联合国可转让货物单证公约解释性说明：第三章 持单人的权利和赔偿责任
第十条 货物交付 (Delivery of the goods)
(a) 总论 (General remarks)
152. 第十条确立了交付可转让货物单证（NCD）涵盖货物的法律与操作框架。作为可转让性及物权凭证功能的核心，该规则确保货物仅向持单人交付。
Article 10 establishes the legal and operational framework for the delivery of goods covered by an NCD. This rule is central to the negotiability and the document of title function of the NCD, ensuring that goods are released only to the holder.
153. 本条应结合保留国际公约和国内法适用性的第一条第3款一并解读（见上文第30段）。若适用的运输法（如《国际铁路货物运输合同统一规则》、《蒙特利尔公约》、《海牙规则》、《汉堡规则》或《鹿特丹规则》及其修订案，或相关国内法）包含关于交付的更详细规定（如货物收讫确认），则这些规定不被第十条取代。
The provision should be read together with article 1(3), which preserves the applicability of international conventions and national laws governing the transport contract (see para. 30 above). Consequently, if the applicable transport law –such as the Uniform Rules concerning the Contract of International Carriage of Goods by Rail, the Agreement on International Railway Freight Communications, the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road, the Montreal Convention,
the Budapest Convention on the Contract for the Carriage of Goods by Inland Waterway, the Hague Rules, the United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea, 1978 (the “Hamburg Rules”) or the Rotterdam Rules, in each case including any amendments in force, or relevant national legislation – contains more detailed or specific provisions on delivery (e.g. acknowledgment of receipt of the goods), those rules are not displaced by article 10.
(b) 持单人交出可转让货物单证后的交付（第十条第1款） (Delivery against surrender of the NCD by the holder)
154. 第1款规定，运输经营人仅在持单人交出可转让货物单证后才有义务交付货物（见上文第37至39段）。运输经营人无义务向非持单人交付货物。然而，未交单即放货的法律后果由适用的国内法管辖，本条未作规定。
Paragraph 1 affirms that the transport operator is obligated to deliver the goods only upon surrender of the NCD by the holder (see paras. 37–39 above). The transport operator is not obliged to deliver the goods to any person other than the holder of the NCD. However, the provision does not address the legal consequences of delivery without surrender of the NCD, which are governed by the applicable national law.
155. 第十条与第七条第1款紧密相关，后者规定只有持单人才能行使单证权利，包括要求在目的地交货。第十条第1款通过要求交单，确保只有最终持单人（而非前手持单人或未经授权的索赔人）能提货，从而保护运输经营人免受其他当事人的后续索赔。
Article 10 is closely linked with article 7(1), under which only the holder can exercise the rights provided for in the NCD, including the right to demand delivery of the goods at destination. Article 10(1), by requiring surrender, ensures that only the final holder – not a previous holder or an unauthorized claimant – can take delivery. This shields the transport operator from future demands for delivery by other parties.
(c) 在有多份正本情况下的交付（第十条第2款） (Delivery in the case of multiple originals)
156. 第2款规定了签发多份正本时的交货规则。由于每份正本具有同等法律效力，交出一份正本即足以要求交货。无论单证是否载明签发多份正本，此规则均适用，避免了提交所有正本可能导致的物流延误和复杂情况。若仅签发一份正本，必须交出该正本；若签发多份，交出任意一份即可。
Paragraph 2 sets out the rules for delivery when more than one original of an NCD has been issued. The first sentence provides that surrender of one original is sufficient to demand delivery of the goods, as each original carries equal legal weight. This rule applies regardless of whether the NCD states that more than one original has been issued, and it avoids unnecessary delay and logistical complications that would arise if all originals had to be presented in order to demand delivery.
If only one original has been issued, that original must be surrendered by the holder. If more than one original has been issued, surrender of any single original is sufficient.
157. 此规定与要求出示所有正本以行使处置权的第七条第5款并不冲突。这种区分旨在平衡效率与控制：为提高交货效率，凭一份正本即可要求交货；而为确保控制权并防止冲突指示，行使处置权需出示所有正本（见上文第138至140段）。
Importantly, this provision does not conflict with article 7(5), which requires the presentation of all originals to exercise the right of disposal. This distinction is intentional and carefully calibrated: while the right to demand delivery of goods can be exercised on the basis of one original in order to promote operational efficiency in delivery, the right of disposal requires a higher level of control and certainty.
Requiring the presentation of all originals in order to exercise the right of disposal ensures that no conflicting instructions can be given by holders of other originals (see paras. 138–140 above).
158. 第二款引入了一项基于单证内容的规则：若单证载明有多份正本，交出一份正本即自动使其他正本失效。此举旨在保护不知情的持单人。若持单人获得的单证未载明有多份正本，其将不知晓其他正本存在。若此类持单人在货物已凭另一份正本交付后才出示其正本，其单证权利依然有效。此时，运输经营人虽无法再次交货，但仍需向该不知情持单人承担损害赔偿责任。
The second sentence introduces a rule based on the content of the NCD itself. Regardless of the number of originals actually issued, if the NCD states that multiple originals exist, then surrender of one original automatically invalidates the others. The rule is designed to protect an innocent holder that acquires an NCD that does not state that more than one original exists.
In such a case, the holder will be unaware of the existence of other originals. If such a holder presents its original of the NCD after the goods have already been delivered to someone else who surrendered a different original, its rights under the NCD will remain legally valid. In this case, the transport operator will not be able to deliver the goods but will remain liable for damages to the innocent holder.
159. 这强烈激励运输经营人按照《公约》第四条第1款(i)项的要求，在单证中明确载明签发的正本份数（见上文第87至90段）。此举可激活保护机制，即在提交一份正本后终止其余正本的法律效力，从而限制赔偿责任风险。若未列入此说明，运输经营人将面临善意持单人因先前交货受损而提出的索赔风险。该规则实际上鼓励签发环节的透明度，使操作实践与法律保障相一致，降低冲突索赔风险。
This creates a strong incentive for transport operators to explicitly state the number of originals issued in the NCD as required under article 4(1)(i) (see paras. 87–90 above). By doing so, they activate the protective mechanism that extinguishes the legal effect of remaining originals upon surrender of one, thereby limiting their exposure to liability.
Failure to include such a statement leaves the transport operator vulnerable to claims from holders that acquire one original of the NCD in good faith and later suffer loss due to prior delivery. In effect, the rule encourages transparency at the point of issuance, aligning operational practice with legal safeguards and reducing the risk of conflicting claims.