本期精选《Journal of Operations Management》（JOM）2026年第72卷第3期的5篇论文，分别讨论技术范式演进下外包项目成功的合同特征组态、新兴市场供应商经由共同客户向外国竞争对手的二阶学习、研发项目终止中探索与利用的行为抉择、供应链伙伴舞弊情境下的企业守护行为，以及动态面板数据模型在实证运营管理研究中的应用。
二、本期目录
01 技术范式如何影响组织间外包项目成功的合同特征组态：1991—2009 年的研究
02 二阶供应商间学习
03 当断则断：研发项目终止中探索与利用的行为学视角
04 供应链守护：为何一些企业会在其他企业舞弊时介入
05 动态建模在实证运营管理研究中的应用：综述与实践指南
三、摘要详情
论文01 技术范式如何影响组织间外包项目成功的合同特征组态：1991—2009 年的研究
标题：How Do Technology Paradigms Influence Configurations of Contract Characteristics for Success of Inter-Organizational Outsourcing Projects, 1991–2009?
作者：Onkar S. Malgonde, Moez Farokhnia Hamedani, Sunil Mithas, Manish Agrawal, Kaushal Chari
DOI：10.1002/joom.70031
摘要：What are the distinct configurations of contract characteristics associated with the success of inter-organizational outsourcing projects across different technology paradigms? We examine information technology outsourcing contracts between 1991 and 2009 to address this question by using a relatively new approach based on qualitative comparative analysis. We consider four technology paradigms: pre-Internet (1991-1996), pre-Dotcom (1997-2000), post-Dotcom (2001-2005), and Cloud Computing (2006-2009). We discuss issues related to adverse selection and moral hazard and identify five key contract characteristics that determine contract success: new contract, existing organizational relationship, long contract duration, fixed price, and competitive bidding. Our analyses document two key findings. First, we show that configurations of contract characteristics for success and failure of outsourcing projects are different across technology paradigms. Second, we identify three themes in configurations associated with outsourcing success - economic imperative, conservative relational, and conservative imperative. These themes extend prior work that draws on transaction cost economics, social exchange theory, and relational exchange theory and identify an increasing emphasis on the relational component to manage contracting risk for outsourcing success over time. From a managerial perspective, we provide context-sensitive causal recipes to choose configurations of contract characteristics, considering technology paradigms. Together, our findings provide new insights for developing cumulative knowledge for understanding the determinants of success of interorganizational outsourcing projects while opening new avenues for further theorizing and empirical work.
中文要点：组织间外包项目的成功取决于合同条款的组合，而技术环境的变化会加剧或缓解逆向选择与道德风险等合同风险，进而改变有效组态。本文将1991-2009年美国信息技术外包合同划分为四个技术范式（前互联网时代、前互联网泡沫时代、后泡沫时代、云计算时代），基于国际数据公司144份合同数据，运用模糊集定性比较分析考察五项合同特征（新合同、既有组织关系、长期限、固定价格、竞争性招标）对合同成败的组态效应。研究发现：第一，导致外包项目成功（合同延展、扩签或重谈）与失败的合同特征组态在不同技术范式下存在系统性差异，某一时期有效的组态未必适用于另一时期，且信息技术外包与业务流程外包的成功组态亦不相同；第二，成功组态可归纳为三大主题——"经济导向型"以竞争性招标平衡新合同风险，"保守关系型"依赖既有客户关系并辅以短期限或固定价格，"保守规制型"则结合既有关系与固定价格、竞争性招标等严格条款。研究表明，随时间推移，关系性治理在管理合同风险中的作用日益凸显，客户企业须结合技术范式与项目类型选择情境敏感的合同特征组合，为交易成本经济学、社会交换理论与关系交换理论提供了新的经验证据。
论文02 二阶供应商间学习
标题：Second-Order Between-Supplier Learning
作者：Lisha Liu, Xianwei Shi, Guangzhi Shang
DOI：10.1002/joom.70033
摘要：Substantial empirical evidence shows that suppliers in emerging economies can enhance their technological capabilities through direct learning from technologically advanced foreign competitors. However, suppliers in emerging markets may struggle to learn directly from knowledge about competitors' products that are not widely available on the consumer market. We draw on insights from existing literature, explorative interviews, and anecdotal evidence to hypothesize that firms may resort to indirect learning channels by leveraging downstream customers as knowledge conduits. Using the Chinese manufacturing industry's import data from 2001 to 2015, our quantitative study reveals the innovation premium of such an indirect learning channel that we term as "second-order between-supplier learning": suppliers' technological capabilities improve significantly when they supply to domestic customers who have imported from their technologically more advanced foreign competitors. Through a qualitative study, we develop a theoretical framework to account for the mechanisms underlying this indirect learning channel, outlining the motivations, contents, and contingencies that shape the effectiveness of second-order between-supplier learning. Our findings contribute to supply chain management and organizational learning literature by building a theory of second-order between-supplier learning. Our findings could also inform suppliers in emerging markets about technological development and guide policymakers on cross-border supply chain policies.
中文要点：新兴市场供应商可通过直接模仿外国竞争产品、组建联盟或合资等方式向技术先进的外国同行学习（一阶学习），但随着法律环境完善与逆全球化趋势，直接学习的合规风险上升、联盟渠道收缩。本文提出"二阶供应商间学习"概念：当直接学习受阻时，供应商可经由同时向外国供应商进口产品的共同国内客户间接获取知识。研究采用混合方法设计：研究一基于2001—2015年中国制造业上市公司数据（1189家供应商、11149个公司-年度观测），以专利数度量创新能力，发现客户自技术更先进国家进口同类设备与零部件的存在与否及进口规模，均与供应商后续专利产出显著正相关，该结果在负二项、泊松与对数线性固定效应模型及倾向得分匹配、更换时间窗口等稳健性检验下保持一致。研究二通过对18位国内外供应商与客户访谈的归纳编码，构建了过程模型：客户受采购降价与"本地自豪"动机驱动，分享使用进口设备获得的知识与技术轨迹可行性等非专有知识；学习效果受供应商技术投入、供需纽带强度、制度环境与时间趋势调节。研究将供应商间学习由二元关系拓展至供应网络三元关系，为新兴市场企业技术升级与跨境供应链政策提供启示。
论文03 当断则断：研发项目终止中探索与利用的行为学视角
标题：Calling It Quits: A Behavioral Perspective on Exploration and Exploitation in R&D Project Termination
作者：Fei Li, Matthew Semadeni, Tyson R. Browning
DOI：10.1002/joom.70034
摘要：Not every R&D project will succeed, necessitating a careful selection of which R&D projects to pursue and which to terminate. Timely termination decisions free up scarce resources for more promising projects. Yet, prior research has yielded inconclusive results on how firms terminate exploratory versus exploitative R&D projects. Given that early-stage R&D project termination is a decision made under high uncertainty, we adopt a behavioral perspective to reconcile the inconsistent findings. We propose that a firm's preference for terminating exploratory versus exploitative projects depends on three sources of contextual feedback: parallel projects, prior collaboration experience, and firm performance. We test our hypotheses using drug development projects from pharmaceutical firms over 11 years, finding that exploratory projects are less likely to be terminated relative to exploitative ones when the number of parallel projects is limited, when they are conducted with an existing partner, or when firm performance falls below aspiration.
中文要点：并非所有研发项目都能成功，及时终止无望项目可将稀缺资源释放给更有前景的项目，但既有研究对探索型与利用型项目孰易终止结论不一。本文基于企业行为理论指出：早期研发项目终止决策面临高度不确定性，技术反馈模糊，管理者转而依赖情境性反馈，并识别其三类来源——并行项目、既往合作经验与企业绩效。研究以1996—2006年21家大型制药企业的3882个临床前药物开发项目（13390个观测值）为样本，采用时间序列横截面Logit模型检验。结果表明：并行项目数量有限时，探索型项目较利用型项目更不易被终止；而当并行项目充裕时，资源约束压过相互学习的收益，该偏好发生逆转。与既有伙伴合作时，探索型项目的终止倾向明显更低；但"新伙伴合作的项目更易终止"这一假设未获支持——新伙伴项目无论类型终止率普遍偏高，说明伙伴不确定性本身已盖过项目新颖性的差异。绩效反馈同样塑造终止偏好：业绩低于抱负水平时企业更倾向终止利用型项目，高于抱负水平时则转向终止探索型项目。研究表明，企业借助项目终止在项目组合中动态再平衡探索与利用，为调和文献分歧提供了整合性框架。
论文04 供应链守护：为何一些企业会在其他企业舞弊时介入
标题：Supply Chain Guardianship: Why Some Firms Intervene When Other Firms Commit Fraud
作者：Scott DuHadway, Steven Carnovale, Lutz Kaufmann
DOI：10.1002/joom.70035
摘要：In supply chains, firms often become aware of illegal actions committed by their partners, prompting the critical question: when and why do those who know become those who act? Drawing on industry examples of supply chain fraud, we introduce the concept of supply chain guardianship to study how firms respond to potential fraud committed by their supply chain partners. We identify key influences on supply chain guardianship and refine these insights into hypotheses, which we test across four behavioral experiments (n = 1000). Study A finds that the tone at the top of an organization can promote supply chain guardianship and that state moral disengagement is negatively correlated with it. Study B manipulates process moral disengagement and finds that it reduces guardianship behavior. Although the network position of the supply chain guardian emerges as important in industry examples, we do not find a significant effect in the experiments. We replicate and validate these findings in Studies C and D. This study offers an initial foundation for a behavioral theory of interfirm fraud responses in supply chains and offers practical insights into how firms can increase supply chain guardianship across macro-, meso-, and microlevels.
中文要点：供应链中的企业常能察觉合作伙伴的违法行为，但"知情者"何时、为何会成为"行动者"？本文引入"供应链守护"概念，指企业针对供应链中其他企业的舞弊采取纠正措施、向潜在受害者共享信息以制止欺诈的行为。研究遵循现象驱动路径，先分析三鹿、高田、通用汽车、大众等六个行业案例，归纳出三个层面的影响因素，再通过四组情境实验（总样本n=1000，均为有管理经验的决策者）加以检验。结果显示：高层基调强调安全与伦理（而非成本）时，守护行为显著增强；状态道德推脱与守护行为负相关，过程道德推脱的操纵亦显著降低守护行为，且在扩展情境的重复实验中均获验证；尽管案例中位于欺诈方与受害者之间、占据结构洞桥接位置的守护者更有效，但实验中网络位置的主效应未获支持，提示其作用可能依赖现实情境。研究表明，企业应将守护视为战略利益与伦理义务的结合，通过强化领导伦理基调与个人责任意识来防范供应链舞弊，为跨企业欺诈响应的行为理论奠定基础。
论文05 动态建模在实证运营管理研究中的应用：综述与实践指南
标题：Applying Dynamic Modeling in Empirical OM Research: A Review and Practical Guide
作者：Ganggang Xu, Xingzhi Jia, Guanyi Lu, David Xiaosong Peng
DOI：10.1002/joom.70028
摘要：The recent expansion in the availability of longitudinal and granular panel data has led to a significant increase in the adoption of dynamic panel data (DPD) models in empirical Operations Management (OM) research. To explore this trend, we conducted a comprehensive literature review of empirical OM studies published from 2012 to 2024 in four leading OM journals. Our findings reveal a marked rise in the utilization of DPD models in recent years, with 49 out of 66 (74.2%) reviewed studies published between 2020 and 2024. Despite this growing adoption, the estimation of DPD models presents notable methodological challenges compared to standard panel fixed-effects models, creating barriers to their wider use in empirical OM research. Our simulation shows that the widely used least-squares dummy variable (LSDV) estimator can be significantly biased when estimating DPD models. Variations in methodological choices can lead to differing results and conclusions, raising concerns about the rigor of current practices. To address these issues, we provide a technical review of recent estimation methods for DPD models, highlighting their underlying assumptions and initial conditions. Among these, we recommend the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) for its flexibility and less restrictive assumptions, which have contributed to its popularity across various research fields. However, the application of GMM requires a careful, iterative process, which many OM researchers may not be familiar with. To support the effective use of GMM in DPD models in empirical OM research, we propose a practical framework that guides researchers through this process and demonstrates its practical use through real-world data from supply base management. This framework aims to enhance the reliability and accuracy of estimating DPD models, facilitating more robust empirical research in the field of OM.
中文要点：纵向与颗粒化面板数据日益可得，动态面板数据模型在实证运营管理研究中的应用显著增长：作者对2012—2024年四本顶级OM期刊的文献综述发现，66篇使用DPD模型的研究中74.2%发表于2020—2024年。然而，DPD模型的估计比标准面板固定效应模型面临更严峻的方法论挑战。模拟研究表明，OM文献广泛使用的最小二乘虚拟变量（LSDV）估计量在协变量仅为预定而非严格外生时会产生严重偏差，导致虚假的显著性结论与方向错误的推断。为此，作者技术综述了似然法、偏差校正LSDV与广义矩估计（GMM）三类方法的假设与初始条件要求，推荐假设更宽松、更契合OM场景的GMM，并提出一套迭代式实践框架：从差分GMM初始估计出发，经序列相关、过度识别与识别不足检验筛选矩条件，再经两阶段估计与标准误校正，逐步过渡至非线性GMM或系统GMM（需检验初始条件）。作者以供应基础管理的真实数据演示全程，发现企业在疫情后倾向扩大供应基础，而既有供应基础较大的企业扩张幅度更小。该框架同时可为期刊审稿提供检查清单，提升实证OM研究的严谨性。
研究团队录制的《供应链金融》课程慕课在“学堂在线”正式上线
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