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Review of News
对于现存和新兴的零售商，印度是一个至关重要的线上销售市场，沃尔玛（Walmart）和亚马逊（Amazon）竞购印度最大的电子商务公司Flipcart即证明了这一点。
但据华尔街日报报道，印度对电子商务企业发布了进一步的限制规定，外国企业在这个世界第二人口大国开展或扩大线上销售的计划遇到了新的法律障碍。
据经济时报报道，印度政府于2019年2月23日公布了《国家电子商务政策草案》（以下简称“政策草案”），这份42页的草案讨论了电子商务生态系统的六大问题——数据、基础设施发展、电子商务市场、监管问题、刺激国内数字经济和通过电子商务促进出口。
在电子商务市场业务方面，该政策的目标是，“仅”吸引和鼓励外国直接投资(FDI)在市场平台模式的电子商务上进行投资，Flipkart和Amazon等公司正在实施这一模式。（编辑注：市场平台模式电子商务（Marketplacebased model of e-commerce）指的是，电子商务主体在数据电子网络上提供信息技术平台，该平台为买卖双方提供服务。与之相对应的是库存模式的电子商务（Inventory based model of e-commerce），是指电子商务主体直接向消费者销售商品或服务，并且所销售的商品或服务为电子商务主体所有，即俗称B2C模式）
草案明确指出，网上市场不应采用歧视性的商业模式或战略，偏袒在其平台上运营的某一个或少数几个销售商/贸易商。
《国家电子商务政策草案》节选
Excerpts of the Draft National e-Commerce Policy
III.电子商务市场
商品和服务的线上销售市场
e-COMMERCE MARKETPLACES
THE ONLINE MARKET FOR GOODS AND SERVICES
电子商务市场是指数字平台，即销售商品（实体或虚拟）或服务的线上平台。与实体市场相比，电子商务市场有望通过增加接入与运营规模经济，提供全方位的便利。
随着印度线上电子商务的出现，消费者能够以有竞争力的价格获得更多种类的产品，从日益激烈的市场竞争中受益。该领域的另一个好处是物流领域（交付合作伙伴）的发展，为大量人口提供了就业机会。
e-Commerce marketplaces are digital platforms, i.e. online platforms on which goods (physical or digital) or services, are sold. An e-commerce marketplace is expected to provide all-round benefits in comparison to its physical counterpart, by increase in access and economies of scale in operation.
With the advent of online e-commerce in India, consumers have benefitted from increased competition in the market by way of getting access to greater variety of products at competitive prices. Another benefit in this field has been the development in the area of logistics (delivery partners), which has provided employment to a significant number of people.
电子商务平台还可以联系国内偏远地区的生产者/销售者。 高质量产品销售商已获得更多消费者的青睐，小众产品的生产者也从中受益。有不少共生发展的例子，（电子商务平台平台）为传统产品的生产者提供机会，以稳定供应待售物品。这导致了小型贸易商和制造商的“入职”，后向联系有助于使这些贸易商和制造商接触网络并了解线上销售的好处。这是一个喜人的副作用。在线提供诸如木工、管道等服务的集合商或聚合平台可以通过成为创造就业机会的来源使技术工人受益，同时提供现成和可靠的服务来源造福消费者。
e-Commerce platforms have also given access to producers/sellers in far-flung areas of the country. Sellers of high-quality products have prospered with greater access to consumers. Producers of niche articles have also benefited. There are several instances of symbiotic growth where producers of traditional products have been provided opportunities to create steady supply of items for sale. This has resulted in ‘on-boarding’ of small traders and manufacturers. Backward linkages have helped in making such traders and manufacturers internet-ready and aware of the benefits of selling online. This has been a welcome byproduct. Aggregators or platforms that provide services like carpentering, plumbing etc.online has benefited both skilled workers by being a source of employment generation as well as consumers by providing ready and reliable source of services.
战略(A) Strategies (A)
外商直接投资 FDI
电子商务领域的外商直接投资政策的制定是为了确保市场为所有参与者提供公平的竞争环境，同时确保不会通过价格控制，库存商品控制或供应商控制等方式产生扭曲效应。强烈反对资本倾销。
The FDI Policy in e-commerce has been developed in order to ensure that the marketplace provides a level playing field to all participants, while ensuring that distortionary effects, either through means of price control, inventory or vendor control does not happen. A situation of capital dumping is to be strongly discouraged.
该政策旨在明确区分市场平台模式和销售库存商品模式。该政策意图仅在市场平台模式中邀请和鼓励外国投资。因此，经外国投资的电子商务平台不能所有或控制其平台上销售的库存商品。通过这种方式，外国投资才不会被多品牌产品的小型线下零售商视为威胁。
The policy aims to clearly demarcate what constitutes a marketplace model and what comprises an inventory-based model of sale and distribution. The policy aims to invite and encourage foreign investment in the ‘marketplace’ model alone. An e-commerce platform, in which foreign investment has been made, therefore, cannot exercise ownership or control over the inventory sold on its platform. In this manner, foreign investment is not seen as a threat by small offline retailers of multi-branded products.
除了促进外国投资进入电子商务市场外，《外商直接投资政策》还考虑了国内制造商/贸易商/销售商/中小企业/初创企业的利益，并寻求在零售业中创造一个公平的竞争环境。在线市场不应采用具有歧视性的商业模式或策略，即优待在其平台上运营的某一家或几家销售者/贸易商。中小企业和初创企业通常无法建立和维护复杂的分销渠道，也无法承担巨大营销活动的开支。因此，《外商直接投资政策》要求对在市场上运营的所有利益相关者（包括中小企业和初创企业）进行公平和非歧视性的对待。《外商直接投资政策》还规定了其他条件，为电子商务市场提供运作的框架。重要的是，要确保该政策的文字表述及其精神内涵相符合。
Apart from facilitating foreign investment in e-commerce marketplaces, the FDI policy, also takes into account interests of domestic manufacturers/ traders/ sellers/ MSMEs/ start-ups and seeks to create a level playing field in retail. Online marketplaces should not adopt business models or strategies which are discriminatory, that is, which favour one or few sellers/traders operating ontheir platforms over others. MSMEs and start-ups are often not equipped to setup and maintain complex distribution channels and cannot afford the expenditure of a significant marketing campaign. Therefore, FDI policy mandates fair and non-discriminatory treatment of all the stakeholders, including MSMEs and start-ups, operating on a marketplace. Other conditions have also been laid down in the FDI policy to provide the framework within which an e-commerce marketplace is to function. It is important to ensure that the letter as well as the spirit of the policy is met.
电子商务中的外商直接投资政策
Reviewof policy on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in e-commerce
1.0 为了明确电子商务部门的外商直接投资政策，2017年《外商直接投资政策通知汇编》的第5.2.15.2段现改为：
1.0 To provide clarity to FDI policy on e-commerce sector, Para 5.2.15.2 of the Consolidated FDI Policy Circular 2017 will now read as under:
5.2.15.2.1 根据外商直接投资政策的规定，电子商务实体只可从事商业（B2B）电子商务，而不从事商业对消费者（B2C）电子商务。
5.2.15.2.1 Subject to provisions of FDI Policy, e-commerce entities would engage only in Businessto Business (B2B) e-commerce and not in Business to Consumer (B2C) e-commerce.
5.2.15.2.2 定义
5.2.15.2.2 Definitions
i) 电子商务：指通过数字和电子网络购买和销售包括数字产品在内的商品和服务。
ii) 电子商务实体：指根据1956年《公司法》或2013年《公司法》规定组成的公司；或根据2013年《公司法》第2节 第（42）条规定的外国公司；或根据1999年FEMA第2节(V)(III)规定的在印度的办事处、分支机构或代理商，由在印度境外居住的自然人拥有或控制，并从事电子商务业务。
iii) 基于库存商品的电子商务模式：指电子商务实体拥有商品和服务的库存，直接销售给消费者的电子商务活动。
iv）基于市场的电子商务模式：指由数字和电子网络上的电子商务实体提供信息技术平台，充当买方和卖方之间的服务商。
i) E-commerce：E-commerce means buying and selling of goods and services including digital products over digital & electronic network.
ii) E-commerce entity：E-commerce entity means a company incorporated under the Companies Act 1956 or the Companies Act 2013 or a foreign company covered under section 2(42) of the Companies Act, 2013 or an office, branch or agency in India as provided in section 2 (v) (iii) of FEMA 1999, owned or controlled by a person resident outside India and conducting the e-commerce business.
iii) Inventory based model of e-commerce：Inventory based model of e-commerce means an e-commerce activity where inventory of goods and services is owned by e-commerce entity and is sold to the consumers directly.
iv) Marketplace based model of e-commerce：Marketplace based model of e-commerce means providing of an information technology platform by an e-commerce entity on a digital & electronic network to act as a facilitator between buyer and seller.
5.2.15.2.3 电子商务部门的外商直接投资准则
5.2.15.2.3 Guidelines for Foreign Direct Investment on e-commerce sector
i）基于市场的电子商务模式中，允许100%外商投资自动进入。
ii）基于库存商品的电子商务模式中，不允许外商直接投资。
i) 100% FDI under automatic route is permitted in marketplace model of e-commerce.
ii) FDI is not permitted in inventory based model of e-commerce.
5.2.15.2.4 其他情形
5.2.15.2.4 Other Conditions
i) 数码及电子网络包括计算机网络、电视频道及以自动方式使用的任何其他互联网应用程序，例如网页、外联网、移动设备等。
ii）基于市场的电子商务实体将被允许与B2B平台上注册的卖家进行交易。
iii）基于市场的电子商务可以在仓储、物流、订单履行、呼叫中心、支付收集和其他服务方面向卖方提供支持服务。
i) Digital& electronic network will include network of computers, television channels and any other internet application used in automated manner such as web pages, extranets, mobiles etc.
ii) Marketplace e-commerce entity will be permitted to enter into transactions with sellers registered on its platform on B2B basis.
iii) E-commerce marketplace may provide support services to sellers in respect of warehousing, logistics, order fulfillment, call centre, payment collection andother services.
iv）基于市场的电子商务实体不会对库存（即可能出售的商品）行使所有权或控制权。对库存的这种所有权或控制权将使其业务转变成基于库存商品的模式。 如果供应商超过25％的购买来自市场平台实体或其集团公司，则供应商的库存将被视为由电子商务市场实体控制。
v）电子商务市场实体或其集团公司参股，或由电子商务市场实体或其集团公司控制其库存的实体，不可以在其运营的平台上销售其产品。
iv) E-commerce entity providing a marketplace will not exercise ownership or control over the inventory i.e. goods purported to be sold. Such an ownershipor control over the inventory will render the business into inventory based model. Inventory of a vendor will be deemed to be controlled by e-commerce marketplace entity if more than 25% of purchases of such vendor are from the marketplace entity or its group companies.
v) An entity having equity participation by e-commerce marketplace entity or its group companies, or having control on its inventory by e-commerce marketplace entity or its group companies, will not be permitted to sell its products onthe platform run by such marketplace entity.
vi）在基于市场的模式中，网站应明确载明以电子方式销售的商品/服务的卖方的姓名，地址和其他联系方式。售后服务、向客户交付货物和客户的满意度将由卖方负责。
vii）在基于市场的模式中，电子商务实体可以根据印度储备银行的指导方针制定销售的付款方式。
viii）在基于市场的模式中，销售商品和服务的任何保证/担保将由卖方负责承担。
vi) In marketplace model goods/services made available for sale electronically on website should clearly provide name, address and other contact details of the seller. Post sales, delivery of goods to the customers and customer satisfaction will be responsibility of the seller.
vii) In marketplace model, payments for sale may be facilitated by the e-commerce entity in conformity with the guidelines of the Reserve Bank of India.
viii) In marketplace model, any warrantee/ guarantee of goods and services sold willbe responsibility of the seller.
ix）基于市场的电子商务实体不得直接或间接影响商品或服务的销售价格，并应保持公平的市场竞争环境。电子商务市场实体或其直接或间接参股或共同控制的其他实体，在平台上应当以公平和非歧视的方式向平台上的供应商提供服务。此类服务包括但不限于履行、物流、仓储、广告/营销、支付、融资等。基于市场的电子商务实体其集团公司向买方提供的现金返还，应是公平和非歧视性的。就本条款而言，在类似情况下，向任一供应商提供服务而不向其他供应商提供，将被视为不公平和歧视。
ix) E-commerce entities providing marketplace will not directly or indirectly influence the sale price of goods or services and shall maintain level playing field. Services should be provided by e-commerce marketplace entity or other entities in which e-commerce marketplace entity has direct or indirect equity participation or common control, to vendors on the platform at arm’s length and in a fair and non-discriminatory manner. Such services will include but not limited to fulfilment, logistics, warehousing, advertisement/ marketing, payments, financing etc. Cash back provided by group companies of marketplace entity to buyers shall be fair and non-discriminatory. For the purposes of this clause, provision of services to any vendor on such terms which are not made available to other vendors in similar circumstances will be deemed unfair and discriminatory.
x）2017年《外商直接投资政策通知汇编》第5.2.15.1.2段中载明的现金和货物批发交易指南将适用于B2B电子商务。
xi）电子商务市场实体不可以强制任何卖方仅在其平台上销售任何产品。
x) Guidelines on cash and carry whole sale trading as given in para 5.2.15.1.2 of Consolidated FDI Policy Circular 2017 will apply on B2B e-commerce.
xi) e-commerce marketplace entity will not mandate any seller to sell any product exclusively on its platform only.
xii）电子商务市场实体将被要求在上一个财政年度每年9月30日前，向印度储备银行提供证书以及法定审计报告，以确认其是否遵循上述指南。
根据服务业领域的外商直接投资政策条件和适当的的法律/法规、安全保证和其他条件，以电子商务形式销售的服务将自动进入正轨。
xii) e-commerce marketplace entity will be required to furnish a certificate along with a report of statutory auditor to Reserve Bank of India, confirming compliance of above guidelines, by 30th of September of every year for the preceding financial year.
Subject to the conditions of FDI policy on services sector and applicable laws/regulations, security and other conditionalities, sale of services through e-commerce will be under automatic route.
3.0 上述决定将于2019年2月1日起生效。
3.0 The above decision will take effect from 01 February, 2019.
翻译：邱越
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