本篇以香港法第219章Conveyancing and Property Ordinance《物业转易及财产条例》为代表，探析最实用的英美普通法系财产法常用概念与原则。
法例原文：https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap219!en-zh-Hant-HK?INDEX_CS=N
Legislation purposes 立法目的：
To make provision relating to conveyancing and the law of property; to make provision concerning agreements and deeds relating to land and other agreements; to make provision for the acquisition and holding of land and other property; to provide for standard agreements and deeds relating to land; to imply certain covenants and other provisions in agreements and deeds relating to land; to revise and consolidate certain miscellaneous provisions relating to land and other matters; and for connected purposes.
本條例旨在就物業轉易及財產法訂定條文；就有關土地的協議及契據，以及其他協議訂定條文；就土地及其他財產的獲取及持有訂定條文；就有關土地的標準協議及契據訂定條文；使有關土地的協議及契據隱含若干契諾及其他條文；修訂及綜合若干與土地及其他事宜有關的雜項條文；並就相關事宜訂定條文。
Interpretation 核心释义（对于一些值得记忆且较难的术语，在中英双语版本做了对应的红色加粗标识）：
土地 (land)包括 —— (a)有水淹蓋的土地； (b)土地或其上的任何產業權、權利、權益或地役權； (bb)土地的不分割份數的全部或部分，以及土地或其上的任何產業權、權利、權益或地役權；及(由1988年第31號第2條增補) (c)附連在土地的物件或牢固於任何此類物件上的東西； |
land (土地) includes— (a) land covered by water; (b) any estate, right, interest or easement in or over any land; (bb) the whole or part of an undivided share in land and any estate, right, interest or easement in or over the whole or part of an undivided share in land; and (Added 31 of 1988 s. 2) (c) things attached to land or permanently fastened to anything attached to land; |
| 轉讓、轉讓契 (assignment )包括 —— (a)根據政府租契所持有土地的全部權益的轉讓；(由1988年第31號第2條修訂；由1998年第29號第105條修訂) (b)法定押記； (c)租契(政府租契除外)；(由1998年第29號第105條修訂) (d)退回、退回書； (e)允許、允許書；及 (f)以任何文書達成的所有其他土地轉易。 |
assignment (轉讓、轉讓契) includes— (a) the transfer of the whole of the interest in land held under a Government lease;(Amended 31 of 1988 s. 2; 29 of 1998 s. 105) (b) a legal charge; (c) a lease (other than a Government lease);(Amended 29 of 1998 s. 105) (d) a surrender; (e) an assent; and (f) every other assurance or conveyance of land by any instrument; |
| 法定產業權 (legal estate)指 —— (a)土地的絕對年期； (b)土地或其上的任何地役權、權利或特權的法定權益，而土地的權益相等於絕對年期者；及 (c)法定押記； |
legal estate (法定產業權) means— (a) a term of years absolute in land; (b) the legal interest in any easement, right or privilege in or over land for an interest equivalent to a term of years absolute; and (c) a legal charge; |
衡平法權益 (equitable interest)指土地或其上的任何產業權、權益或押記而並非法定產業權或永久業權者； |
equitable interest (衡平法權益) means any estate, interest or charge in or over land which is not a legal estate or a freehold; |
| 法定押記 (legal charge)指明訂為法定押記的按揭； | legal charge (法定押記) means a mortgage expressed to be a legal charge; |
| 絕對年期 (term of years absolute)包括不足一年、一年或多年另加一年的部分，以及逐年訂定的年期； | term of years absolute (絕對年期) includes a term for less than a year, for a year or years and a fraction of a year and from year to year. |
| 可确定的年限（英格兰和威尔士法律）持有的土地遗产，其年限在某些人死亡时确定，或某些终身权益停止。 | term of years determinable (law, England & Wales) An estate in land held for a term of years which determined on the deaths of certain individuals, or the cessation of certain life interests. |
| 產權負擔 (encumbrance)包括法律上及衡平法上的按揭、就金錢的償還作保證的信託、留置權、分與遺贈財產的押記、年金，或其他資本款額或每年款額； | encumbrance (產權負擔) includes a legal and equitable mortgage, a trust for securing money, a lien, a charge of a portion, annuity, or other capital or annual sum; |
產權負擔人 (encumbrancer)則具有與產權負擔應的涵義，並包括每一個有權獲得產權負擔的利益或有權要求就產權負擔作出付款或解除的人；(由2000年第32號第6條增補) |
encumbrancer(產權負擔人) has a meaning corresponding with that of encumbrance and includes every person entitled to the benefit of an encumbrance, or to require payment or discharge thereof; (Added 32 of 2000 s. 6) |
文書 (instrument)指任何具有法律效力的文件，遺囑除外； |
instrument (文書) means any document having legal effect except a will; |
按揭 (mortgage)指作為金錢或金錢等值的償還保證的土地抵押； |
mortgage (按揭) means a security over land for securing money or money’s worth; |
两种estate业权的区分：leasehold租赁权 and freehold永久产权
In general, there are two main types of land ownership in the context of government land: leasehold and freehold. 一般来说，在政府土地方面有两种主要的土地所有权类型：租赁权和永久产权。
leasehold is when the government retains ownership of the land, but grants a lease to a private individual or organization for a specified period of time, usually ranging from a few years to several decades. During the lease period, the lessee has exclusive use and possession of the land and may develop it, subject to certain restrictions and conditions set forth in the lease agreement. However, the lessee does not own the land and must typically pay rent to the government. 租赁权是指政府保留土地的所有权，但将租约授予私人或组织，租期通常从几年到几十年不等。在租赁期间，承租人拥有土地的独家使用权和占有权，并可以根据租赁协议中规定的某些限制和条件对其进行开发。然而，承租人并不拥有该土地，通常必须向政府支付租金。
Freehold, on the other hand, is when the government sells the land outright to a private individual or organization, who when becomes the owner of the land and may use it and develop it as they see fit, subject to certain legal and regulatory requirements. 另一方面，政府将土地直接卖给私人或组织，后者成为土地的所有者，可以按照他们认为合适的方式使用和开发土地，但必须遵守某些法律和监管要求。
In many countries, including the United States, government land is typically owned by the federal, state, or local government, and may be leased or sold to private individuals or organizations for a variety of purposes, including commercial, residential, and agricultural uses. The terms of the lease or sale are usually determined by applicable laws and regulations, as well as market conditions and other factors. 在许多国家，包括美国，政府土地通常由联邦、州或地方政府拥有，并可出租或出售给私人个人或组织用于各种目的，包括商业、住宅和农业用途。租赁或出售的条款通常由适用的法律和法规，以及市场条件和其他因素决定。
难点法律英语段落突破：section 14 - Conversion of equitable interest to legal estate where right to Government lease享有獲批政府租契權利情況下衡平法權益轉為法定產業權
(1)Where a person has a right to a Government lease of any land upon compliance with any conditions precedent, then, upon compliance with those conditions (a)the equitable interest under that right shall become a legal estate in that land as if held under a Government lease issued in accordance with that right; and (Amended 31 of 1988 s. 7) (b)for the purposes of section 42 and any other law, such a Government lease shall be deemed to have been issued upon compliance with those conditions. |
(1)凡任何人在符合某等先決條件後有獲批政府租契的權利，則在該等條件獲符合後 —— (a)根據該權利而享有的衡平法權益，即成為土地的法定產業權，猶如根據一份按照該權利批出的政府租契所持有者一樣；及 (由1988年第31號第7條修訂) (b)為施行第42條及任何其他法律，上述政府租契須當作在該等條件獲符合後即已批出。 |
| (2) Where, under an agreement for a Government lease entered into before 1 January 1970, a person has a right to a Government lease upon compliance with any conditions precedent he shall be deemed, for the purposes of this section, to have complied with those conditions on the commencement* of this section. | (2)凡根據1970年1月1日以前所訂立有關批出政府租契的協議，任何人在符合某等先決條件後有獲批政府租契權利，則就本條而言，該人須當作在本條生效日期*當日已符合該等條件。 |
(3) Where under an agreement for a Government lease entered into on or after 1 January 1970, a person has a right to a Government lease upon compliance with any conditions precedent, he shall be deemed, for the purposes of this section, to have complied with those conditions— (a) upon the issue by the Government of a certificate that those conditions have been complied with and the registration of that certificate in the Land Registry under the Land Registration Ordinance (Cap. 128); or (b) upon the endorsement by the Government on the Government lease of a note to the effect that those conditions have been complied with and the registration of a copy of that endorsement in the Land Registry under the Land Registration Ordinance (Cap. 128); or (c) upon the entry on the register kept in the Land Registry under the Land Registration Ordinance (Cap. 128) relating to the land of a note to the effect that those conditions have been complied with. (Amended 31 of 1988 s. 7; 8 of 1993 s. 2) |
(3)凡根據1970年1月1日或該日以後所訂立有關批出政府租契的協議，任何人在符合某等先決條件後有獲批政府租契權利，則就本條而言，凡有以下情況，該人即須當作已符合該等條件 — (a)政府發出證明該等條件已獲符合的證明書，而該證明書已根據《土地註冊條例》(第128章)在土地註冊處註冊；或 (b)政府在政府租契上以摘記註明該等條件已獲符合，而該項註明的文本已根據《土地註冊條例》(第128章)在土地註冊處註冊；或 (c)說明該等條件已獲符合的摘記，記入根據《土地註冊條例》(第128章)在土地註冊處備存而又關乎有關土地的註冊紀錄冊內。(由1988年第31號第7條修訂；由1993年第8號第2條修訂) |
| (5)Where a person has a right to a Government lease of any land and that land is partitioned by assignment or otherwise by deed, this section shall apply to each part of that land constituted by that partition, as it applies to the whole of that land, as if there were a right to a Government lease of each such part.(Added 31 of 1988 s. 7) | (5)凡任何人就任何土地享有獲批政府租契的權利，而該土地已藉轉讓契予以分劃或藉契據以其他方式分劃，則本條的規定適用於該土地分劃後的每一部分，一如其適用於整塊土地，並猶如就每一分劃部分均有獲批政府租契權利一樣。(由1988年第31號第7條增補) |
| 第(5)及第(6)条略去 |
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