知识产权法基本功能之重解
李 琛
内容提要：通说认为知识产权法的基本功能是鼓励创造，鼓励创造说既无法在逻辑上证立，又无法充分说明知识产权法的具体规则。知识产权法的基本功能是分配基于符号表达产生的市场利益，这一重解具有理论与实践意义，尤其是对知识产权正当性论证和我国知识产权战略的实施有启示意义。
关 键 词： 知识产权 基本功能 正当性 知识产权战略
Abstract: The received doctrine describes the fundamental function of intellectual property law as stimulating creation, while failed to be proved logically and to be supported by the intellectual property rules. The fundamental function of intellectual property should be interpreted as distributing the market benefits based on the property in form of symbolic expressions. Such new interpretation is meaningful both in theoretic and practical aspects, especially for the justification of intellectual property and the implement of Chinese National Intellectual Property Strategy.
Key Words: intellectual property; fundamental function; justification; intellectual property strategy
盗版及其治理的困境之因：基于法律心理效力观的解释
刘铁光
内容提要：盗版及其治理成为一个世界性的难题。法律心理效力观的解释表明，公众缺乏对著作权的尊重和对盗版耻感的心理效力是盗版及其治理困境的根源。错过形成将著作权当作私人财产权信念的最佳时期、普遍不尊重著作权和对盗版非耻感的社会环境是著作权法心理效力缺乏的原因。当下相关主体在社会心理学上的努力，因缺乏可信度而无法对公众形成有效的说服。法律心理效力观对盗版及其治理困境的解释说明，著作权制度的构建和司法政策的调整应该遵循认知心理的基本规律。
关 键 词： 盗版 盗版治理 法律的心理效力 社会心理学
Abstract: The piracy and its governance have become global problems. The interpretation of psychological validity of law indicates that the lack of the psychological validity of respecting copyright and shame for privacy among publics is the origin of the problems. The reasons that publics are short of psychological validity of copyright law include two aspects: the best period to form the conception which recognizes copyright as private property has missed and there is widely disrespect to copyright and no shame to piracy in the society. Due to the low credibility, the related parties who work on psychology cannot persuade publics effectively. The interpretation of psychological validity of law to piracy and its governance illustrated that the construction of copyright system and the adjustment of judicial policy should be complied with the fundamental rules of cognitive psychology.
Key Words: privacy; privacy governance; psychological validity of law; social psychology
3D打印中的专利权保护问题
吴广海
内容提要：建立在传统制造模式之上的专利法无法有效应对 3D打印中的专利侵权行为。专利产品CAD文档的著作权保护主要是将专利产品CAD文档规定为著作权法意义上的作品，并适用数字化作品保护中“通知—删除”制度。在专利侵权发生情况下，应以专利间接侵权追究提供、传播专利产品CAD文档的网络服务提供者的专利侵权责任。3D打印中为个人目的而进行的打印应视为专利侵权的例外。
关 键 词：3D打印 专利权保护 CAD文档 著作权保护 专利侵权例外
Abstract: The patent law which based on traditional manufacturing models can not effectively deal with the patent infringement occurring in 3D printing. The methods of copyright protection for CAD files of patented inventions include defining CAD files of patented inventions as works in the sense of copyright law, and adopting notice-and-takedown system used by the protection of digitized works. The Internet Service Providers who provide and distribute CAD files of patented invention are liable for indirect infringement, when direct patent infringement occurs. 3D printing in a personal purposes should be treated as the exception for patent infringement.
Key Words: 3D printing; protection for patent right; CAD files; protection for copyright; exception for patent infringement
侵犯商业秘密罪“重大损失”认定研究——以损失评估为中心
范晓波
内容提要：侵犯商业秘密，给权利人造成重大损失的，构成侵犯商业秘密罪。我国当前刑事法律未明确计算“重大损失”的方法。司法实践中，法院通常依据评估机构评估计算的损失数额作为定罪量刑的依据。针对评估实例，重点分析评估机构以研发成本、侵权利润、许可使用费确定重大损失的评估方法，提出其中存在的问题和错误以及评估应当遵循的原则和规则。
关 键 词：商业秘密 重大损失 评估
Abstract: Infringing trade secret which causes substantial losses constitutes the crime of infringing trade secret. Chinese current criminal law does not describe the method of calculating the substantial losses. In judicial practices, courts generally make decisions according to the report of asset evaluation organizations which evaluate the losses on the basis of R&D cost, infringement profit and royalties. This thesis analysis the mistakes of these methods and discusses the evaluation principles and rules.
Key Words: trade secret; substantial losses; evaluation
搜索类新闻聚合APP的侵权认定分析
张钦坤 孟 洁
内容提要：互联网促进了新闻信息的激增，新闻聚合工具使用户更有效、及时地获取到目标信息。搜索类新闻聚合APP使新闻可以直接呈现在客户端，但涉及与内容提供方的版权纠纷，特别是削弱了发布独家信息的新闻APP的品牌影响力，影响了相关主体间的利益平衡等问题。根据不同聚合类新闻APP的展示机制，遵循著作权侵权分析的一般思路，对使用深层链接形式的搜索类新闻聚合APP的侵权认定进行分析和梳理。
关 键 词：新闻聚合 时事新闻 深层链接 合理使用
Abstract: The internet has boosted the amount of news information, and news aggregators allow users to gather news more timely and effectively. Search type of news aggregator apps are able to display news directly at the client, but at the same time may give rise to copyright dispute with the content provider, especially when the aggregators debilitate the brand influence of a news app planning to roll out exclusive news, and negatively impact the balance of interests among the stakeholders. This article tries to analyze the copyright infringement of deep linking type of news aggregator apps at the basis of the display mechanisms of different types of news aggregator apps according to the general logic of copyright infringment analysis.
Key Words: news aggregator; current news; deep linking; fair use
商标无效宣告制度比较研究
崔立红
内容提要：我国2013年商标法将注册商标无效宣告制度与商标异议、商标撤销等制度区别开来。通过比较研究，我国商标无效宣告法定事由中，因与在先权利冲突给注册商标带来不同法律后果的二元模式需要互为依赖式的完善。注册商标无效宣告司法审查范围和救济方式的有限性，引发循环诉讼。商标评审委员会的被告身份，不利于平等当事人间有关商标权效力争议的解决。民事诉讼模式的采用有违行政行为公定力原则，行政附带民事诉讼的方式更具立法与实践的可操作性，该程序若能在知识产权专门法院运行，更加利于司法的统一性。
关 键 词：商标无效宣告 法定事由 在先权利 无效宣告的司法审查
Abstract: In 2013 China Trademark Law, trademark invalidation is distinguished from trademark opposition and revocation. Through comparative study, it is suggested that the different legal consequences system to trademark due to the conflict to earlier rights, which is the legal ground of trademark invalidation in China Trademark Law, need to be improved dependently. The limitation of the scope and remedy of judicial review on trademark invalidation brings about circulation lawsuit. It is not beneficial to the settlement of disputes between equal parties because of Trademark Review and Adjudication Board (TRAB) as defendant. Civil action is conflict against the authority of adminstrative act. Administrative proceedings with civil lawsuit is more operable in legislation and administration of justice and it wll be beneficial to the unity of justice if it can be operated in special court of intellectual property.
Key Words: trademark invalidation; legal grounds; earlier right; judicial review on invalidation
电子书产业升级引发的版权挑战及应对
杨延超
内容提要：电子书正在逐步取代纸质阅读物，一系列良好阅读体验的阅读器的出现，更是助推了电子书的广泛应用，然而，在这一过程中有关电子书的版权问题也日益凸显。传统纸质图书的发行授权系作者与发行人之间“一对一”授权完成，然而电子书欲将海量作品逐一通过授权完成发行几乎无法完成。与此同时，借助于现代数字技术，电子书又不断创新商业运营模式，如电子书的发行模式甚至完全脱离纸质媒体，“书籍买卖”也完全通过电子版形式完成，购买者甚至还可以通过“租赁”的形式降低阅读成本。这一系列的产业升级势必对我国著作权法的传统制度，诸如“发行权”、“出租权”、“信息网络传播权”等版权制度产生重大挑战，因此，有必要立足电子书产业的发展趋势，构建新型著作权制度以寻求破解之路。
关 键 词：电子书 产业升级 版权 发行权 出租权 信息网络传播权
Abstract: The e-book is gradually replacing the paper book when the electronic reader that makes a better reading experience shows up. In the process of e-book’s growth, the copyright problem becomes more and more eminent. The copyright license needs to be authorized by the author or his agent in the paper book field. However, it is very difficult for e-book to make the thousands of copyrights to be authorized by the authors or agents. In addition, the e-book dealers continuously create new business model with the help of digital technology, under which the book could be traded or leased online to reduce the cost. These changes will definitely bring about challenges to Chinese copyright system which includes the distribution right, lease right of copyright, right of communication through information network, and etc. It is necessary to construct copyright system to adapt to the requirement of industrial upgrading.
Key Words: e-book; industrial upgrading; copyright; distribution right; lease right of copyright; right of communication through information network
驰名商标虚假诉讼的法经济学分析
奉晓政
内容提要：近年来，受利益驱动，涉及驰名商标司法认定的虚假诉讼多有发生。这种行为侵害其他民商事主体的合法权益，扰乱诉讼秩序，损害司法公正和权威，具有严重的社会危害性。但理论界与实务界尚未能统一对虚假诉讼的认识，各地司法机关的处理方式也不尽相同。在明确虚假诉讼概念的基础上，从经济学及法经济学的角度，对知识产权领域虚假诉讼现象进行实证和规范分析，探析驰名商标认定虚假诉讼行为的经济学原因，并提出两大方面的对策和建议。
关 键 词：驰名商标 虚假诉讼 成本 收益 对策
Abstract: In recent years, there are false actions involving well-known trademark in the lawsuit by wheeler-dealer. The social harmfulness of these behaviors include infringement to the rights of other civil subject, disrupting the order of lawsuit, damage to judicial justice. However, the recognition on these behaviors is still different in legal professional community, and the countermeasures which different courts take are uniform. This article analysis the phenomenon in the field of intellectual property at empirical and normative level, indicates the economic reason of false actions, and suggests two countermeasures.
Key Words: well-known trademak; fales lawsuit; cost; benefit; countermeasure
机会主义行为与知识产权默示许可研究
刘 强 金陈力
内容提要：机会主义行为理论是知识产权默示许可制度构建的理论基础，为知识产权默示许可制度在范围和内容上的拓展提供了理论支撑。知识产权权利人的机会主义行为所带来的逆向选择、道德风险、搭便车、交易专用性资产和行为短期化等问题均可以用默示许可制度来加以解决。法官在针对事实上的默示许可、习惯上的默示许可和法律上的默示许可进行法律适用时，有必要将应对和抑制机会主义行为作为重要目标，以期实现知识产权制度的价值。
关 键 词：机会主义行为 知识产权 默示许可 交易专用性资产
Abstract: Opportunistic behavior is the theoretical basis of implied license system of intellectual property and the theoreical support to extend the scope and content of traditional implied license. The reverse choice, moral hazard, free riding, transaction-specific assets and short-terming of behavior, which are brought about by the opportunistic behavior of intellectual property right holders, can be solved by implied licensing. When the judges apply the implied licensing in fact, the implied licensing in custom, and the implied licensing in law, they should take the inhibition opportunistic behavior as an important goal, in order to realize the value of intellectual property.
Key Words: opportunistic behavior; intellectual property; implied license; transaction-specific assets
地理标志保护制度存在的问题其解决
孟祥娟 李晓波
内容提要：中华民族悠久的历史文化传统，造就了我国大量的地理标志资源。但是，在地理标志的保护方面却显得相形见拙。现存的以商标法和行政专门法为主的二元化“双轨制”保护模式，使得地理标志的保护很不充分，并显得异常混乱。在保护的力度和强度方面，我国与欧美国家还存在较大距离。在加入WTO的国际背景下，面对复杂的利益竞争，必须深入了解我国地理标志现状，正视地理标志保护中存在的问题。在此基础上，还要借鉴欧美的地理标志保护经验，构建以地理标志保护法为主导，商标法为基础和反不正当竞争法为补充的地理标志保护制度。
关 键 词：地理标志 法律保护 商标法
Abstract: There are plenty of resources of geographical indication in China, which has a long historical cultural tradition. However, there is still lack of enough protection of geographical indication. The current double-track protection system which includes trademark law and administrative law is not only insufficient but also unorderly. Compare to the US and EU countries, there is an obvious gap in strength of protection. Facing the complexity of interest competition after entering the WTO, it is necessary to look into the current situation of geographical indication and the problem of protection in China. Then it is suggested that the protection system of geographical indication should be dominated by geographical indication law, based on trademark law and supplemented by anti-unfair competition law.
Key Words: the geographical indications; legal protection; trademark law
冲突与协调：人力资源的有序流动与商业秘密的充分保护——以强化劳动权保障和优化竞业禁止制度为视角
胡良荣 易小辉
内容提要：人力资源的流动，尤其是向竞争企业的流动，引发泄密等侵犯商业秘密的事件时有发生。究其原因，劳动关系的形成为劳动者接触、知悉用人单位的商业秘密创造了条件，加之商业秘密的价值性、秘密性和人格化特征，伴随人力资源的流动使用人单位防范泄密行为有相当的难度；面对用人单位商业秘密权与劳动者执业自由权之间的矛盾冲突，明智举措是：着力强化劳动权保障和优化竞业禁止制度；劳动者与用人单位既有利益矛盾，又为利益依存的共同体，劳动权与商业秘密权保护始终围绕着利益而展开博弈，应充分认识到商业秘密权与劳动权保护存在的冲突，妥善协调好这两种权利保护中的矛盾，充分兼顾、平衡劳动者与用人单位双方的利益；为实现商业秘密权充分保护和促进人力资源有序流动的理想目标，必须运用竞业禁止合同合理规制劳动者与用人单位的行为。
关 键 词：冲突与协调 人力资源 流动 商业秘密 保护
Abstract: The trade secrets infringment often appear because of the flow of human resources , especially the flow to the competitive enterprise. The formation of labor relations have become the condition for the employee to contact with and know the employer's trade secrets and it become rather difficult for the employer to prevent trade secrets leakage along with the flow of human resources combined with the trade secrets' characteristics of value, personification and secrecy. Facing the conflict between the employer's trade secrets and worker's freedom of jop selection, the sensible approaches inclnde: First, streageling the protection of labor rights and optimize the non-competition system. Second, we should fully recognize that the existence of the conflict of trade secrets rights and labor rights protection, coordinate properly the contradict in the protection of these two kinds of rights, take into account and keep in balance fully the interests of two parties based on the interests contradict and game. Third, it is necessary to use the non-competition contract to regulate reasonably the behavior of the employer and the employee to realize protection of trade secrets rights and promotion of flow of human resources in order.
Key Words: conflict and coordination; human resources; flow; trade secrets; protection
高等学校专利技术运营机制研究
程德理
内容提要：我国高等学校专利转化率低，浪费了资源。探讨阻碍高校专利运营中的问题及其原因，分析大学的社会功能及其运转机制决定了大学教师的非市场化行为规则。提高专利质量和完善管理机制是提高转化率的关键因素，构建制度、机构、平台相互支撑的三位一体的高校专利运营模式。
关 键 词：专利运营 体制改革 机制完善
Abstract: There is waste of resources due to the low proportion of patent transfer in China. This article reveals the problem and its reason of obstacles in patent operation, indicates that the non-market behavior rules of faculties is determined by the social function and operation system of university. The key factor to improve the transfer proportion is to improve quality of patent and management mechanism, and construct a pantent operation system which contains institution, organization and platform which are assisted with each other.
Key Words: patent operation; structual reform; system perfection
对专利信息利用困境的思考及对策探析——以构建专利数据开放平台为视角
于大伟
内容提要：互联网时代的到来，不仅使技术创新日新月异，也催生出前所未有的商业模式；不仅颠覆了人们的思维方式，也变革着现实中的组织形态；不仅对传统产业形成冲击，也给政府管理带来启示。通过对当前专利信息利用困境的思考，提出构建专利数据开放平台的理念，以期基于原始专利数据的开放共享，大幅提升专利信息的传播利用效率，为知识产权行业注入生机，促进形成互利共赢、健康发展的知识产权行业生态圈。
关 键 词：专利数据开放平台 专利信息 大数据 知识产权服务业 知识产权行业生态圈
Abstract: With the advent of the internet era, technology innovation is developing rapidly. Meanwhile, many unprecedented business models are created. Not only that the way we think in mind gets gradually overturned, but the organizational pattern in reality is transformed as well. The internet thinking challenges much to traditional industries, and it also shed a new light on the public management of government. Through the investigation and the thinking on the system of patent information utilization, this article puts forward the concept of constructing patent data open platform. Based on such fully open of the patent data, the efficiency of the promulgation, dissemination and utilization of patent information can be significantly raised. Furthermore, the IP industry will get renewed and become more vigor and vitel and grows into a healthily developing ecosystem of mutual benefit and win-win results.
Key Words: patent data open platform; patent information; big data; IP service industry; ecosystem of IP industry
美国专利审查中的“最宽合理解释”
闫文军 白静文
内容提要：专利审查过程中，美国专利商标局对专利申请中的权利要求进行解释时采纳 “最宽合理解释”。美国联邦巡回上诉法院在专利复审案件进行司法审查时，仍适用这一解释规则。最宽合理解释方便专利审查，并促使专利申请人使用准确的语言。但是，由于审查过程中的权利要求解释方法与侵权诉讼中的权利要求解释方法不同，有时会导致不公平的后果。由于我国的专利审查制度与美国有较大的差距，而最宽合理解释方法本身也存在问题，我国不应借鉴和模仿这种解释方法。
关 键 词：专利审查 权利要求解释 最宽合理解释
Abstract: Broadest reasonable interpretation is used to determine the claim during prosecution of a patent by USPTO, and in judicial review on patent examination cases by the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. This standard can help patent office examiners to review an application to determine the scope of the claim, and ask for applications which are more accurate in expression. However, it may lead to unfair consequences due to the difference between broadest reasonable interpretation and the interpretation rules in Infringement litigation. Taking into account the diversity in patent examination between China and the USA and the problem of broadest reasonable interpretation, it is not suggested to use such experience for reference in China.
Key Words: patent exam; claim interpretation; broadest reasonable interpretation
从TPP知识产权谈判审视医疗方法的可专利性
管荣齐
内容提要：美国拟定的TPP知识产权草案要求授予医疗方法专利权，但我国、欧洲以及作为TPP谈判成员国的日本与其不同，其他TPP谈判成员国也有保留意见。虽然如此，与美国、澳大利亚等对医疗方法给予专利保护的国家一致的是，欧洲、日本和我国都在不同方式、不同程度地排除医疗方法可专利性的障碍。但医疗方法可专利性障碍的排除并不是绝对的，并非所有医疗方法都可以授予专利权。建议我国《专利法》和《专利审查指南》删除否定医疗方法可专利性的内容，同时对“不可专利的医疗方法”和“可专利的医疗方法”作出明确的概括性或列举性规定。
关 键 词：TPP知识产权谈判 医疗方法 可专利性
Abstract: Medical Methods should be patented according to Trans-Pacific Partnership Intellectual Property Rights Chapter Draft by U. S., but China, Europe and Japan as a member of TPP Negotiators have contrary opinions, and other TPP negotiators also have not exactly the same views. Nevertheless, it is consistent with U. S. and Australia to patent medical methods that Europe, Japan and China are excluding the obstacles to patentability of medical methods in different ways and varying degrees. But the obstacles to patentability of medical methods can not be absolutely excluded; in other words, not all medical methods can be patented. It is recommended that in Chinese Patent Law and Patent Examination Guidelines, the content of denying patentability of medical methods should be deleted, and Non-Patentable Medical Methods and Patentable Medical Methods should be explicitly regulated in the way of peneralizetion or list.
Key Words: TPP Intellectual property negotiation; medical methods; patentability