同条款
2.1 Term 合同期间
2.2 Actions to be taken upon Termination 合同终止时的事项
2.3 Early Termination Rights, Liquidated Damages 提前终止合同和违约赔偿金
2.4 Substitution of Hotel 类似规格的替代酒店
3. Premises 酒店建筑物
4. Appointment of manager管理人员的任命
4.1 Appointment 任命
4.2 Delegation of Authority 权利授予
4.3 Contracts, Equipment Leases and Other Agreements 合同、设备租赁协议及其他协议
4.4 Alcoholic Beverage/Liquor Licensing Requirements 酒精饮料/烈酒经营许可证的办理
5.Representations and Warranties各方承诺与保证
5.1 Lessee Representations 租赁方的承诺
5.2 Manager Representations 管理方的承诺
6. Operation 经营
6.1 Name of Premises, Standard of Operation 建筑物名称、经营标准
6.2 Use of Premises 建筑物的使用
6.3 Group Services 一揽子服务
6.4 Right to Inspect 出租方的检查权利
7. Working capital and inventories营运资金与财产清单
7.1 Working Capital and Inventories 工作资金与财产清单
7.2 Fixed Asset Supplies 固定资产的提供
8. Maintenance, replacement and changes维护、替代和改变
8.1 Routine and Non-Routine Repairs and Maintenance 日常和临时维修和维护
8.2 Capital Improvement Budget 资金调整预算
9. Employee 雇员
9.1 Employee Hiring 雇员聘用
9.2 Costs, Benefit Plans 成本和福利计划
9.3 Manager’s Employees 管理人员的雇佣
9.4 Special Projects – Corporate Employees 特别项目—公司雇员
9.5 Termination 合同终止时的员工安排
9.6 Employee Use of Hotel 酒店对雇员的使用
9.7 Non-Solicitation 不得利诱对方雇员
10. Budget,standards and contracts 预算、标准及合同
10.1 Annual Operating Budget 年度营运预算
10.2 Budget Approval 预算的批准
10.3 Operation Pending Approval 预算批准之前的营运
10.4 Budget Meetings 预算会议
11. Operating distributions 运营费用的安排
11.1 Management Fee 管理费用
11.2 Accounting and Interim Payment 会计与临时付款
12. Insurance 保险
12.1 Insurance 保险
12.2 Replacement Cost 重置成本
12.3 Increase in Limits 对保险费用限制的增加
12.4 Blanket Policy 总括保险单
12.5 Costs and Expenses 成本与费用
12.6 Policies and Endorsements 保险单及其保险受益权的转让
12.7 Termination 终止
13. Taxes and debt service 纳税及债息
13.1 Taxes 纳税
13.2 Debt Service, Ground Lease Payments 债息及土地租赁费用的支付
14. Bank accounts 银行账户
14.1 Operating Account 运营账户
14.2 Payroll Account 薪酬账户
14.3 Management of Operating Account 运营账户的管理
14.4 Advance of Funds 预付经费
14.5 Reserve Accounts 储备金账户
15. Accounting system会计体系的建立
15.1 Books and Records 账簿及记录
15.2 Monthly Financial Statements 财务月报表
15.3 Annual Financial Statements 财务年度报表
16. Payment by lease 租赁方的支付
16.1 Payment of Base Management Fee 基本管理费的支付
16.2 Payment of Incentive Management Fee 激励管理费的支付
16.3 Distributions 赢利分配
17. Relationship and authority 各方关系及授权
18.Damage,condemnation and force majeure 损坏、征用及不可抗力
18.1 Damage and Repair 损坏和维修
18.2 Condemnation 征用
18.3 Force Majeure 不可抗力
19. Default and termination 违约与合同终止
19.1 Events of Default 违约事件
19.2 Consequence of Default 违约事件的后果
20. Waiver and invalidity 权利放弃和无法律效力
20.1 Waiver 权利放弃
20.2 Partial Invalidity 单方面无法律效力
21. Assignment 任命
22. Notices 通知
23. Subordination, Non-disturbance 所依据的法律契约、不得干预
23.1 Subordination 所依据的法律契约
23.2 Non-Disturbance Agreement 不得干预协议
24. Proprietary marks and Intellectual property 专利商标和知识产权
24.1 Computer Software and Equipment 软件与设备
24.2 Intellectual Property 知识产权
24.3 Books and Records 账簿与记录
25.Indemnification 赔偿
25.1 Manager Indemnity 管理人员的赔偿
25.2 Lease Indemnity 租赁方的赔偿
25.3 Indemnification Procedure 赔偿程序
25.4 Survival 合同终止后的条款效力
26. Future Hotels 合同终止后的酒店
27. Governing lawvenue 法律管辖地
28. Miscellaneous 其他约定
28.1 Rights tomake Agreement 签约权利
28.2 Agency 代理
28.3 Failure to Perform 履约不能
28.4 Headings 标题
28.5 Attorneys’ Fees and Costs 律师费用
28.6 Entire Agreement 合同的完整性
28.7 Consents 合同内容
28.8 Eligible Independent Contractor 适格的独立承包人
28.9 Subleasing 分租
28.10 Environmental Matters 环保事项
28.11 Equity and Debt Offerings 股票及债券的发行
28.12 Estoppel Certificates 不得反悔的证明
28.13 Confidentiality 保密
28.14 Modification 合同条款的变更
28.15 Counterparts 合同副本
八、合同条款英文词汇和英语合同范本
买方 buyer 卖方 seller
项目名称 Project name
地址 address 电话 phone 传真 fax
联系人 contact person
本合同由买卖双方签订,根据本合同条款,买方同意购买,卖方同意出售以下产品。
This contract is made by and between the buyers and sellers, whereby the buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned. Commodities according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.
1. 详细货物清单 Detail supply list
2. 合同价格 Contract value
序号 item 型号 model 尺寸 size, dimension 数量 amount, unit 单价 unit price 总价 total price 备注remark 货物,运费 freight, transportation 合同总额(含安装费与税金) Contract amount incl. VAT installation
3. 付款条件 payment conditions, payment terms
4. 交货地点 delivery place
5. 发货期 delivery time
6. 安装条款 installation clause
7. 验收条款 inspection clause
8. 保证条款 guarantee clause
9. 不可抗拒条款 Force Majeure Clause
10. 违约条款 Breach clause
11. 其他条款 Miscellaneous clause
12. 买卖双方信息 buyer and seller information
此合同一式二份,由双方各持一正本。This contract is made in two originals that should be held by each party.
涉外合同格式
涉外合同按繁简不同,尽管可以采取不同书面形式,如正式合同(Contract)、协议书(Agreement)、确认书(Confirmation)、备忘录(Memorandum)、订单(Order)等等,但是一般都包含如下几个部分:
一、合同名称(Title)
二、前文(Preamble)
1. 订约日期和地点
Date and place of signing
2. 合同当事人及其国籍、主营业所或住所
Signing parties and their nationalities, principal place of business or residence addresses
3. 当事人合法依据
Each party's authority,比如,该公司是“按当地法律正式组织而存在的”(a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of XXX)
4. 订约缘由/说明条款
Recitals or WHEREAS clause
三、本文(Body)
1. 定义条款(Definition clause)
2. 基本条款(Basic conditions)
3. 一般条款(General terms and conditions)
a. 合同有效期(Duration)
b. 合同的终止(Termination)
c. 不可抗力(Force Majeure)
d. 合同的让与(Assignment)
e. 仲裁(Arbitration)
f. 适用的法律(Governing law)
g. 诉讼管辖(Jurisdiction)
h. 通知手续(Notice)
i. 合同修改(Amendment)
j. 其它(Others)
四、结尾条款(WITNESS clause)
1. 结尾语,包括份数、使用的文字和效力等(Concluding sentence)
2. 签名(Signature)
3. 盖印(Seal)
以上的格式和内容并非一成不变,当事人可以根据各自交易情况做出调整或增删。
合同范本
销售代理合同Sales Agency Agreement
合同号:NO:
日期:Date:
为在平等互利的基础上发展贸易,有关方按下列条件签订本协议:
This Agreement is entered into between the parties concerned on the basis of equality and mutual benefit to develop business on terms and conditions mutually agreed upon as follows:
1. 订约人 Contracting Parties
供货人(以下称甲方):
销售代理人(以下称乙方):
甲方委托乙方为销售代理人,推销下列商品。
Supplier: (hereinafter called "party A")
Agent:(hereinafter called "party B")
Party A hereby appoint Party B to act as his selling agent to sell the commodity mentioned below.
2. 商品名称及数量或金额 Commodity and Quantity or Amount
双方约定,乙方在协议有效期内, 销售不少于**的商品。
It is mutually agreed that Party B shall undertake to sell not less than…… of the aforesaid commodity in the duration of this Agreement.
3. 经销地区 Territory
只限在……。 In …… only.
4. 订单的确认 Confirmation of Orders
本协议所规定商品的数量、价格及装运条件等,应在每笔交易中确认,其细目应在双方签订的销售协议书中作出规定。
The quantities, prices and shipments of the commodities stated in this Agreement shall be confirmed in each transaction, the particulars of which are to be specified in the Sales Confirmation signed by the two parties hereto.
5. 付款 Payment
订单确认之后,乙方须按照有关确认书所规定的时间开立以甲方为受益人的保兑的、不可撤销的即期信用证。乙方开出信用证后,应立即通知甲方,以便甲方准备交货。
After confirmation of the order, Party B shall arrange to open a confirmed, irrevocable L/C available by draft at sight in favour of Party A within the time stipulated in the relevant S/C. Party B shall also notify Party A immediately after L/C is opened so that Party A can get prepared for delivery.
6. 佣金 Commission
在本协议期满时,若乙方完成了第二款所规定的数额,甲方应按装运货物所收到的发票累计总金额付给乙方*%的佣金。
Upon the expiration of the Agreement and Party B's fullfilment of the total turnover mentioned in Article 2, Party A shall pay to Party B…… % commission on the basis of the aggregate amount of the invoice value against the shipments effected.
7. 市场情况报告 Reports on Market Conditions
乙方每3个月向甲方提供一次有关当时市场情况和用户意见的详细报告。同时,乙方应随时向甲方提供其他供应商的类似商品样品及其价格、销售情况和广告资料。
Party B shall forward once every three months to party A detailed reports on current market conditions and of consumers' comments. Meanwhile, Party B shall,from time to time, send to party A samples of similar commodities offered by other suppliers, together with their prices, sales information and advertising materials.
8. 宣传广告费用 Advertising & Publicity Expenses
在本协议有效期内,乙方在上述经销地区所作广告宣传的一切费用,由乙方自理。乙方须事先向甲方提供宣传广告的图案及文字说明,由甲方审阅同意。
Party B shall bear all expenses for advertising and publicity within the aforementioned territory in the duration of this Agreement and submit to Party A all patterns and/or drawings and description for prior approval.
9. 协议有效期 Validity of Agreement
本协议经双方签字后生效,有效期为**天,自**至**.若一方希望延长本协议,则须在本协议期满前1个月书面通知另一方,经双方协商决定。
若协议一方未履行协议条款,另一方有权终止协议。
This Agreement, after its being signed by the parties concerned, shall remain in force for…… days from …… to …… If either Party wishes to extend this Agreement, he shall notice, in writing, the other party one month prior to its expiration. The matter shall be decided by the agreement and by consent of the parties hereto. Should either party fail to implement the terms and conditions herein, the other party is entitled to terminate this Agreement.
10. 仲裁 Arbitration
在履行协议过程中,如产生争议,双方应友好协商解决。若通过友好协商达不成协议,则提交中国国际贸易促进委员会对外贸易仲裁委员会,根据该会仲裁程序暂行规定进行仲裁。该委员会的决定是终局的,对双方均具有约束力。仲裁费用,除另有规定外,由败诉一方负担。
All disputes arising from the execution of this Agreement shall be settled through friendly consultations. In case no settlement can be reached, the case in dispute shall then be submitted to the Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade for arbitration in accordance with its provisional rules of procedure. The decision made by this Commission shall be regarded as final and binding upon both parties. Arbitration fees shall be borne by the losing party ,unless otherwise awarded.
11. 其他条款 Other Terms & Conditions
(1) 甲方不得向经销地区其他买主供应本协议所规定的商品。如有询价,当转达给乙方洽办。若有买主希望从甲方直接订购,甲方可以供货,但甲方须将有关销售确认书副本寄给乙方,并按所达成交易的发票金额给予乙方*%的佣金。
Party A shall not supply the contracted commodity to any other buyer(s) in the above mentioned territory. Direct enquiries, if any, will be referred to Party B. However, should any other buyers wish to deal with Party A directly, Party A may do so. But party A shall send to Party B a copy of Sales Confirmation and give Party B……% commission on the basis of the net invoice value of the transaction(s)concluded.
(2) 若乙方在*月内未能向甲方提供至少**订货,甲方不承担本协议的义务。
Should Party B fail to pass on his orders to Party A in a period of …… months for a minimum of ……, Party A shall not bind himself to this Agreement.
(3) 对双方政府间的贸易,甲方有权按其政府的授权进行有关的直接贸易,而不受本协议约束。乙方不得干涉此种直接贸易,也无权向甲方提出任何补偿或佣金要求。
For any business transacted between governments of both Parties, Party A may handle such direct dealings as authorized by Party A's government without binding himself to this Agreement. Party B shall not interfere in such direct dealings nor shall Party B bring forward any demand for compensation therefrom.
(4) 本协议受签约双方所签订的销售确认条款的制约。
This Agreement shall be subject to the terms and conditions in the Sales Confirmation signed by both parties hereto.
本协议于**年*月*日在**签订,正本两份,甲乙双方各执一份。
This Agreement is signed on …… at…… and is in two originals;each Party shall have one copy.
借贷合同英文范本
仲裁协议 arbitration agreement
仲裁委员会 arbitration commission
提前到期 acceleration of maturity
接受投标 accept a bid
承兑汇票 accept bills of exchange
不可抗力 Act of God 预付 advance payment
宣誓供述书 affidavit 分支机构 affiliate
委托代理人 agent ad litem
友好协商 amicable consultation
行政诉讼 an administrative siut
任何违约及过失 any breach or default of the provisions hereof
工程的任何部分 any part of the works
由此产生的专利 any patent arising therefrom
工程的任何区段 any section of the works
适用 apply in/to
批准 approval 仲裁员 arbitrator
合营公司章程 articles of associations
股份有限公司 a company limited by shares
外商投资股份有限公司 a company limited by shares with foreign investment
赠与合同 a donation contract
判处罚金 a fine imposed on
有限责任公司 a limited liability company
定期贷款 a term loan
本法所称 as mentioned in this law
关于 as regards
依照合同相关规定 as provided herein
装配 assembly 末 at the close of
借款人证明书 a certificate of the borrower
承担民事赔偿责任 a civil compensation assumed by
查核账目 audit the accounts
裁定 award 授予合同 award of contract
背弃 back out of
视为 be deemed
承担法律责任 bear the legal liability and responsibility
标书 bid 蓝本 blueprint
违约 breach of contract
营业机构 business establishment
营业执照 business license
经营者 business operator
因为 by virtue of 召开(会议) call
资本利润 capital ganin
承运人 carrier
重合同,守信用 carry out the terms of the contract to the letter and stand by what we say.
因果关系 causality 停止做 cease to do
证明 certify
失效 cease to be effective
成本加运费(指定目的港) CFR=cost and freight
中外合作经营企业 Chinese-foreign cooperative joint ventures
民事行为 civil act/disposition 民法典 Civil Code
要求赔偿 claims compensation
税收的开征 collection of tax
托收指示(金融) collection order
生效 come into effect 生效 come into force
开始 commencement 商业发票 commercial invoice
对外经济贸易委员会 Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations
承诺费 commitment fee 共同错误 common mistake
法人印章 common seal 已登记成立的公司 companies registered
补偿性赔偿 compensatory damage
工程的完工 completion of the works
竣工 completion of the Works 部件 components
和解(当事人在破产中的) composition
关于 concerning 让步 concession
没收 confiscated 相抵触 conflict 同意 consent
与本协议不相矛盾 consistent with this agreement
条件的解释 construction of the conditions
解释 construe 咨询公司 consultant companies
标的 contract object 合同总价 contract price
承包人 contractor
违反本法规定 contravene the provisions hereof
纠纷 controversy
不动产转让 conveyance
公司公章 corporate seal
立约 covenants 信用卡;信用证 credit
贷记入所收资金 credit the funds received
债权人 creditor 累加的 cumulative
损毁 damage 项目内容 data content thereof
水文地质资料 data on hydrological and sub-surface conditions
债务人 debtor 决定或裁决 decision and award
认为 deem 违约 default
瑕疵 defect 交货 delivery
滞期 demurage
设计图表 design sheets
设计、技术、工艺、配方、技能和其他资料
designs,techniques,workmanship, formulas,skills and other data
实施细则 detailed rules
歧义 difference 决定 direction
贷款发放日 disbursement date
开发 discover, make or develop
争议 dispute 扰乱 disturb
跟单信用证 documentary letters of credit
证明文件 documentary proof
住址 domicile
受赠人 donee
草拟 draw up 出单人 drawer
本协议各方 either party hereto
业主 employer 附上 enclose
订合同 enter into
外商投资企业 enterprises with foreign investment
平等互利 equality and mutual benefit
估算 estimate
违约事件 events of default
工程的竣工 execution of the works
惩罚性赔偿 exemplary damage
免征税款 exemption 免税 exemption of tax
到期 expire 期满 expire
外部因素 exterior factors 财务公司 finance company
用于工程中的 for incorporation therein
不可抗力 force majuere
上述声明 foregoing statement
外国企业 foreign enterprise
对外贸易经营者 foreign trade dealers
制定 formulate and prepare
随时 from time to time
更新发明或设计 further invention or design
一般资料 general data
通常的和当地的习惯 general or local custom
一般条款 general provisions
反悔 go back on one's word
宽限期 grace
重大过失 gross negligence
标题 headings
暂定协议书 heads of agreement
特此 hereby 召开 (会议) hold
违法所得 illegal gains
合同的默示条款 implied contract provisions
改进 improvement 如果 in case that
吻合 in conformity with 一致 in conformity with
以双方相互承诺为对价 in consideration of the mutual promises
一式两份 in duplicate 事实上 in effect
以良好诚信的态度 in good faith
上述 in question
由国务院另行规定 in separate regulations issued by the State Council
如果 in the event that
特立此证 in witness whereof
赔偿 indemnities 检验 inspection
检验条款 inspection clause
保险单据 insurance document
最终性条款 integration 意愿 intention
内部因素 interior factors
《国际贸易术语解释通则》
International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms
理解 interpretation
投资公司 investment companies
以实物出资 investment in kind
不可撤销信用证 irrevocable credit
签发;开具;发出 issue
开证行 issuing bank 会签 jointly sign
司法判决 judgment 管辖 jurisdiction
列明(在合同中) lay down
承租人 leasee
租赁公司 leasing companies
法人 legal entity合法性 legality
暂定协议书 letter of intent
专利证,专利 letters patent
许可证产品 licensed products
被许可人 licensee 许可人 licensor
外商投资的有限责任公司 limited liability company with foreign ivestment
灭失 loss 损失与损坏 loss and damage
向承包人提供 made available to the contractor
赡养费 maitenance
订明规格 make the specification
订立(协议) make, sign, conclude ,enter into
管理经验 managerial expertise
载货单 manifest
生产或操作资料 manufacturing and engineering information
旁注 marginal notes
材料规格 material specifications
可能有权控制的 may have the right to control
意思表示一致 meeting of minds
符合本法条件 meets the requirements and provisions hereof
暂定协议书 memorandum of agreement
公司基本章程 memorandum of association
合并条款 merger clauses
履约方式 method of performance
其他事项 miscellaneous
误解 misconception
被陈述人 misrepresentee
不实陈述 misrepresentee
修正 modificatin 多媒体作品 multimedia
议付该汇票 negotiate such bills of exchange
净资产 net assets
拒绝承兑(金融) non-acceptance
不履行合同 non-execution
第三方,非合同方 nonparty
拒绝付款 nonpayment
拒不付款 non-payment
公证人制度 notary pubilc 本票 note
尽管本合同有其它规定 notwithstanding any other provision of the contract
据此 now therefore 标的物 object
要约 offer 要约人,报价人 offeror
受要约人 offferee 经常利润 ordinary gain
正本 oringinal 另行商定 otherwise agreed
未了债务 outstanding claims and liabilities
平等地位 pari declicto
口头证据法则 parol evidence rule
专利技术 patented technology
支付款证书 payment certificate
理想市场 perfect market
永久工程 permanent works
影印资料 photostasts
政府分支机构 political subdivisions
权限 power 先例 precedent
前合同义务 precontractual
意思表示 Presentation
主持 preside by
在……之前 prior to
本法施行前 prior to the effective date of this law
税率 pro rate tax rate
没收财产 property forfeited
专有技术信息 proprietary technical information
拒绝证书(金融) protest
但是 provided that
本法规定 provisions hereof
依照合同相关规定 pursuant to provisions contained herein
行情,报价 quotation
理性人 reasonable man
说明条款 recitals 复议 reconsideration
弥补;纠正 rectify 减税 reduction of tax
退税 refund of tax 偿付 reimbursement
拒绝投标 reject a bid
关于 relating to 救济 remedy
报酬 remuneration
陈述;说明 representations
合意的要求 requirement of assent
请求 request 要求 require
明确性的要求 requirement of definiteness
自由裁量权 right of discretion
权益 rights and interests
特许权使用费 royalties
版税 royalties
买卖合同 sales contract 售货单 sales note
批准,认可 sanction
选定或指定 selected or appointed
出卖人 seller
分别但不连带地 severally but not jointly
应具有约束力 shall be binding
有权申诉 shall have the right to lodge a complaint
并不排除 shall not exclusive of
应给予赔偿 shall pay compensation
装运 shipping
货运代理商 shipping agents
货运单据 shipping document
舱位 shipping space
即期付款 sight payment
特定机器设备 specialized machinery and equipment
规格 specifications
备用信用证 standby letters of credit
规定 state 防止欺诈法 statute of frauds
规定 stipulate 转包商 subcontractor
附属机构;附属公司 subsidiary
供货商 supplier 提取货物 take delivery
技术服务协议 technical assistance agreement
技术资料 technical documents
技术诀窍 technical know-how
临时工程 Temporary Works
房屋出租 tenancy 承租人 tenant
期限;概念 term
终止条款 termination clause
(贷款)终止日 termination day
解除合同 termination of agreement
条件 terms and conditions
竣工检验 test on completion
仲裁委员会 the arbitration commission
收益方 the beneficiary
赔偿请求人 the claimant for compensation
该通知 the communication
资料 the data and the information
缺陷责任证书 the defects liability certificate
在付款日 the disbursement
英国上诉法院 The English Court of Appeal
开证行 the issuing bank
兹制定本法 the law is hereby formulated and prepared
合法权益 the lawful rights and interests
计划单列市 the municipalities specifically listed in the State Economic Plan
赔偿义务机关 the organization with compensatory obligations
货方 the owner of the goods
当事人协议如下 the parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreement as follows
补税 the payment of tax unpaid
履约保证 the performance security
委托人 the pricipal
本金 the principal amount
以本法为准 the provisions hereof shall prevail
履行审批职责的有关主管部门 the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals
国务院有关主管部门 the relevant responsible department of the State Council
双方受权代表 the Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract
常驻代表机构 the resident representative offices
上述许可证产品 the said licensed product
本合同期满 the termination of this contract
中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会(北京) the Chinese International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing
合同中或合同名下的 therein or thereunder
竣工时间 time for completion
引进外资 to absorb foreign investment
据我们所知 to the best of our konwledge
图片 transparency 运输单据 transport document
合同的典型条款 typical contract provisions
权能外法理 ultra vires
就以下条款 under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows
不正当竞争 unfair competation
等价有偿 valuable considerations
计量 weight determination
不论如何命名或描述 whatever named or described
外资企业 wholly foreign-owned enterprise
外商独资企业 wholly foreign-owned enterprises
停业 wind up a business
回避 withdrawal
不间断地 without interruption
措辞 wording 工艺 workmanship
合作开发合同 cooperative development contract
停滞 standstill 延误 delay失败 failure
停工 work stoppages 窝工 slow work of the labour
顺延 prolong 原材料 raw materials
设备 equipment 场地 site 资金 funds
技术资料 technical data 施工人 constractor
符合 confirm 建设质量 construction quality
无偿 free of charge 修理 repair
返工 redo 改建 reconstruct
发包人 contract letting party
逾期 overdue 交付 delivery
承担责任 be liable for
验收 inspection and acceptance
建设工程 construction works
合格 qualified
支付价款 make payments of remuneration
图纸 drawing 施工图纸 construction drawings
说明书 specifications
施工验收规范 construction inspection rules
质量检验标准 quality standard
标书 tender
招标 invitation of tender
投标 submission of tender
公开 open公平 equal 公正 fair
定作人 the ordering party
支付报酬 pay remureation
相应支付 corresponding payment
当事人另有约定的除外 unless otherwise agreed upon by the parties
技术 technology 承揽人 contractor
承揽的工作 contracted works
解除合同 rescind the contract
解除 rescind 承租人 lessee
租金 rent 催告 urge
出租人 lessor 收回 take back
利息 interest 自然人 natural persons
借款合同 loan contract
不支付 fail to pay利率 interest rate
违反 violate 买受人 buyer
约定 agree 借款期限 loan term
合理期限 reasonable time limit
包装方式 package manner
通用方式 general manner
和解 conciliation 调解 mediation
仲裁协议 arbitration agreement
起诉 bring an lawsuit
仲裁裁决 arbitration award
调解书 mediation document
要约邀请 invitation for offer
向自己发出要约 make offers to the principal
价目表 price form
拍卖公告 public notice of auction
招标公告 public notice of tender
公告 public notice
招股说明书 prospectus
商业广告 commercial advertisement
处理 penalize
营运资金 working capital
实收资本 paid-up capital
筹集(资金) raise
工商行政管理机关 the industry and commerce administration authorities
调入资金 transferred capital
业务活动 business activity
自行终止 self-termination
中国人民银行 People's Bank of China
A Resolution for Voluntary 自动清盘决议
Abatement 减免或减轻 absconding 弃保潜逃
Absolute assignment 绝对转让
absolute discharge 无条件释放
absolute liability 绝对法律责任
acquit [v.] 无罪释放
Act of God 天灾、神力行为
Act 作为 Action 诉讼
adjourn 休庭、延期聆讯
Adult 成人、成年人 Affidavit 誓章
age of consent 同意年龄
Agent 代理人
Arbitration 仲裁
arrest 拘捕、逮捕
Articles of Association 公司章程
Assignment 转让契据
Auditor 核数师
Authorized share capital 法定股本
Authorized signature 经授权之签名
Available act of Bankruptcy 可用的破产作为
Bailiff 执达主任
bankruptcy debt 破产债项
Bearer 持票人
beneficiary 受益人
Bilingual Laws Advisory Committee 双语法例谘询委员会
Board of directors 董事会
British Dependent Territories citizen 英国属土公民
British Overseas citizen 英国海外公民
Building Authority 建筑事务监督
Business Registration 商业登记
Certificate of Origin 产地来源证
certificate 证书
certification practice statement 核证作业准则
Chairman of the board of directors 董事会主席
Charge 扺押
Chattel 货物或实产
Chief Justice 首席大法官
Co-owners 联名业主
commissioner 监誓员
Committed For Trial 交付审判
Common Law 普通法
Company directors 公司董事
Company Secretary 公司秘书
Company 公司
Condition precedent 先决条件
Conditions of Exchange 换地条款
Conditions of Grant 批地条款
Conditions of Sale 卖地条款
Conditions 批地条款
Consideration 代价
Consul 领事
Consular Officer 领事馆官员
Contract for service 服务合约
Contract of Sale 售卖合约
Conversion 侵占
copyright notice 版权通知
Cost, insurance, freight CIF
Counter-offer 反要约
Court of Final Appeal 终审法院
Creditor 债权人
Creditor's Ordinary Resolution 债权人普通决议
Creditor's Special Resolution 债权人会议特别决议
creditors' committee 债权人委员会
creditors' meeting 债权人的会议
Creditors' Voluntary Winding 债权人自动清盘
damage 损害
damages 损害赔偿
Debenture 债权证
debt provable in bankruptcy or provable debt 可证债权或可证债项
Debt Provable in Bankruptcy 可证债项
debtor 债务人
Deed of Mutual Covenant 大厦公契
deed 契据
digital signature 数码签署
discharge 解除
dispute resolution 和调解纠纷
dividend 股息
Document of Title to Goods 货品的所有权文件
dormant 匿名或不活动
drawee 受票人 drawer 发票人
Easement 地役权
economic rights 经济权
electronic record 电子纪录
electronic signature 电子签署
Equal Opportunity Commission 平等机会委员会
Equitable Charge 公义式扺押
Equitable Mortgage 公义式按揭
Export 输出、出口 Fault 错失
Forfeiture 没收租权
Freehold 永久业权
Future goods 期货
Gazette 宪报
Government Chemist 政府化验师
Government Land Resumption Ordinance 收回官地条例
Government Lease 官地租契
Group of Companies 公司集团
hash function 杂凑函数
Import 输入、进口
Incumbrance 负累权益
information system 资讯系统
intellectual property rights 知识产权
interim order 临时命令
Intermeddling 干预死者的遗产
International court of justice 国际法院
Joint Tenants 共有权益
Judge of the Court of Final Appeal 终审法院大法官
Judge 大法官
Judgment Creditor 判定债权人
Judgment Debtor 判定债务人
Judgment 判决
Justice, Justice of the peace 太平绅士
key pair 配对密码匙
land 土地
Lands Tribunal 土地审裁处
Law Reform Commission 法律改革委员会
Law 法律、法例、法
Leasehold 租用业权
Legal Charge 法定式扺押
Legal Mortgage 法定式按揭
licensing agreement 许可合同
Listed Company 上市公司
Medical Practitioner 医生
Members' Voluntary Winding Up 成员自动清盘
moral rights 精神权利
Mortgage 按揭
New Territories 新界
nominee 代名人
Nominee's Report 代名人报告
notary 公证人
Oath 誓言
Offence 罪、罪行、罪项、犯法行为
Official Receiver 破产管理署署长
Order in Council 枢密院颁令
ordinary resolution 普通决议
Original court 原讼法院
parallel import 平行进口
patent 专利
Payable at sight 见票即付
Payee 受款人
Personal Representative 遗产代理人
Plaintiff 原告人
Police officer 警务人员
Power 权、权力
Prevailing Market Rent 市值租金
Principal Tenant 主租客
Private Company 私人公司
private key 私人密码匙
Privy Council 枢密院
Profit A Prendre 取利权
property 财产 proposal 建议
Prospectus 招股章程
public key 公开密码匙
Quality of Goods 货、货品
Regulations 规例 Repeal 废除
Restrictive Covenant 限制性的约言
Reversionary Title 归属主权
Right Of Way 过路权或取道权
etary for Justice 律政司司长
secured creditor 有抵押债权人
short term patent 短期专利
Sign 签名、签署
special resolution 特别决议
Specific Goods 特定货品
Statutory Declaration 法定声明
Subsidiary Legislation 附属法例
Summary conviction 简易程序定罪
Tenants-in-common 共享权益
Tenement 物业单位
Term 土地租期
Territorial Waters 领海
The Office of the Commissioner of Insurance 保险业监理处
Title 业权
Town Planning Board 城市规划委员会
Trade Mark Ordinance 商标条例
Trade Mark Registry 商标注册处
trade mark relating to goods 货品商标
trade mark relating to services 服务商标
Trade mark 商标
Trustee of Bankruptcy 破产受托人
trustee 受托人
trustworthy system 稳当系统
United Kingdom 联合王国
Unlisted Company 非上市公司
verify a digital signature 核实数码签署
voluntary arrangement 个人自愿安排
Warranty 保证条款
Will 遗嘱
years of age 岁、年岁
to secure one's agreement 征得...的同意
Additional Words and Phrases contract price 合约价格
contract wages 合同工资
to carry out a contract 执行合同
to execute/implement/fulfil/perform a contract 执行合同
cancellation of contract 撤消合同
breach of contract 违反合同
to break the contract 毁约
to cancel the contract 撤消合同
to tear up the contract 撕毁合同
to approve the contract 审批合同
to honour the contract 重合同
to annual the contract 废除合同
to terminate the contract 解除合同
to alter the contract 修改合同
to abide by the contract 遵守合同
to go back on one's words 反悔
to be legally binding 受法律约束
to stand by 遵守
non-payment 拒不付款
completion of contract 完成合同
execution of contract 履行合同
performance of contract 履行合同
interpretation of contract 解释合同
expiration of contract 合同期满
renewal of contract 合同的续订
contract note 买卖合同(证书)
contract of employment 雇佣合同
contract of engagement 雇佣合同
contract of carriage 运输合同
contract of arbitration 仲裁合同
contract for goods 订货合同
contract for purchase 采购合同
contract for service 劳务合同
contract for future delivery 期货合同
contract of sale 销售合同
contract of insurance 保险合同
contract 合同,订立合同
contractor 订约人,承包人
contractual 合同的,契约的
to make a contract 签订合同
to place a contract 订合同
to enter into a contract 订合同
to sign a contract 签合同
to draw up a contract 拟订合同
to draft a contract 起草合同
to get a contract 得到合同
to land a contract 得到(拥有)合同
to countersign a contract 会签合同
to repeat a contract 重复合同
a nice fat contract 一个很有利的合同
originals of the contract 合同正本
copies of the contract 合同副本
a written contract 书面合同
to make some concession 做某些让步
contract terms (or contract clause) 合同条款
contract provisions/stipulations 合同规定
contract period (or contract term) 合同期限
contract life 合同有效期
to be stipulated in the contract 在合同中予以规定
to be laid down in the contract 在合同中列明
to bring a contract into effect 使合同生效
to come into effect 生效
to go (enter)into force 生效
to cease to be in effect/force 失效
contract sales 订约销售
contract law 合同法
to ship a contract 装运合同的货物
contractual dispute 合同上的争议
a long-term contract 长期合同
a short-term contract 短期合同
contract parties 合同当事人
contractual practice/usage 合同惯例
contractual claim 根据合同的债权
contractual liability/obligation 合同规定的义务
contractual income 合同收入
contractual specifications 合同规定
contractual terms & conditions 合同条款和条件
contractual guarantee 合同规定的担保
contractual damage 合同引起的损害
contractual-joint-venture 合作经营,契约式联合经营
按下列顺序排列in the sequence listed:
按照合同以下条款 under the provisions hereinafter contained
Subject to the conditions hereinafter set forth
按照本协议条件 on the terms and subject to the conditions of
按照合同和本公约的规定 as required by the contract and this Convention
按照订单规定的要求 comply with the requirements as set out within the purchase order
按照法律关于工程设计方面的要求as required by the Laws in relation to the design
按照国际私法规定 by virtue of the rules of private international law
按照一般性原则in conformity with the general principles
按本合同附件二的规定 as specified in Appendix of the contract
按照第条的规定 as provided in articles; In complying with the provisions of clause
按照本协议的各项条款和条件
Upon the terms and subject to the conditions of this Agreement
按照如下规定 on the following items
按照下文第.条 as per Clause . below
按工程师的要求 in accordance with requirements of engineer
At the request of engineer; as directed by Engineer
按雇主要求to the extent required by the Employer ; at the request of …
按承包商的要求 at the request of the Contractor
按工程师的书面要求 on the written request of engineer
按工程师的要求 In light of the requirement of the engineer
As required by engineer in writing
Under the directions of engineer
按某方要求的方式和规定条件做某事
in such manner and on such terms as require by sb
按照成本价加上…计算 on the basis of cost plus
按季度 at quarterly intervals
按季度付款 in quarterly installments
按计划 as scheduled
按…方式付款under(on) …terms 或on …basis
按合同价格估价 shall be valued at the rates and prices provided in the contract
按时在装运期限内 duly within the shipping duration
按时支付价款 shall pay in due time the assignment charge of
九、合同法常用术语中英文对照 Contract law Terms
Bilateral Contract 双务合同
Unilateral Contract 单务合同
Implied-In-Law Contract 准合同
Implied-In-Fact Contract 事实推定合同
Void Contract 无效合同
Voidable Contract可撤销合同
Unenforceable Contract不可履行合同
Offer要约
Counter Offer反要约
Acceptance承诺
Mirror Image Rule 镜像原则
Battle Of The Forms标准条款之间的冲突
Consideration对价
Past Consideration 已存在的对价
The Mailbox Rule 信箱规则
Legal Detriment法定付出
Promissory Estoppel 禁止反言规则
Illusory Promise虚假允诺
Option Contract期权合约,指要约人撤销权受限制的要约,普通法下要求必须存在对价,而美国统一商法并不要求必须有对价,只要是商户以书面形式签署并保证不可撤销即可。
Output Contract 产量合同,即买方承诺在未来一段时间内无论卖方产量多少都会购买的合同,除非卖方产量较之先前或类似产量出现了不合理且不成比例的变动。
Requirements Contracts 需求合同,即买方承诺在未来一段时间内按照其需求向卖方订购货物的合同,除非买方的需求较先前或类似需求出现了不合理或不成比例的变动。
Ambiguity 含义不明
Misunderstanding重大误解
Mutual Mistake 双方错误
Unilateral Mistake单方错误
Misrepresentation 失实陈述
Fraudulent Misrepresentation欺骗性的失实陈述
Non-Fraudulent Misrepresentation非欺骗性的失实陈述
Nondisclosure隐瞒
Illegality非法
Adhesion Contracts附加合同
Inflated Prices非正常价格
Infancy未成年
Necessities生活必需品
Mental Incapacity由于精神状况导致的合同主体不适格
Intoxication 醉酒
Duress 胁迫
Undue Influence不当影响
Statue Of Frauds 美国防止欺诈法(要求一定情形下合同必须采取书面形式才有效)
Surety Contract保证合同
Contracts Made In Anticipation Of Marriage婚约合同
Remedy救济
Third Party Beneficiary Contract 涉第三方合同
Incidental Beneficiaries附带受益人,类似中国法下的无独立请求第三人
Intended Beneficiary 指定受益人,类似中国法下的有独立请求第三人
Creditor Beneficiaries债权受益人
Done Beneficiaries 捐赠受益人
Parol Evidence 外在证据
Integrated Agreement综合协议
Completely Integrated Agreement完整综合协议
Partially Integrated Agreement非完整综合协议
Extrinsic Evidence外部证据
Performance履行
Breach违约
Promise承诺
Condition条件
Condition Precedent先决条件
Concurrent Condition同时履行条件
Condition Subsequent后决条件
Express Condition明示条件
Constructive/Implied Condition推定/默示条件
Excuse抗辩
Anticipatory Repudiation预期违约
Letter Of Assurance保证书
Waiver免除
Discharge履行义务之解除
Actual Performance实际履行
Impossibility不可旅行
Impracticability难于履行
Frustration Of Purpose
Rescission合同解除
Mutual Rescission约定解除
Unilateral Recession单方解除
Novation债的更新
Accord And Satisfaction债的替代
Material Breach Of Contract根本违约
Immaterial Breach Of Contract非根本违约
Acceleration Clause加速条款
Monetary Damages金钱损害赔偿
Expectation Damages预期利益的损害赔偿
Reliance Damages信赖利益的损害赔偿
Consequential Damages间接损失的损害赔偿
Incidental Damages附带损失的损害赔偿
Liquidated Damages约定损害赔偿
Punitive Damages惩罚性损害赔偿
Restitution不当得利的返还
Quasi-Contract准合同
Equitable Remedies横平救济
Defenses抗辩
Special Performance强制执行令
Injunction强制令
Unclean Hands自身不清明
The Arm’S Length Principle独立交易原则
Sales Contract 买卖合同
Goods货物
Merchant商户
Good Faith诚实信用
Firm Offer Rule商户做出的不可撤销的要约规则
Indefinite And Missing Terms不确定或缺失条款
Gap-Fillers可推定
Course Of Performance履约过程
Course Of Dealing交易过程
Trade Usage商业惯例
Subsequent Terms事后条款
Auction拍卖
Modification修改
Warranty担保
Affirmation Or Promise 确认或承诺
Description Of The Goods货物描述
Sample Or Model 样品或模型
Puffery商业夸张
Affirmation Of Value价值判定
Merchantability适销性
Immediate Buyer直接买方
Remote Buyer间接买方
Subsequent Buyer后续买方
Risk Of Loss 风险损失
Tender履行
Perfect Tender Rule完全履行规则
Default Tender Rule默示履行规则
Right To Recover The Goods获取货物的权利
Shipment Contract为约定目的地交货合同
Destination Contract目的地交货合同
Bailee货物保管人
Nonconformity不符
Substantial Impairment严重损害
Market Damages市场价格赔偿
Cover Damages替代赔偿
Insolvency无力偿付
Statue Of Limitation诉讼时效
十、涉外经贸合同翻译
第一节 概 述
随着经济建设步伐的不断加快,我国对外经济贸易往来日益频繁,涉外经贸合同对于经贸活动的重要性愈发凸显。涉外经贸合同形式较广,包括中外合作经营企业合同、货物买卖合同、工程承包合同等。涉外经贸合同有其独特的语言风格,如专业性强、语言规范、句式复杂、格式规范等等。本章在探讨国际经贸合同翻译的一些基本步骤和标准的基础上,分析涉外经贸合同的词汇特征和句式特征,提出用词选择和长句翻译的方法,并介绍合同基本条款和范本的翻译。
第二节 涉外经贸合同的翻译步骤
翻译国际经贸合同除了英语和汉语功底好、具备较强的翻译能力之外,还需要了解有关合同本身涉及的国际贸易、国际汇兑、会计学、运输学、保险学、法学等方面的知识。要想成为合格的合同翻译者,必须认真研读学习合同范本和相关知识,并进行大量的合同翻译实践。此外,在合同翻译过程中应遵循以下翻译步骤:
1.分析
通读全文并研究其结构,做到全面理解、掌握内涵,并从宏观上了解合同原文的总体精神和篇章结构。要充分理解合同文本的第一步就是要对合同的体裁和种类进行分类。不同的体裁和种类的合同有不同的章法可循。英文合同种类繁多,只有了解合同种类、吃透条款的内涵,才能保证译文的质量。
2.理解
翻译前要读懂原文,这是任何译者都需要做到的。看合同文件十分枯燥、乏味,句子长、术语多,理解上又颇费工夫,但是,耐心读懂合同原文至关重要。要读懂原文需注意下面几个问题:
2.1 理解合同文件中的规约用语
英语中某些副词如“here”及“where”在合同中往往当做前缀,与另一个词构成规约用语。以这种方法构成的词主要有:hereafter,hereby,herein,hereof,hereto,hereunder,hereupon,herewith,hereinbefore,hereinafter;thereafter,thereby,therein,thereinafter,thereon,thereof。这些词汇的共同特点就是使文体更具庄重感,同时意义确定,能将复杂的含义集中到一个简洁的表达里,在合同文件中运用这些词,可以避免重复、误解和歧义,使行文庄重严谨。在翻译合同时,只有正确处理这些规约用语,对其做出明确解释之后,才能将翻译顺畅进行下去。
2.2 理清合同文件中的句子结构
合同类法律文件的起草者为了使行文完整严密,避免造成曲解、误解,往往选择使用结构复杂的长句,句序变化大、从句的插入手法多,经常使用被动语态和否定提前等。在翻译时,一定要首先理顺句子之间的逻辑结构,注意行文的条理性及严谨性。
例1:要约可以撤回,撤回要约的通知应当在要约到达受要约人之前或者与要约同时到达受要约人。
译文1:If an offer is recalled,the notice of recall shall arrive before the offeree receives the offer or at the same time as the arrival of the offer.
译文2:The offer may be withdrawn,if,before or at the same time when an offer arrives,the withdrawal notice reaches the offeree.
译文解析:译文1把主从句的逻辑关系颠倒了。就主从复合句的信息排列而言,重点信息一般作主句,次要信息作从句。本句的意思是要约可以撤回,但必须符合条件,条件就是撤回要约的通知到达受要约人的时间。由此可见译文1没有弄清楚原文的逻辑层次,把主次颠倒了。译文2较好地解决了主从信息的逻辑关系顺序问题,因此是较好的译文。
3.表达
在前面分析和理解的基础上,要用目的语将原文内容表达出来。译者对原文的理解程度、翻译技巧、翻译手法和风格等都决定着翻译的质量。在合同翻译中绝不能草率行事,提笔就译。首要的就是选词。词语是构成合同文本的基本单位,是英译合同文件的基础。
4.校正
“校正”是翻译活动的最后一关,也是非常重要的最后把关。在准确表达的前提下,力求使译文的格式和文体符合合同规范的要求。在校正过程中要注意的问题是细节,如合同中的重要条款、细节部分(比如合同的标的额和关于货币的支付形式)和容易被忽略的细微之处是否有漏译或错译等等。
第三节 涉外经贸合同词汇特征和用词选择
1.词汇特征
1.1 专业词汇丰富
经贸合同的种类很多,涉及贸易、技术、法律等种种学科。而专业词汇就是指适用于不同学科领域的词,是用来正确表达科学概念的词,具有丰富的内涵和外延。为了准确描述合同双方的权利和义务,合同中常常使用法律类的专业术语,如:discharging liability(偿还义务)、judicial decree(司法判决)、winding up(结案)、quasicontract(准合同)等等。还有一些词汇的普通意义与在合同中的法律意义大相径庭,如:immunity(免疫)在合同中译为“豁免权”,instrument(手段)在合同中指“票据”,assignment(分派)在合同中指“财产的转让”。
1.2 用语正式、规范
国际贸易合同属于法律文体,是规范程度较高的一种文体,其用语保守,经常使用正式程度很高的书面语言,以体现合同的正规、庄重和严肃。请看下面的例子:
例2: The general manager and deputy general manage rs shall be engaged b y the board of directors of the joint venture.
参考译文:总经理、副总经理由合营企业董事会聘请。
译文解析:与employ相比,engage是正式书面用词。
例3: The Appendix hereto shall,through the contract period,be deemed to be a part of this Contract.
参考译文:整个合同期间,本合同的附件应被视为合同的一部分。
译文解析:与consider相比,deem是正式书面用词。
1.3 使用旧体词
旧体词均为副词,一般是here、there或where与in、on、after、of等介词结合构成的复合词。使用旧体词不仅可以使合同语言更为简练、规范、严肃,文体更为正式庄重、严谨,而且避免了用词重复和文句冗长。因此,学会和掌握这类旧体词是十分重要的。此部分内容已在第四章(法律词汇翻译)中详细讲解过,在此不再赘述。
1.4 使用缩略词
国际贸易合同中的缩略词主要为首字母缩略词和简短词,其中,价格、支付及保险方式大多以首字母缩略词形式出现,例如,B/L(bill of lading),CIF(cost,insurance,and freight),D/D(demand draft),FOB(free on board)① ,M/T(mail transfer),T/T(telegraphic transfer )等。计量单位及相关名称则通常以简短词形式出现,如:CM(centimeter),KG(kilogram),MA(maximum),No(number),PC(piece),T(ton)等。值得注意的是同一个首字母缩写词可指代不同的短语。如: P.O.D.既可指交货地点(place of delivery),也可指目的港、卸货港(port of destination;port of discharge)。有些缩略词字母相同,但因大小写不同而含义大相径庭。如:SC指sales contract(销售合同),sc则指scilicet。还有些缩略词有不同的书写形式,但都指代同一短语,因而意义相同。如C.O,C/O都指cash order(现金票据、现金订货单)。缩略词的解释在国际上已形成惯例,其意义单一而固定,要准确地理解并翻译贸易合同就要准确地把握这些缩略语的含义。缩略词的使用虽然使作者达到了省时、省力、省篇幅的目的,但同时也给读者带来诸多不便和困难。翻译者不仅要具有较高的语言修养,而且要具有贸易方面的相关专业知识。进行翻译时,要充分理解具体的语境,因为同一词汇在不同的语境中可能有不同的含义。
2.用词选择
经贸合同中的词语是构成合同文本最基本的单位。对合同文本中的一些单词词义的正确选择,是翻译合同文书的前提和基础。如果选择的词义不确切,整篇译文就难以理解。在翻译合同文件时,会涉及经济、法律、贸易、金融、技术等领域的专业词汇,这些词汇在不同的合同条款和上下文的表达中词义有很大区别。即使在同一专业中的词义也会有很大区别,因此必须仔细推敲,选择最确切的词义。本小节将合同翻译时经常碰到的词义处理问题,归纳为三个方面。
2.1 同义词的选择
同义词在英语中为数不少,在合同英语中也时常出现,翻译时必须做出正确选择。否则,如果同义词选用不当,轻者会影响双方的权利义务,重者可能造成履约争议。同义词的选择,通常从以下几方面着手:
(1)根据单词的内涵进行选择
合同中出现的同义词,从字面理解仿佛没有很大区别,但仔细研究其内涵就会发现,它们在表现出共性的同时,也体现着个性。这就要求译者必须深入细致地精研其本质的区别,选出最恰当的单词。
例4: 合同在有效期内,双方对合同产品涉及的技术如有改进和发展,应相互免费将改进和发展的技术资料提供给对方使用。
参考译文:Within the term of validity of the Contract,both parties shall supply each other with improvements in and development of the technology related to the Contract Products free of charge.
译文解析:该句的谓语动词“提供”一词用了supply,就不如provide确切。尽管这两个词都表示“供给”,但在牵涉到金钱时,provide则表示to give sb sth free of charge,supply则不太明确。因此,该条款虽然明确了free of charge,但用provide更恰当。
例5 :改进和开发的技术,其所有权属于改进和开发一方。
参考译文:The improved and developed technology shall be owned by the party who has improved and developed it.
译文解析:这一条规定了改进后的技术专有权归属问题,所以该句中正确地选择“属于”一词是很关键的。有人选择belong to,也有人选择possess,还有人用own,这三个词均可以表示“属于”。我们分析一下这三个词的内涵,belong to的含义是指“属于……财产”;possess和own虽然都着重于“所属关系”,但possess只指目前属于某人,并没有讲是如何得到的;而own含有“对……合法占有”,与原文意思一致。
例6: 本细则的解释权,属于中华人民共和国财政部。
参考译文:The right of interpreting the detailed Rules and Regulations resides in the Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China.
译文解析:句中的“属于”是指the power or right will be presented to or vested in sb or a body,故应选用reside in。
(2)根据搭配关系进行选择
有些英语同义词的选择,是由句子的结构和搭配所要求的,这时译者应认真研究这些同义词的搭配关系,避免出现句法搭配上的错误。
例7 :合资经营企业的一切活动应遵守中华人民共和国法律。
参考译文:All the activities of a joint venture shall comply with the provision of laws,decrees and pertinent regulations of the People's Republic of China.
译文解析:这一条款中“遵守”一词,英语中有observe,obey,abide by,comply with等,在选择表示“遵守”的词汇时,应根据句子搭配关系进行选择。本句子中的主语是activity,翻译时应选择comply with,表示to act in accordance with a provision,rule,demand。
例8: Sources suggested that this decline in exports was largely due to a sharp cutback in the credit offered by the Thai government to these countries.
参考译文:有消息显示,这种出口下降主要是由于泰国政府向这些国家提供的信贷大幅度削减所造成的。
译文解析:由due to引出的短语属形容词性质的短词,分别在句中作表语和定语,一般不引出状语。引出状语,表示“由于”的短语往往选用because of和owing to。
(3)根据合同的文体进行选择
合同英语的基本要求是用词规范、正式,符合约定俗成的含义。在选择同义词时,译者应充分考虑合同文本的特点,选择符合合同文体的正式的规范的词汇。
例9: 买方须于销售确认书第三条所规定日期之前开出本批交易的信用证。否则,售方有权不经通知取消本确认书,或接受买方对本售货确认书未履行的全部或一部,或对因此遭受的损失提出索赔。
参考译文:The Buyer shall establish the covering letter of credit before the date specified in Clause Three of this Sales Confirmation,failing which the Seller reserves the right to rescind without further notice,or to accept whole or any part of this Sales Confirmation not fulfilled by the Buyer,or to lodge a claim for losses sustained,if any.
译文解析:该句条款中的“有权”,英文合同中大多选择:to have the right或keep the right,但该句选用reserve the right to do sth.比前两种表达更正式,因为reserve本身就属合同英语中的专用词汇,表示to have a specified power of right in law。比如,我们经常看到的“版权所有”,用英语表达就是All rights reserved。句中的“取消”,英文中有cancel,abolish,call off等表达方式,而本句选用rescind专门指cancel a contract or an agreement。句中“提出赔偿”中的“提出”,选用了lodge,在合同英语中其宾语多是a claim或claims,合在一起to lodge a claim就是“提出索赔”。如果用raise,put forward,advance,尽管都可译为“提出”,但都不能准确地表述“提出赔偿”的含义。例如,用a claim作raise的宾语,写成raise a claim,意思便成了“提出某项要求”。
例10: 如乙方在技术资料的交付方面违约,不应要求甲方立即支付任何专利权使用费。
参考译文:Party A shall not be asked to pay at once any royalties in default on the part of Party B to the Delivery of Technical Documentation.
译文解析:该译文中的ask应更换为require,ask和require的意思虽然都是“要求”,但后者更正式;句中的at once应更换为forthwith,因为forthwith是公文体,较at once或immediately正式、严谨。例如:The Parties acknowledge and agree that the Joint Venture Company shall be formed forthwith upon satisfaction of the conditions(缔约各方确认并同意,一旦条件符合,合资经营公司便立即组成)。
例11: 如果许可方允许任何第三方在任何地方使用本专利或相应的专利,及有关特许产品的生产、使用和销售的许可证,而且其条件比本协议规定的条件更优惠,许可方应立即以书面形式将这些优惠许可的细节通知被许可方,被许可方有接受相同优惠条件的选择权。
参考译文:If the Licensor allows any other license under the Patent or their other corresponding patents to any third party in connection with the manufacture,use and sale of the licensed products in any place under such conditions as are more favorable to a licensee than those provided herein,the licensor shall promptly inform the Licensee in written form of the details of such other license and the licensee has the choice to adopt equally favorable conditions.
译文解析:译文中的allow(允许,许可)不如用grant正式。grant在涉外经贸合同,尤其在许可证合同中表示许可方to allow the licensee to,而allow仅表示to say that someone can do sth。inform一般指传达某种信息和资料,如:He informed his staff that he was going to Spain on business.(他告诉自己的职员,他要去西班牙出差);notify用在合同文体中,表示正式书面通知对方与其有关的利益,因此,句中的“通知”应选择notify。前面的promptly也应更换为forthwith。句中最后的“选择”应选用option,专门用于表示当事人的一种“选择权”,尤其指offer sb the right to enter into a contract at a later date。
2.2 一词多义的处理
在合同英语中,一词多义或一义多词的现象较为普遍。要透彻理解这些词义,必须结合上下文,仔细推敲。在翻译时,绝对不能孤立地、片面地和静止地去理解条款中的词义,而应全面地、客观地去理解和选择词义。下面仅以“reference”一词为例,看它在不同的上下文中的不同含义。
例12:
(1)Thank you for your letter referenced as DT/Zi No.102.of 29th,March.
参考译文:感谢你方3月29日编号为DT/Zi,No.102的来信。
译文解析:“referenced as”在此例中指“编号”。
(2)We have had only one order from ABC Co.,Ltd.,so we regret we cannot give you a reference from longer experience.
参考译文:我们仅接受ABC有限公司的一笔订货,很遗憾我们不能提供具有长期交往经历的资信情况。
译文解析:“reference”在此例中指“资信情况”。
(3)Reference is made to your Sales Confirmation No.1529.
参考译文:现谈到你方的第1529号销售确认书。
译文解析:“reference”在此例中指“谈到”。
(4)The Buyers ask for credit and have given the Bank of China,Beijing as a reference.
参考译文:买方要求记账交易,并提出中国银行北京分行作为资信备询人。
译文解析:“reference”在此例中指“咨信备询人”(person who reports on someone's character or abilities)。
(5)The Sales Company is given the same power with reference to apportioning the commission.
参考译文:关于佣金的分配问题,应授予销售公司同样的权利。
译文解析:with reference to在此例中意思为“关于”。
(6)A reference to your records will show that we have more than once required you to establish an L/C against S/C No.2523.
参考译文:阅你方记录可以看出,我方已多次催促,要求你方对第2523号销售确认书开立信用证。
译文解析:reference在此例中指“查阅”。
以上只是reference一词的部分词义。可见,如果把reference一概译为“参考”不仅词不达意,而且还会影响条款的效力。
一词多义的选择和确定通常从以下几个方面着手:
(一)根据词性确定词义
英语中有许多书写形式相同的词,却有着不同的词性,而意义也有所差异。因此,在翻译时首先要断定这个词在原文中的词性,根据词性再进一步确定其词义。
例13:
(1)Arbitration of all questions in dispute under this contract shall be the choice of either party and shall be in accordance with the International Arbitration Rules of the American Arbitration Association.
参考译文:对在合同中一切有争议的问题是否付诸仲裁将由任何一方作出选择,并须按照美国仲裁协会的国际仲裁规则进行仲裁。
译文解析:句中的choice是名词,意思为“选择”。
(2)Our products are manufactured from the choice grades of material and will satisfy you in every respect.
参考译文:我方的产品均用上等的原料制成,因此,在各方面都会使贵方满意。
译文解析:句中的choice是形容词,意思为“优质的”。
例14:
(1)The prices quoted include a progressive commission,to be calculated on an FOB basis,of 2%for a single order for 10 dozen or up,and 3%for 30 dozen or up.
参考译文:所报价格包括累进佣金,按FOB价为基础计算,每订单在10打及以上时佣金为2%,30打及以上时为3%。
译文解析:本句中的commission在合同中以名词形式出现,意思为“佣金”。
(2)Party B is commissioned by the manufacturers to buy steel plates and this contract shall supersede all previous commitments.
参考译文:乙方受制造厂家的委托购买钢板,因此本合同将取代以前的一切承诺。
译文解析:本句中的commission是动词,其意思为“委托”或“代理”。
例15:
(1)The time limit for inspection and claim is 60 days after discharge of the cargo at the port of destination.
参考译文:检验与索赔的期限为货物卸至目的港后60天。
译文解析:本句中的discharge是名词,词义为:“卸(货)”(unloading cargo from a ship),经常出现在国际货物买卖合同中。
(2)Party B agrees that the expiration of this license shall not discharge Party B from its obligation.
参考译文:乙方同意在许可证到期时并不免除乙方应尽的义务。
译文解析:本句中的discharge是动词,意思为“免除”(release one party from the terms of a contract)。
(3)Routine duties of the Joint Venture Company are to be discharged by the general manager appointed by the Board of Directors.
参考译文:董事会任命的总经理,负责履行合营公司的日常职权。
译文解析:本句中的discharge也是动词,意思为“履行”(carry out one's duty)。
例16:
(1)The directors and officers of the Buyer in office on the effective date of the merger shall continue in office as the directors and officers of the Buyer for the term elected until their respective successors shall be elected.
参考译文:企业合并生效之日,买方的在职董事和在职高级职员应继续留任为买方的董事和高级职员,其任期保留到选举出他们各自的继任人为止。
译文解析:该句中的office是不可数的抽象名词,意思为“公职、官职”(work and duties connected with a position of trust and authority)。
(2)We hope to be able to reciprocate your good offices on a similar occasion.
参考译文:我们希望能在类似情况下报答你方的鼎力帮助。
译文解析:该句中的offices只用复数形式,表示“帮助”,经常使用的短语有through sb's good offices(承某人的鼎力帮助)。
例17:
(1)If the vessel had arrived at the loading port within the Confirmed Dates,the loading operation could already have been underway by now.
参考译文:如果船只在确认日期内已到达装货港,现在就能够进行装货作业。
译文解析:句中的operation是单数形式,一般表示“操作,作业”或“经营”。
(2)We welcome any suggestions you may offer for our business operations.
参考译文:贵方对我方业务活动所提出的任何建议,我方都表示欢迎。
译文解析:句中的operations常用复数形式,表示“一种有计划的业务活动”。
(二)根据专业来确定词义
合同英语中会涉及各类不同的专业。专业不同,某些词语的词义也就相应地需要调整。因此,根据不同的专业来确定词义也是重要的选词手段。
例18:
(1)The invoice shall be subject to the usual trade discounts allowed by the Consignor.
参考译文:发票须按照发货人所给予的通常批发折扣开立。
译文解析:句中的discount意思为“折扣”(amount of money taken off the cost of sth),是商业贸易中常用的词汇。对某一价格打折扣,可接用of或on,例如:We are prepared to grant you a discount of 5%on the price(我方准备给予你方5%的价格折扣)。
(2)The Buyer shall tender a 90-day note in Bank of China,Taiyuan Branch for discount.
参考译文:买方将把一张90天的期票提交中国银行太原分行贴现。
译文解析:句中的discount意思为“贴现”(the amount of money deducted from the face value of a note),是银行业务中常用的词汇。
例19:
(1)Our end-users consider the Voltmeter to be unfit for use and demand that the instrument be replaced by you with a sound one.
参考译文:我方用户认为该电量计不适于使用,要求你方用一只好的替换。
译文解析:句中的instrument在机械设备中,指“仪器”。
(2)The board of directors may authorize any agent or agents to enter into any Contract or execute and deliver any instrument in the name of and on behalf of the Corporation.
参考译文:董事会可授权任何代理人以公司名义并代表公司签订合同或签发单据。
译文解析:该句中的instrument在商业上多表示“正式的单据或文件”(formal document)。
(3)A party to an instrument may authorize an agent to endorse the instrument but must specify the principal-agent relationship on the instrument.
参考译文:票据当事人可以委托其代理人在票据上签章,但应当在票据上注明其代理关系。
译文解析:该句中instrument在结算业务中表示票据的总称。
例20:
(1)The ocean freight and transfer charges from the interior points to the port of shipment shall be paid by the Buyer.
参考译文:该项海运费及从内地发货点至装船口岸的中转费均须由买方支付。
译文解析:该句中的freight在国际贸易中常指“运费”(money charged for carrying goods)。
(2)This freight must be carefully handled when loading.
参考译文:货物装载时必须小心搬运。
译文解析:该句中的freight在国内运输中指“货物”(cargo or goods which are carried by land or sea or air),不指“运费”。
例21:
(1)The premium rates vary with the different interests insured and with different destinations,routes and carrying periods of insurance.
参考译文:保险费率随保险货物的不同而变化,也随目的地、航线和保险责任有效期的不同而变化。
译文解析:句中的interest在保险业务中指“被保险的货物”。
(2)If the Buyer fails to pay any amount when due,the Buyer shall be liable to pay to the Seller overdue interest on such unpaid amount from the due date until the actual date of payment at the rate of five percent per annum.Such overdue interest shall be paid upon demand of the Seller.
参考译文:如果买方未能按期支付到期款项,那么,买方应支付卖方从到期之日起算至实际支付之日为止的年利率为5%的利息。一经卖方提出,买方应支付该过期利息。
译文解析:此句中的interest在国际支付业务中,表示一方由于未能支付到期应付的款项,而向另一方支付的利息。
(3)The articles of our immediate interest are your“CHUNHUI”Brand Agricultural Washing Machines.
参考译文:我们当前需要的商品是你方的春晖牌农用洗衣机。
译文解析:该句中的interest译为“所需要的产品或业务”,经常出现在要约文本中,词义主要是从interest(兴趣)产生的转义。
(三)根据词的搭配关系确定词义
搭配关系,是指一个词与另一个词连用而产生意义上的联系。一个词单独存在时是一个意思,但与其他词搭配使用就可能产生出各种不同的词义。因此,在确定和选择词义时,还必须考虑词与词的搭配关系。
例22:
(1)In case of any request by either party,the party having possession of the desired records may deliver the appropriate records to the requesting party.
参考译文:如遇任何一方提出要求,拥有所需记录资料的一方可将合适的记录递交给提出要求的一方。
译文解析:句中含有case的介词短语“in case of”,其含义为“假使,如果”,引出状语。
(2)The price difference should in no case be as big as USD 25 per metric ton.
参考译文:价格的差额决不会大到每公吨25美元。
译文解析:句中含有case的介词短语“in no case”,意思为“决不”,具有副词性质,用作状语。
(3)In the case of an order for more than 6,000 units,Party B allows a special discount of 6 per cent.
参考译文:至于数量在6,000件以上的订单,乙方愿给予6%的特别折扣。
译文解析:该句中的“in the case of”与第一句的“in case of”只有一个定冠词之别,但其意思却有很大区别,这里的意思为“至于,就……来说”。
例23:
(1)Upon the arrival of the goods at the place of delivery the Buyers claim an allowance of USD 350 on account of inferior quality.
参考译文:货物运抵交付地点后,由于货物质量不佳,买方要求索赔350美元。
译文解析:句中的allowance与动词claim搭配,意思为“赔偿费”。
(2)Both Party A and Party B shall make a liberal allowance for such unforeseen circumstances arising during transit.
参考译文:甲、乙双方应充分考虑到运输中所发生的意外情况。
译文解析:句中的allowance在make allowance for结构中表示:在做某种决定时,“考虑到某事物”。
例24: The part of the contract price shall be paid in USD by way of an irrevocable Letter of Credit against presentation by Contractor to the negotiating bank.
参考译文:合同价格要根据承包人要求,在议付银行以不可撤销的信用证方式用美元支付。
译文解析:句中的negotiable作为形容词在修饰bank时,译成“议付的”。形容词negotiable就其本身而言意思为“可谈判的”,但是在修饰不同的名词时其含义也不同。试比较:negotiable amount(可议付的金额),negotiable bill of lading(可过户证券),negotiable certificate of deposit(流通存单)等。
例25:
(1)All activities of the joint venture company shall be governed by the law,decrees and pertinent rules and regulations of the People's Republic of China.
参考译文:合营公司的一切活动,必须遵守中华人民共和国的法律、法令和有关条例及规定。
译文解析:句中govern作为及物动词,其本意为“统治、治理、支配”,而本句中的govern的宾语是all activities of the joint venture company,其后的by引出的又是有关的law和decrees,因此,根据其搭配关系,句子中的govern应理解为“遵守”。
(2)The Surviving Corporation shall continue to be governed by the laws of the People's Republic of China.
参考译文:该幸存下来的公司将继续由中华人民共和国法律管辖。
译文解析:该句中govern的宾语是corporation,两词搭配,译成被动句“由……管辖”。
例26: The carrier's responsibility for the cargo ceases immediately when the cargo leaves the ship's tackle and thereafter all risks and expenses involved are the responsibility of the cargo.
参考译文:当货物离开轮船挂钩时,承运人的责任即行终止,此后一切风险及费用一概由货主负责。
译文解析:该句的cargo出现了三次,其中前两个根据其搭配关系均可理解为:a load of goods carried in a ship or aircraft(用船或飞机运载的货物);但第三个cargo用of引出,修饰responsibility,而且句子的主语为risks and expenses,因此,根据该词与句中其他词的搭配关系,应理解为“货主”。
2.3 易混淆的词的处理
国际商务合同中还有一些易混淆的词,这些词中有的书写虽基本相同,内容却有很大区别;有的可以表达同一概念,但使用场合有别;还有的词语由于发生变形,产生了权利义务的改变等。易混淆词的处理,应注意以下几点:
(一)书写基本近似,但意义不同的词
例27:
(1)Party B shall request his bankers to open an irrevocable letter of credit in Party A's favour upon receipt of Party A's confirmation of this order.
参考译文:一旦收到甲方关于此项订货的确认,乙方便要求其银行开立以甲方为受益人的不可撤销的信用证。
译文解析:句中的短语in one's favour意思为“以……为受益人”。
(2)The goods that we offer you are much in favour on the European Continent.
参考译文:我方向你方报盘的货物,在欧洲大陆颇受好评。
译文解析:该句中的in favour与上句的in one's favour只相差一个名词所有格形式或形容词性物主代词,但意义却大不相同。in favour在本句中的意思是“受赏识,受好评”。
例28:
(1)Up to now we have not heard anything from them about the order in question.
参考译文:到目前为止,我方仍未接到他们关于该订货的任何消息。
译文解析:句中的in question意思为“正在被谈起的”,经常译成“该”,如:“the Contract in question”(该合同)。
(2)It is obviously out of question to effect the shipment in June.
参考译文:很明显,6月份交货不成问题。
译文解析:句中的“out of question”意思为:“毫无疑问”或“没有问题”。
(3)The prices shown in price-lists and catalogs shall be deemed to be the rock-bottom prices and any further reduction is out of the question.
参考译文:价目单和商品目录中标明的价格,应视为最低价格,不会再次减价。
译文解析:该句中的“out of the question”与上句中的“out of question”只相差一个定冠词,但其意义却完全相反。前者表示“impossible”,而后者却表示“no problem”。
例29:
(1)The Borrower agrees to transfer to the lender the right to accept and substitute other assigned accounts subsequent to this date,in lieu of accounts this day assigned.
参考译文:借款人同意向出借人转让收取和兑取自即日起的以后各项应收账款的权利,用以取代今天的各项应收账款。
译文解析:句中的“lieu”意思为“代替”,如:accept a check in lieu of cash(接受支票替代现金)。
(2)Machinery shall become the sole property of the Joint Venture Company,free and clear of all liens,charges and claims of any kind whatsoever.
参考译文:机械设备应成为合资公司的独占财产,不存在任何留置权、任何费用和索赔等情况。
译文解析:该句中的“lien”与上句中的“lieu”书写非常近似,但“lien”的意思为right to keep sb's property until a debt owed in connection with it is paid,法律上称“留置权”,属担保方式的一种。
(二)同一概念但表达不同权利义务关系的词
英语合同中的某些单词,单从形式上看是相同的,但应用到具体的条款中,其表现的权利义务关系和用词的规范就不同了。
例30:
(1)The Contract Price set forth in this Contract shall not include any withholding tariff and any charges imposed on the contractor by the government of New Zealand.
参考译文:在合同中规定的合同价格,不应包括新西兰政府向承包人征收的扣缴税金和任何费用。
译文解析:该译文中的“税金”应改为“关税”。tariff在表示“税”时,主要用于“关税”,即:a schedule or system of duties imposed by a government on goods imported or exported.
(2)The China Corporation shall bear all relevant taxes and levies imposed upon its personnel by the Chinese Government,whereas the Employer shall bear the same imposed upon its personnel by the Government of the Project-host Country.
参考译文:中国公司应负责交纳中国政府对人员所征收的一切税金;雇主应负责交纳项目所在国政府对人员所征缴的一切税金。
译文解析:该句中出现了两个有关“税金”的单词,即“taxes and levies”。其中tax在表示“税”时,主要强调:money taken compulsorily by the government or by an official body to pay for government services;levy作为名词,主要表示“所征的税”,即:money which is demanded and collected by the government or by an agency or by an official body,因此,句中的taxes and levies合在一起可理解为:(中国政府所征收的)“一切税金”。
(3)The prices quoted above do not include any taxes,duties,imposts and any other charges of any kind which may be levied in China.
参考译文:以上所指的价格并不包括在中国境内所征收的各种税款、关税、进口税以及其他各种费用。
译文解析:该句中除taxes外,还出现两个表示“税”的单词,即duty和impost。其中duty主要强调the tax imposed by a government on merchandise imported from another country,可理解为“关税”。但duty在表示“关税”时与tariff是有本质区别的,前者主要表示tax to be paid for importing,而后者除表示tax to be paid for importing外,还可以表示tax to be paid for exporting,所以,在翻译duty时,一般应结合上下文写成:“在某国内所征收的关税”;句中出现的另一个表示“税”的单词是impost,这个词纯粹表示“进口税”,但不一定是通过海关所征的税。
(三)表示不同法律关系但意义近似的词
某些表达当事人法律关系的汉语词或其近义词在不同的上下文中,其内涵不尽相同。把这些词译成英语时,必须认真研究分析,必要时应对合同中当事人约定的权利义务条件进行比较,选出最恰当的英语词汇。
例31:由于发生地震、台风、水灾、火灾、战争及其他无法预见并且对其发生和后果均不能防止或避免的不可抗力事件,致使直接影响合同的履行或者不能按约定的条件履行时,遇有上述不可抗力事件的一方,应立即将事件情况书面通知对方,并在其后15日内,提供事件详情及全部或部分合同不能或需要延期履行的理由的有效证明文件,此项证明文件应由事件发生地区的公证机构出具。按照事件对履行合同影响的程度,由双方协商决定是否解除合同,或者部分免除履行合同的责任,或者延期履行合同。
参考译文:Should either of the parties to this Contract be prevented from executing the Contract by Force Majeure,such as earthquake,typhoon,flood,fire,war and other unforeseen events,and their happenings and consequences are unpreventable and unavoidable,the presented party shall notify the other party by a written notice without any delay,and within 15 days thereafter provide the detailed information of the events and a valid document for evidence issued by the relevant public notary organization to explain the reason for its inability to execute or its necessity to delay the execution of all or part of the Contract.Both parties shall,through consultations,decide whether to terminate the Contract or to exempt the party of obligations for implementation of the Contract or whether to delay the implementation of the Contract according to the effects of the events on the performance of the Contract.
译文解析:该句子的英译文在表达原文内容上是没什么问题的,但是将句中的“解除合同”译成“to terminate the contract”有些不妥。因为,从法律意义上讲,“to terminate the contract”是指“终止合同”,而“终止合同”的法律行为,必须在出现了终止合同的法律事由后才能实行。该条款主要说明的是,由于“不可抗力事件”(Force Majeure Events)致使合同无法履行,这种事由不属于终止合同的条件,而属解除合同的条件。因此,“解除合同”应选用“to rescind the Contract”,这样符合法定解除合同的情形。另外,译文“either of the parties of the Contract”中的第二个介词of应换成to,译成:“the parties to the Contract”,因为to表示一种归属关系,即:“履行合同的双方当事人”。
例32: 当事人一方有另一方不能履行合同的确切证据时,可以中止履行合同,但是应当通知另一方。
参考译文:A party may terminate its performance of a contract if it has conclusive evidence that the other party is unable to perform the contract.However,it shall immediately inform the other party of such termination.
译文解析:该句中的译者将“中止”误理解为“终止”,译成了to terminate its performance of the contract,这是个原则性的错误。“中止”和“终止”在法律上均有“停止”的意思,但前者表示,因故暂停正在履行的合同,待造成中止的原因消除后,再恢复合同的履行,其英译应该是:to suspend its performance of the contract;后者表示完全结束正在履行的合同,其英译文是to terminate the contract。
例33: 乙方将其50万美元的定期存款单移交甲方占有,将该单证作为债权的质押凭证。
参考译文:Party B shall deliver his certificate of fixed deposits of USD 500,000 to Party A for possession who shall take the said fixed deposits as a mortgage for the obligatory right.
译文解析:该句是一则借款合同中的担保条款。乙方将存款移交给甲方作为担保,属于担保方式中的“质押”,而且是一种“权利质押”。显然,译文中用“mortgage”表示“质押”是不能完全达意的。mortgage尽管也表示用财产担保,但这种担保方式是以不转移财产的占有向债权人担保;本款中的担保是以转移财产的占有向债权人作为担保,属于transfer of objects or documents to the creditor as security for a loan,因此,“质押”选用pledge较妥,mortgage属于“抵押”的范畴。
第四节 涉外经贸合同句式特征及翻译方法
1.句式特征
在句式结构方面,经贸合同与其他文体迥异。英语合同常不以易于理解为目的,大量使用复合句。究其根源,还是源于英语合同的文体属性。作为法律文书,合同规定各方当事人的权利和义务,合同文字的表达必须完整、细致、严谨、明晰。而英语的复合句,可以包含多个从句。从句之间的关系可能包容、限定,也可能并列、平行,因此,在合同中较多使用复合句能够将各方的权利和义务在有限的条款中完整明确地体现出来,确保合同句子结构的严谨性,这无疑也会增加理解英语合同的难度,与此同时也增加了合同翻译的难度。
2.长句的翻译
句子长是英语合同的特点之一,这些句子结构复杂,逻辑性强,翻译起来困难相当大。在长句的英译汉实践中,我们应记住英汉在句法结构上的差异;英语注重结构形式,严谨而序列性强;汉语注重表达意思,形散而神不散。这就需要译者弄清英语原文的句法结构,找出整个句子的中心骨架成分,分清语法层次,然后分析各层意思之间的逻辑关系,再按汉语的特点表达出来。
2.1 顺序而译
所谓顺序法就是按照原文的顺序组织译文。在经贸合同中,当英语长句陈述的是一连串的动作并按发生的时间或逻辑关系排列时,此类长句与汉语的表达方式较一致,可按原文的顺序译出。
例34: In the event that the Company's operations are reduced substantially from the scale of operations originally anticipated by the parties,or the Company experiences substantial and continuing losses resulting in negative retained earnings not anticipated by the Parties in the agreed Business Plan,or in any other circumstances permitted under applicable laws or agreed by the Parties,the Parties may agree to reduce the registered capital of the Company on a pro rata basis.
参考译文:如果合营公司的经营规模比双方原来预期的规模有大幅度缩减,或合营公司持续遭受严重亏损,导致双方商定的业务计划中所未能预期的盈余保留负数,或在任何相关法律允许或双方一致同意的情况下,双方可以协议按原有出资比例减资。
译文解析:上述句子的逻辑关系非常清楚,即:三个假设条件,一个结论,表达顺序与汉语一致。因此,可按照原文的语序进行翻译。
2.2 逆序而译
英语长句按照英语语法习惯和顺序进行表达,与汉语的语序有可能完全相反。为了符合汉语的表达,可能根据情况逆向翻译。
例35: The Seller shall not be responsible for any delay in shipment or non-delivery of the goods due to force majeure,which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit.
参考译文:在制造或装船运输过程中,因不可抗力致使卖方不能或推迟交货时,卖方不负责任。
译文解析:这里原文的行文方式是把信息的重心放在句首,先表明卖方的免责事项(The Seller shall not be responsible for any delay in shipment or non-delivery of the goods),接着再规定什么原因引起的不能交货或延迟交货才会免责(due to force majeure)。而对不可抗力又做了限定(which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit)。而按照汉语思维习惯往往是先谈原因再讲结论。因此翻译时译者应采用逆序的方法将原文表示免责条件的“due to force majeure,which might...of loading or transit”移到前面。再者,英语中的非限制性定语从句(即本句中的which might occur...of loading or transit)翻译成中文时要么仍翻译成定语放在所修饰的词之前,要么处理为别的成分。
2.3 重组而译
由于英语和汉语在表达方式上的不同,因此在翻译时无法在译文中按照原文的顺序翻译或体现原文面貌。在某些情况下,就需要对原文进行仔细分析,采用不同的处理措施进行重组,把英语原文翻译成符合汉语合同表达习惯的、忠实原文的汉语合同。
例36:The Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller,whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the commodity referenced hereunder subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.
参考译文:买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。
译文解析:此例为以英文开头的固定套语表达,在译成汉语时必须将句子拆分按照汉语合同的习惯表达。
2.4 断句而译
英语习惯于用长句表达比较复杂的概念,而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句进行叙述。为此,可将英语的长句拆开翻译,将英语长复合句翻译成汉语短小精悍的句子。为使意思连贯,有时还可以适当增加词语。分译的目的是化整为零,消除译文的阻塞;分译后的译文必须连贯,有整体感。
例37: Either Party may terminate this contract in case of failure on the part of the other Party to fulfill or perform any of its obligations hereunder and in the event that such failure remains unremedied sixty(60)days after the service of a written notices as described in Article X below by the non-defaulting Party to the other Party specifying the failure in question and requiring it to be remedied.
参考译文:如果一方未完成或未履行其在本合同项下的任何义务,而且未按照下述第X条规定在另一方向其送达书面通知,指出其违约行为并要求其予以改正后六十(60)天内,其仍未予以改正,另一方则可以终止本合同。
译文解析:原文是合同中有关期限和终止的条款,按照先讲结论,即合同任一方具有的权利(Either Party may terminate the contract)然后再列举行使此权利的条件(in case of failure...and in the event that...)的顺序行文,而汉语的行文习惯往往是先条件后结论,所以译文在整体上应采用逆序法。
第五节 涉外经贸合同基本格式和条款的翻译
1.涉外经贸合同
1.1 经贸合同基本格式
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兹经买卖双方同意按照以下条款由买方购进,卖方售出以下商品:
This contract is made by and between the Buyers and the Sellers,whereby the Buyers agree to buy and the Sellers agree to sell the goods referenced hereunder subject to the terms and conditions as stipulated hereinafter:
(1)商品名称:
Name of Commodity:
(2)数量:
Quantity:
(3)单价:
Unit Price:
(4)总值:
Total Value:
(5)包装:
Packing:
(6)生产国别:
Country of Origin:
(7)支付条款:
Terms of Payment:
(8)保险:
Insurance:
(9)装运期限:
Time of Shipment:
(10)起运港:
Port of Loading:
(11)目的港:
Port of Destination:
(12)索赔:在货到目的口岸45天内如发现货物品质、规格和数量与合同不符,除属保险公司或船方责任外,买方有权凭中国商检出具的检验证书或有关文件向卖方索赔。
Claims:
Within 45 days after the arrival of the goods at the destination,should the quality,specifications or quantity be found not in conformity with the stipulations of the contract except those claims for which the insurance company or the owners of the vessel are liable,the Buyers shall,have the right on the strength of the inspection certificate issued by the C.C.I.C and the relative documents to claim compensation from the Sellers.
(13)不可抗力:由于不可抗力的缘由发生在制造、装载或运输的过程中导致卖方延期交货或不能交货者,卖方可免除责任;在不可抗力发生后,卖方须立即电告买方及在14天内以空邮方式向买方提供事故发生的证明文件;在上述情况下,卖方仍须负责采取措施尽快发货。
Force Majeure:
The Sellers shall not be held responsible for any delay in shipment or non-delivery of the goods due to Force Majeure,which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit.The Sellers shall advise the Buyers forthwith of the occurrence mentioned above within fourteen days thereafter.The Sellers shall send by airmail to the Buyers for their acceptance certificate of the accident.Under such circumstances the Sellers,however,are still under the obligation to take all necessary measures to hasten the delivery of the goods.
(14)仲裁:凡有关执行合同所发生的一切争议应通过友好协商解决,如协商不能解决,则将分歧提交中国国际贸易促进委员会按有关仲裁程序进行仲裁,仲裁将是终局的,双方均受其约束,仲裁费用由败诉方承担。
Arbitration:
All disputes in connection with the execution of this Contract shall be settled through friendly negotiations.In case no settlement can be reached,the case may then be submitted for arbitration to the Arbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade in accordance with the Provisional Rules of Procedure promulgated by the said Arbitration Commission.The Arbitration Committee shall be final and binding upon both parties,and the arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party.
1.2 销售合同
销售合同SALES CONTRACT
经双方确认订立本合同,具体条款如下:
This Sales Contract is made out as per the following terms and conditions mutually confirmed by both parties:
(1)货物名称及规格:Name of Commodity and Specifications:
(2)数量:Quantity:
(3)单价:Unit Price:
(4)金额:Amount:
(5)交货日期及运输方式:Time of Delivery and Mode of Transportation:
卖方交货的义务以在上述交货日期前收到买方按第九条的规定开出的信用证或预付款为条件。如按本合同条款运输工具由买方选订,卖方将在上述交货日期将货物备好。
However,the seller's obligation to deliver is conditional upon receipt from the Buyer of a letter of credit of advance payment in accordance with Clause 9 of this Contract days before the time of delivery stipulated hereof.If a carrier is selected and booked by the Buyer itself in accordance with the terms of this Contract,the Seller will have the commodity ready for shipment by such time of delivery.
(6)装运标记:Shipping Mark:
(7)装运口岸:Port of Loading:
(8)目的口岸:Port of Destination:
(9)付款条件:凭以卖方为受益人的、100%保兑的、不可撤销的、无追索权的、可以转运及分批发运的即期信用证,议付期延至装运日期后第15天在中国到期。买方在信用证上请填注本合同号码,货物名称要按照本合同规定确定。
Payment:By 100% confirmed,irrevocable,without recourse L/C,in favor of the Seller,available by sight draft,allowing transshipment and partial shipments,valid for negotiation in China until the 15th day after the date of shipment.The Buyer is requested always to quote in the L/C the number of this Contract and the names of the commodity in accordance herewith.
(10)保险:
按照中国人民保险公司的保险条款,按发票金额的110%投保但不包括罢工、暴乱和民变险,保至目的口岸为止。如买方要增加保额或保险范围,应于装运前经卖方同意,因此而增加的保险费由买方负责。
Insurance:For 110% of invoice value,up to the port of destination,as per the insurance clauses of the People's Insurance Company of China,excluding SRCC Risks.If additional insurance amount or coverage in required,the Buyer shall have the consent of the Seller before shipment,and the additional premium thus incurred shall be borne by the Buyer.
(11)包装:所有在本合同项下出售的货物将以卖方认为适合于第五条规定的运输方式的包装材料包装。如果对包装有其他要求,买方应征得卖方同意并承担由此而增加的一切额外费用。
Packing :All the commodities sold thereunder will be packed with packing materials deemed by the Seller suitable for the mode of transportation stipulated in Clause 5 hereof.If additional requirement for packing is needed,the Buyer shall have the consent of the Seller and bear all the extra charges thus incurred.
(12)单据:卖方只向买方提供下列单据:
a)海运时,海运提单;空运时,空运提单;铁路运输时,货物承运收据。
b)商业发票。
c)装箱单。
d)当支付条款为CIF时,保险单或保险凭证。
倘若需要的其他单据,如产地证、领事发票等,卖方可以根据要求提供,但费用由买方承担。
Documents:The Seller will only provide the Buyer with the following documents for payment :
a)Ocean bill of lading in case of shipment by sea or airway bill in case of shipment by air or cargo receipt in case of shipment by rail.
b)Commercial invoice.
c)Packing list.
d)Insurance policy/certificate in case of CIF terms.
If any additional document,such as certificate of origin,consular invoice,etc.is required,the seller may provide as requested for the Buyer's account.
(13)风险:货物的风险在以下时候转移至买方:
a)海运时在其超过船舷,摘下挂钩时;
b)空运时在其已交空运承运人或代理人保管时:
c)铁路运输时在其已交铁路保管时。
Risk of Loss:The risk of the commodity shall transfer to the Buyer:
a)when it has passed over the ship's rail of the vessel and been released from tackle in case of shipment by sea;
b)when it has been delivered into the custody of the air carrier or agent in case of shipment by air;
c)when it has been delivered into the custody of the railway in case of shipment by rail.
(14)品质/数量异议:如买方提出异议,凡属品质异议应于货到目的口岸之日起90天内提出,凡属数量异议应于货到目的口岸之日起15天内提出,过期不予受理。对所装货物所提任何异议属于保险公司、其他有关运输机构或邮递机构所负责者,卖方不负任何责任。理赔只限于卖方在收到买方所在地声誉良好的商检机构或商会出具的商品抽样检查报告,证明货物与合同不符后,对品质不符的货物按一比一更换或按照货物的疵劣程度和损坏的范围将货物降价,对数量不符的货物给予补足。无论哪种情况下,卖方均不对货物的可销售性或适用性负责,也不对任何损失赔偿负责,包括但不仅限于直接的、间接的、附带的损失。如买方不能在合同约定的期限内将信用证开到或将预付款汇到,或者开来的信用证不符合合同约定,而且在接到卖方通知后,不能按期办妥改证,卖方有权解除合同或延期交货,并有权提出索赔。
Quality/Quantity Discrepancy:In case of quality discrepancy,claims shall be filed by the Buyer within 90 days after the arrival of the commodity at the port of destination,while for quantity discrepancy,claims shall be filed by the Buyer within l5 days after the arrival of the commodity at the port of destination.Otherwise no claim will be accepted.It is understood that the Sellers shall not be liable for any discrepancy of the commodity shipped due to causes for which the insurance company,other transportation organization or post office is liable.The settlement of such claims is restricted to replacement of the non-conforming commodity on a one-to-one basis or devaluation of the commodity according to the degree to inferiority and extent of damage in case of quality discrepancy or supply for the shortage in case of quantity discrepancy after the Seller has received an inspection report on the commodity by sampling issued by a reputable commodity inspection organization or chamber of commerce at the place where the Buyer is located,certifying the non-conformity thereof.In no event shall the Seller be held liable for the merchantability or fitness for any purpose,nor shall it have any liability or responsibility for damages of any kind whatsoever,including but not limited to any direct,indirect or collateral damages.In case the L/C or the advance payment does not reach the seller within the time stipulated in the Contract or does not correspond to the contract terms and the Buyer fails to amend its terms within the time limit after being notified by the Seller,the Seller has the right to cancel the contract or to delay the delivery of the commodity as well as to lodge claims for damages.
(15)不可抗力:本合同内所述全部或部分货物,如因不可抗力的原因,以致不能履约或不得不延期交货,卖方概不负责。
Force Majeure:The Seller shall not be held liable for failure delay delivery of the entire lot or a portion of the commodity under this Contract in consequence of any force majeure.
(16)仲裁:在履行本合同中所发生的或者与合同有关的一切争执,由双方协商解决。如果协商后仍不能解决时,得提请仲裁。仲裁在中国进行,由中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会根据该仲裁委员会的仲裁程序规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决为最终决定,对买卖双方都有约束力。除该仲裁委员会另有决定外,仲裁费用由败诉一方负担。
Arbitration:Any or all disputes arising from or in connection with the performance of the Contract shall be settled through negotiation by both parties,failing which they shall be submitted for arbitration.The arbitration shall take place in China and shall be conducted by China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission in accordance with the rules of procedures of the said commission.The arbitration award shall be final and binding upon both Buyer and seller.Unless otherwise awarded by the said arbitration commission,the arbitration fees shall be borne by the losing party.
2.经贸合同条款翻译
2.1 合同中的货物名称、品质和数量条款
(一)货物的名称
货物的名称必须准确、科学、规范,通常要包括品牌、属性和用途三个要素。
(二)品质
货物的品质通常不容易向对方表达,但是我们可以从下面几个方面来展示:
1)凭样品(by sample)
2)凭标准(by standard)
3)凭品牌(by brand)
4)凭产地(by origin)
5)凭规格(by specification)
6)凭文字说明(by description)
我们来看一个例子:Chinese Groundnut,F.A.Q.Moisture(max 13%),Admixture(max 5%),Oil Content(min 44%)。其中F.A.Q.是一个专业术语,是Fair Average Quality的缩写,意思就是“良好平均品质”。
(三)数量
数量条款包括计量单位、计量方法和具体数量三部分。下面我们来介绍一些国际常用的计量单位:
1)重量:用于一般的天然产品(羊毛、棉花、谷物、矿产品及部分工业制品)。常用单位:克(g);千克(kg);盎司(ounce—oz);磅(pound—Lb);公吨(metric ton—M/T);长吨(long ton);短吨(short ton);等。
2)个数:杂货及工业成品,如:成衣、文具、纸张、玩具等。常用单位:件(piece—pc);套(set);打(dozen);罗(gross—gr);令(ream—rm);卷(roll);等。
3)面积:木板、玻璃、地毯、铁丝网等。常用单位:平方米(sq.m.);平方英尺(sq.ft.);平方码(sq.yd.)。
4)长度:布匹、塑料布、电线电缆、绳索等。常用单位:米(m);英尺(ft);码(yd)。
5)容积:谷物、小麦、玉米等,流体物质和气体物品。常用单位:升(liter—L);加仑(gallon—gal);蒲式耳(bushel—bul)。
6)体积:木材、钢材等,用立方cubic来表示。常用单位:立方米(cu.m.);立方英尺(cu.ft.);立方码(cu.yd.)。
2.2 合同中的价格、装运时间和保险条款
(一)Price价格
价格条款中要包括计价单位,货币名称,单位价格金额和价格术语。比如:£100.CIF.London each.dozen这段描述的意思是到伦敦港的到岸价是每打100英镑。其中,CIF是贸易术语,是指“到岸价格”,是Cost Insurance and Freight的缩写。(贸易术语通常用来解释贸易运输风险转移或者卖方费用问题,共有13种,一般都要加上装运港或者目的港等的名称。)
(二)Time of Shipment装运时间
装运时间通常要注明1)限定装船时间;2)限定最后日期;3)限定日(在收到信用证一段时间内,买方在银行为卖方开具证明,当买方付不到钱时由银行付款,但开证费用大。)
(三)Insurance保险
保险条款=由谁办理(the insured)+向谁办理(the insurer)+投保险别(coverage)+投保金额(insurance amount)+(责任条款)
保险包括基本险(general risk)和附加险(additional risks)。基本险用来保证船只安全,是必选的,附加险是用来保证货物安全,是双方协商选的。
必选的基本险按重要性排列为F.P.A.(平安险Free from Particular Average)、W.P.A.(水渍险With Particular Average)和A.R.(一切险All Risks)。
常见的附加险也分为一般附加险(general additional risk)和特殊附加险(special additional risk)。
一般附加险包括以下几种:
1)Theft,Pilferage and Non-Delivery Risk(T.P.N.D.)偷窃提货不到险
2)Fresh Water and Rain Damage Risk淡水雨淋险
3)Shortage Risk短量险
4)Intermixture and Contamination Risk混杂玷污险
5)Leakage Risk渗漏险
6)Clash and Breakage Risk碰损破碎险
7)Taint of Odor Risk串味险
8)Sweat and Heating Risk受潮受热险
9)Hook Damage Risk钩损险
10)Breakage of Packing Risk包装破损险
11)Rust Risk锈损险
特殊附加险包括以下几种:
1)War Risk战争险
2)Strike Risk罢工险
3)On Deck Risk舱面险
4)Import Duty Risk进口关税险
5)Failure to Deliver Risk交货不到险
6)Rejection Risk拒收险
通常保险条款要写成:Sb.insures the goods with(承保人)against(险种)for/on % of the invoice value。
比如:买方委托卖方按发票全额的120%投保水渍险和偷窃提货不到险,保险费由买方承担。The Buyer hereby will entrust the Seller to insure the goods against W.P.A.and T.P.N.D.for 120% of the invoice value.The insurance premium shall be borne by the Buyer.
2.3 合同中的包装、运输标志和保险条款
(一)Packing包装
包装条款包括包装材料、具体要求以及其他要求。一般采用笼统表示和具体规定两种方式。通常只有在双方达成共识时才使用笼统表示方法。比如以下描述:customary packing;seaworthy packing;packing suitable for long distance等等。
具体规定的描述如:
(1)木箱装,每箱装30匹,每匹40码。
To be packed in wooden cases,30 pieces per case of 40yd each.
(2)铁桶装,每桶净重25千克。
In iron drum of 25 kg net each.
(3)用聚丙烯编制包装袋,每包重50千克,以毛重作净重,包装袋质量良好,适于海运,包装袋上用英语写上品名、重量、原产国别和包装日期。
To be packed in polypropylene woven bags,50kg each,gross for net.The bags must be of superior quality and suitable for ocean transportation,on which the name of the goods,weight,country of origin and package date should be written(marked)in English.
(二)Shipping Mark(运输标志/唛头)
运输标志通常要包括以下内容:
(1)一些指示性(indicative marks)和警告性(warning marks)的图画和语言。
比如,上指的双箭头的表示This side up;雨伞表示Keep dry;玻璃杯表示Breakable或者Handle with care;等等。还有一些语言,比如:toxic有毒;explosives易爆;inflammable易燃,等等。
(2)运输标志:a.目的港名称b.件号c.买卖双方代号
(3)出口地:比如Made in China.
(三)Guarantee保证
保证条款需要注明保证内容和保证时间,即保证的起至日期。
比如,承包商同意对不符合图纸规格的工程部分进行返工,并保证工程进行,同意完工一年后对有证据证明因瑕疵材料或工艺造成的缺陷进行补救。
The contractor agrees to redo the part of the project which fails to conform to the drawing specifications with the other projects performed(done),meanwhile,and to remedy defects caused by faulty materials or workmanship which is proved by evidence within one year after the completion of the project.
2.4 合同中的检验索赔、支付和运输条款
(一)Inspection and Claims检验索赔
(1)检验条款=检验权的规定(检验机构)+检验的内容(检验证书)+检验时间
通常检验证书有以下写法:
Inspection Certificate of Quality/Quantity/Weight/Value/Health/...
Disinfection Inspection Certificate消毒检验证书
Sanitary Inspection Certificate卫生检验证书
来看以下两句合同内容及其翻译:
双方同意以装运港中国进出口商品检验局签发的品质及数量检验证书为最后依据,对双方具有约束力。
It is mutually agreed that the goods are subject to the Inspection Certificate of Quality and Inspection Certificate of Quantity issued by the China Import and Export Commodity Inspection Bureau at the port of shipment.The Certificate shall be binding on both parties.
在交货前制造商应就订货的质量、数量、规格、性能做出准确全面的检验,并出具货物与本合同相符的检验证书。该证书为议付货款时向银行提交单据的一部分,但不得作为货物质量、数量、规格、性能的最后依据,制造商应将记载检验细节的书面报告附在品质检验书内。
Before delivery the manufacturer should make a precise and overall inspection of the goods regarding quality,quantity,specification and performance and issue the certificates indicating the goods are in conformity with the stipulation of the contract.The certificates are one part of the documents presented to the bank for negotiation of the payment and should not be considered as final regarding quality,quantity,specification and performance.The manufacturer should include the written inspection report in the Inspection Certificate of Quality,stating the inspection particulars.
(2)索赔条款=索赔权的规定+索赔时间+索赔依据+赔付方法
买方对于装运货物的任何异议必须于装运货物的船只到达目的港后30天内提出,并须提供经卖方同意的公证机关出具的检验报告,如果货物已经加工,买方即丧失索赔权利。属于保险公司或轮船公司责任范围的索赔,卖方不予受理。
The Buyer must give notice of any discrepancy with respect to the shipped goods within 30 days after the arrival of the vessel carrying the goods at the port of destination and the Buyer must present the Inspection Report issued by the Inspection Agency and agreed to by the Seller.If the goods have been processed,the Buyer will lose its right to claim.The Seller may not settle the claim within the responsibility of the Insurance Company or Shipping Company.
品质异议须于货物到达目的港30天内提出,数量异议须于货物到达目的港15天提出,但均须提供相关检验机构的证明,如属卖方责任,卖方应于收到异议20天内答复,并提出处理意见。
Any discrepancy about quality should be presented within 30 days after the arrival of the goods at the port of destination;any discrepancy about quantity should be presented within 15 days after the arrival of the goods at the port of destination,both of which cases should be on the strength of the certificates issued by the relevant surveyor.If the Seller is liable he should send the reply together with the proposal for settlement within 20 days after receiving the said discrepancy.
(二)Terms of Payment支付条款
支付条款=支付方式+支付时间。支付方法有很多,常见的如:信用证letter of credit(L/C);用现金in cash;以支票by check;信用卡credit card;汇票draft/bill of exchange。
其他相关词汇:信汇mail transfer;电汇telegraphic transfer;开证行opening bank;通知行negotiating bank;托收银行collecting bank;代收银行remitting bank。
买方应不迟于12月15日,将100%的货款用电汇预付至卖方。
The Buyer should pay 100% of the sale amount to the Seller in advance by telegraphic transfer not later than December 15th.
买方应凭卖方开具的即期汇票于见票时立即付款。
The Buyer should make immediate payment against the presentation of the draft issued by the Seller.
买方对卖方开具的见票后20天付款的跟单汇票于提示时应予以承兑,并应于汇票到期日付款。
The Buyer should accept the documentary draft at 20 days' sight upon the presentation and make payment on the maturity there of.
买方通过卖方可接受的银行在装运前一个月开立以卖方为抬头的保兑的不可撤销的信用证。
The Buyer shall open an irrevocable L/C in favor of the Seller with/through a bank acceptable to the Seller,one month before shipment.
(三)Terms of shipment运输条款
运输条款中要说明运输方式和价格条件,比如:In case of FOB Terms。其中有一些贸易术语需要大家注意,例如:FOB(Free on Board)装运港船上交货,指货物在指定的装运港越过船舷,卖方即完成交货。这意味着买方必须从该点起承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。FOB术语要求卖方办理货物出口清关手续。CIF(Cost,Insurance and Freight)成本加保险费、运费,按此术语成交,货价包括从装运港至约定目的港的通常运费和约定的保险费,故卖方除具有与CFR(Cost and Freight,成本加运费)术语相同的义务外,还为买方办理货运保险,支付保险费。
2.5 合同中的不可抗力、延期和仲裁条款
(一)Force Majeure不可抗力
不可抗力条款=不可抗力时间+(当事方)采取的行动
在运输中,或许会遇到一些非人为因素的影响或者破坏,这个时候我们需要事先协商好如何解决,以免发生不必要的争执。
相关条款举例如下:
如果遭遇无法控制的事件或情况应视为不可抗力,但不限于火灾、风灾、水灾、地震、爆炸、叛乱、传染、检疫、隔离。如不可抗力一方不能履行合同规定的义务,另一方应将履行合同的时间延长,所延长的时间应与不可抗力事件的时间相等。
Any uncontrollable event or circumstance shall be deemed a Force Majeure event,including but without limitation to fire,wind,flood,earthquake,explosion,rebellion,epidemic,quarantine and segregation.In the event that either party that encounters a Force Majeure event fails to fulfill its obligations under this contract,the other party shall extend the performance time by a period equal to the duration of the Fore Majeure event.
如果不可抗力持续6个月以上,合同双方应尽快通过友好协商的方式调整继续履行合同事宜。如果双方不能达成协议,则根据合同的第12条款通过仲裁决定。
If the Force Majeure event lasts more than 6 months,the two parties to the contract shall resolve the issue of continuing the contract by friendly negotiations as soon as possible.Should the two parties fail to reach an agreement,the issue will be resolved by arbitration according to Clause 12 of the contract herein.
(二)Late Delivery and Penalty延期交货和惩罚
合同中,如果有一方未能完全履行合同,或者按照合同规定交货,应该受到惩罚。
相关条款举例:
如果乙方因自身原因而未准时完工,乙方应付违约罚款,每天按总价的千分之一计算,即一千二百六十美元整。
If party B fails to complete the work on schedule due to causes attributable to it,if shall pay the other party a penalty of 1‰of the total value of the work per day,that is USD one thousand two hundred and sixty dollars.
如果合资一方未能按本合同第5条规定按期付款,违约方应在逾期后一个月付给另一方10%的利息。如果违约方逾期3个月仍未入资,合同另一方根据本合同第53条规定有权终止合同并向违约方索赔损失。
Should either joint venturer fail to pay the contribution within schedule according to Clause 5,the defaulting party shall pay the other party 10% of the interest one month after the deadline.The other party shall reserve the right to terminate the contract or to claim damages against the defaulting party according to Clause 53 thereof,if the defaulting party has not made payment three months after the deadline.
(三)Arbitration仲裁
如果合同双方产生争议,往往有以下几种解决方法:
(1)Negotiation协商,这也是最好的解决方式。
(2)Mediation调解,这个时候会有第三方的介入。
(3)Arbitration仲裁,这是组织或者机构的介入。
(4)Litigation起诉
凡因本合同引起的或与本合同有关的任何争议均应协商解决。若协商不成,应提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会深圳分会,按照申请时该会当时施行的仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局的,对双方均有约束力。
Any dispute arising from or in connection with the Contract shall be settled through friendly negotiation.In case no settlement is thus reached,the dispute shall be submitted to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission(CIETAC),Shenzhen Commission,for arbitration in accordance with its rules in effect at the time of applying for arbitration.The arbitral award is final and binding upon both parties.
第六节 本章小结
本章从经贸合同的特征及翻译原则谈起,从用词选择和句子翻译的角度进行了深入的分析并列举了大量翻译实例进行说明。译者一定要将这些翻译技巧牢牢掌握并在实践中加深体会。无论是词的选择还是句子的结构都要仔细分析,反复推敲,这样的译文才能做到准确、严谨、通顺、得体。
课后练习
1.将下列段落译成汉语
(1)The formation of this Contract,its validity,interpretation,execution and settlement of disputes in connection herewith shall be governed by the laws of the People's Republic of China.
(2)When a party wishes to transfer all or part of its registered capital contribution to a third party,it shall provide a written notice to the other party.
(3)If Party A materially breaches this Contract,Party B or its successor in interest is entitled to terminate this Contract or claim damages for the breach of contract.If Party B materially breaches this Contract,Party A is entitled to demand that Party B,by issuing a written notice,redress the breach within fifteen(15)days upon receiving such notice.If Party B fails to redress the breach within the fifteen(15)-day period,Party A is entitled to rescind this Contract and claim damages for the breach of contract.
(4)In the event of the Seller's failure to effect loading when the vessel arrives duly at the loading port,all expenses including the dead freight and/or demurrage charges thus incurred shall be for the Seller's account.
(5)After arrival of the goods at the port of destination,the Buyer shall apply to the China Commodity Inspection Bureau(hereinafter referred to as CCIB)for a further inspection as to the specifications and quantity/weight of the goods.
(6)Payment by irrevocable Letter of Credit shall be available by sight draft and remain valid for negotiation in China until the 15th day after the aforesaid time of shipment.
(7)Upon receipt of the notice,the Defaulting Party shall,as its own expense,promptly take all action necessary to remedy such failure.If the Defaulting Party therewith fails to correct such default or if immediate correction is not possible,or if it fails to take effective action to correct such default within 10 days following notification thereof from the Aggrieved Party,the Aggrieved Party may terminate this Agreement.
(8)The Contract is made in Chinese and English,with both versions being equally authentic,by and between the Seller and the Buyer,whereby the Seller agrees to sell and the Buyer agrees to buy the goods referenced below subject to terms and conditions set forth hereinafter as follows:
(9)All the information provided by the Company relating to the manufacture and sale of its products is to be kept secret and confidential,and the Consultant agrees not to disclose such information without the Company's authorization.
(10)All expenses(including inspection fees)and losses arising from the return of the goods or claims shall be borne by the Sellers;in such case,the Buyers may,if so requested,send a sample of the goods in question to the Sellers,provided that sampling is feasible.
2.将下列段落译成英语
(1)除经约定保险归买方投保外,由卖方向中国人民保险公司投保。如买方需增加保险额或需加保其他险,可于装船前提出,经卖方同意后代为投保,其费用由买方负担。
(2)除非经买方同意和接受,本合同其他一切有关事项均按第二部分交货条款之规定办理,该交货条款为本合同不可分割的部分,本合同如有任何附加条款将自动地优先执行附加条款。
(3)(技术转让)受让人在合同有效期内对出让人的技术保密。
(4)由于发生不可抗力,致使本合约不能履行,部分或全部商品延误交货,卖方概不负责。本合同所指的不可抗力系指不可预见、不能避免且不能克服的客观情况。
(5)如果在争议发生之日起一个合理的时间内,最多不超过90天,协商不能取得买卖双方都满意的结果,而买方决定不向其认为合适的有管辖权的法院提出诉讼,则该争议应提交仲裁。
3.将下列句子译成英语
1.本合同用英文和中文两种文字写成,一式四份。双方执英文本和中文本各一式两份,两种文字具有同等效力。
2.本合同由双方代表于1999年12月9日签订。合同签订后,由各方分别向本国政府当局申请批准,以最后一方的批准日期为本合同的生效日期,双方应力争在60天内获得批准,用电传通知对方,并用信件确认。
3.本合同有效期从合同生效之日起算共10年,有效期满后,本合同自动失效。
4.本合同期限届满时,双方发生的未了债权和债务不受合同期满的影响,债务人应向债权人继续偿付未了债务。

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