Timeline: Trump Tariffs from Inauguration to Today
时间线:特朗普关税从就职到今天
January 2025: Trump takes office, immediately signals aggressive trade posture. February 2025: Executive orders direct USTR to review all trade relationships and identify 'non-reciprocal' tariff arrangements. March 2025: Section 232 investigations expanded to cover copper, semiconductors, and lumber. April 2, 2025: 'Liberation Day' — Trump signs sweeping IEEPA reciprocal tariffs on 80+ countries. Rates range from 10% baseline to 46% (Vietnam), 36% (Thailand), 32% (Taiwan,China), 25% (South Korea), 20% (EU), and more. April 9, 2025: 90-day pause on higher rates for most countries; 10% baseline remains. China excluded from pause. June 2025: Section 232 tariffs on steel and aluminum doubled from 25% to 50%. New Section 232 tariffs imposed: copper 50%, semiconductors 25%, lumber 10%. May 28, 2025: Court of International Trade rules the IEEPA tariffs unlawful (V.O.S. Selections v. United States). August 29, 2025: Federal Circuit, sitting en banc, affirms the CIT ruling 7-4 (mandate stayed to allow a SCOTUS appeal). February 20, 2026: Supreme Court rules 6-3 in Learning Resources v. Trump (consolidated with V.O.S. Selections) — IEEPA tariffs permanently invalidated. Same day: Trump signs 10% global tariff under Section 122 (150-day limit). March 2026: New Section 301 investigations launched against multiple countries. Section 232 steel and aluminum rates remain at 50%.
2025年1月:特朗普上任,立即发出激进贸易立场的信号。
2025年2月:行政命令指示USTR审查所有贸易关系并确定“非互惠”关税安排。
2025年3月:第232条调查扩大至覆盖铜、半导体和木材。
2025年4月2日:“解放日”——特朗普签署全面的IEEPA互惠关税,涉及80多个国家。税率从10%(基准)到46%(越南)、36%(泰国)、32%(中国台湾)、25%(韩国)、20%(欧盟)等不等。
2025年4月9日:对大多数国家的高税率暂停90天;10%基准维持不变。中国不在暂停名单内。
2025年6月:钢铁和铝的第232条关税从25%翻倍至50%。新的第232条关税实施:铜50%、半导体25%、木材10%。
2025年5月28日:国际贸易法院裁定IEEPA关税不合法(V.O.S. Selections诉美国)。
2025年8月29日:联邦巡回法院全体法官再审,7-4确认CIT裁决(授权暂停以允许SCOTUS上诉)。
2026年2月20日:最高法院在Learning Resources诉特朗普案(与V.O.S. Selections合并)中6-3裁定——IEEPA关税永久无效。
同日:特朗普根据第122条签署10%全球关税(150天限制)。
2026年3月:对多个国家启动新的第301条调查。第232条钢铁和铝的税率维持在50%。
What's Currently in Effect (July 2026)
目前生效的内容(2026年7月)
Four separate tariff programs are active right now. First, the Section 122 global tariff of 10% applies to imports from most countries. This was signed February 20, 2026, took effect February 24, and expires July 24, 2026, unless Congress extends it. Second, the EU-US trade deal took effect July 1, 2026: most EU-origin goods pay a 15% all-inclusive ceiling that replaces Section 122 for the bloc (no MFN stacking; autos, pharma, and semiconductors capped at 15% in lieu of Section 232; steel and aluminum still 50%). Third, Section 232 tariffs apply to specific products: steel at 50%, aluminum at 50%, copper at 50%, automobiles at 25% (EU autos capped at 15%), semiconductors at 25%, and lumber at 10%. These have no expiration date. Fourth, Section 301 tariffs on China remain in effect, adding 25-100% on covered products. Most Chinese electronics and machinery face 25%, solar panels 50%, and electric vehicles 100%. These layers stack — with one important carve-out: Section 232 goods are excluded from the Section 122 surcharge on their metal content. So a Chinese steel article faces 50% Section 232 + 25% Section 301 = 75% (not 85%), while a non-232 Chinese good like electronics faces 10% Section 122 + 25% Section 301 = 35%.
目前四个独立的关税计划。
首先,第122条全球关税为10%,适用于大多数国家的进口。这项内容于2026年2月20日签署,于2026年2月24日生效,并于2026年7月24日到期,除非国会延长。
第二,欧盟-美国贸易协议于2026年7月1日生效:大多数欧盟原产商品支付15%的全面上限,替代该地区的第122条(没有最惠国叠加;汽车、制药和半导体按15%上限替代第232条;钢铁和铝仍为50%)。
第三,第232条关税适用于特定产品:钢铁50%、铝50%、铜50%、汽车25%(欧盟汽车按15%上限)、半导体25%、木材10%。这些没有到期日。
第四,第301条对中国的关税仍然生效,对涵盖的产品加征25%-100%的关税。大多数中国电子产品和机器设备面临25%的税率,太阳能电池板50%,电动车100%。这些层次叠加——但有一个重要的例外:第232条商品在其金属含量上的第122条附加费中被排除。
因此,中国钢铁产品面临50%第232条 + 25%第301条 = 75%(不是85%),而非232条的中国商品如电子产品则面临10%第122条 + 25%第301条 = 35%。
What Was Struck Down by the Supreme Court
最高法院裁定的内容
The Supreme Court's February 2026 ruling in V.O.S. Selections Inc. v. United States permanently invalidated all tariffs imposed under IEEPA authority. This includes the 10% baseline reciprocal tariff that applied to nearly all countries or regions, as well as all country-specific higher rates (e.g., Vietnam at 46%, Thailand at 36%, Taiwan, China at 32%, South Korea at 25%, the EU at 20%, etc.).the China-specific IEEPA tariffs (10% reciprocal + 10% fentanyl surcharge), and all modifications including the US-China truce adjustments. The Court held that IEEPA grants emergency economic powers but does not authorize tariffs — a power reserved to Congress. This ruling permanently closes the IEEPA path for future tariff actions.
最高法院在2026年2月对V.O.S. Selections Inc.诉美国案的裁决,永久 invalidated 根据IEEPA法权实施的所有关税。
这包括:适用于几乎所有国家与地区的10%基线对等关税、各国特定的更高关税(越南46%、泰国36%、中国台湾32%、韩国25%、欧盟20%等)、中国特定的IEEPA关税(10%的对等关税 + 10%的芬太尼附加费),以及所有修订,包括中美会谈调整。法院认为IEEPA授予紧急经济权力,但不授权征收关税——这一权力保留给国会。
此裁决永久关闭了IEEPA未来征收关税的路径。
Current Tariff Rates by Country
各国当前关税率
Here are the effective tariff rates for major US trading partners as of July 2026. China: 10% Section 122 + 25-100% Section 301 = 35-110% effective rate. Canada and Mexico: 0% if USMCA-qualifying (89% of goods), otherwise 10% Section 122 — preference unchanged despite the US declining USMCA renewal on July 1. EU countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Netherlands, Ireland, etc.): 15% all-inclusive under the trade deal effective July 1, 2026 — replaces Section 122 for the bloc, includes MFN, and caps autos, pharma, and semiconductors at 15%; EU steel and aluminum stay at 50%. United Kingdom: 10% Section 122 (not in the EU deal; 25% Section 232 metals under the Economic Prosperity Deal). Japan: 10% Section 122 + 25% Section 232 on autos. South Korea: 10% Section 122 flat rate. (Taiwan,China): 10% Section 122 + 25% Section 232 on semiconductors. Vietnam: 10% Section 122 (down from 46% IEEPA). India: 10% Section 122 flat rate. Thailand: 10% Section 122 (down from 36% IEEPA). Bangladesh: 10% Section 122 (down from 37% IEEPA). Non-EU origins face Section 232 rates on steel (50%), aluminum (50%), copper (50%), autos (25%), semiconductors (25%), and lumber (10%) in addition to the above — and the 10% Section 122 baseline expires July 24, with 12.5% Section 301 proposed on 46 countries as the replacement.
截至2026年7月,主要美国贸易伙伴的有效关税率如下:
中国:10% 第122条 + 25-100% 第301条 = 35-110% 有效税率。
加拿大和墨西哥:如果符合USMCA资格则为0%(89%的商品),否则为10% 第122条——由于美国在7月1日拒绝续签USMCA,偏好未改变。
欧盟各国(德国、法国、意大利、西班牙、荷兰、爱尔兰等):自2026年7月1日起,贸易协议下的综合税率为15%——替代了该集团的第122条,包括最惠国待遇,并将汽车、制药和半导体的税率上限设为15%;欧盟钢铁和铝维持在50%。
英国:10% 第122条(不在欧盟协议内;经济繁荣协议下25% 第232条金属)。
日本:10% 第122条 + 25% 第232条汽车税。
韩国:10% 第122条统一税率。
中国台湾:10% 第122条 + 25% 第232条半导体税。
越南:10% 第122条(从46% IEEPA下降)。
印度:10% 第122条统一税率。泰国:10% 第122条(从36% IEEPA下降)。
孟加拉国:10% 第122条(从37% IEEPA下降)。
非欧盟来源的钢铁(50%)、铝(50%)、铜(50%)、汽车(25%)、半导体(25%)和木材(10%)额外适用第232条税率
——而10% 第122条基准税率将于7月24日到期,并提议对46个国家征收12.5% 第301条作为替代。
Section 232 Tariffs: The Rates That Survived
第232节关税:幸存下来的税率
Section 232 tariffs remain in force and have not been invalidated by the Supreme Court. Because they are imposed under national security authority, they generally apply on a most-favored-nation (MFN) basis to covered products from all countries. However, certain countries may receive negotiated quota arrangements, product exclusions, or other differential treatment through presidential proclamations or agreements.
Steel: 50% (doubled from 25% in June 2025). Aluminum: 50% (doubled from 25% in June 2025). Copper: 50% (new, imposed March 2025). Automobiles: 25% (imposed April 2025). Semiconductors: 25% (new, imposed June 2025). Lumber: 10% (new, imposed June 2025). For products covered by Section 232, the anti-stacking rule means you pay Section 232 OR Section 122, whichever is higher — not both. Since all Section 232 rates exceed the 10% Section 122 rate, Section 232 products effectively pay only the Section 232 rate (plus Section 301 if applicable).
钢铁:50%(从2025年6月的25%加倍)。
铝:50%(从2025年6月的25%加倍)。
铜:50%(新征收,从2025年3月开始)。
汽车:25%(从2025年4月开始征收)。
半导体:25%(新征收,从2025年6月开始)。木材:10%(新征收,从2025年6月开始)。
对于第232节涵盖的产品,反堆叠规则意味着您只需支付第232节或第122节,较高者为准——而不是两个都支付。由于所有第232节的税率都高于10%的第122节税率,因此第232节产品实际只需支付第232节税率(如果适用,还需加上第301节)。
Section 301 Tariffs on China: Still in Full Force
“中国的301条款关税:仍然全面生效”
Section 301 tariffs on China were imposed under trade law authority (not IEEPA) and were not affected by the Supreme Court ruling. These tariffs target specific product categories based on HTS codes. The 25% bracket covers most electronics, machinery, chemicals, furniture, and consumer goods. The 7.5% bracket applies to some consumer products and textiles. Higher rates target strategic sectors: EV batteries at 25%, solar panels and cells at 50%, electric vehicles at 100%, and certain semiconductors at 50%. The de minimis exemption ($800 threshold) has been eliminated for Chinese imports, meaning all shipments face full tariffs regardless of value.
对中国的301节关税是根据贸易法权威(而不是IEEPA)实施的,且不受最高法院裁决的影响。这些关税针对特定产品类别,基于HTS代码。25%的税率涵盖大多数电子产品、机械、化学品、家具和消费品。7.5%的税率适用于某些消费品和纺织品。更高的税率则针对战略性行业:电动汽车电池为25%,太阳能电池板和电池为50%,电动汽车为100%,某些半导体为50%。对于中国进口,最低免税额(800美元阈值)已被取消,这意味着所有货物的运输都面临全额关税,无论其价值如何。
Key Dates to Watch in 20262026年
需要关注的关键日期
Several critical deadlines could reshape the tariff landscape. Already landed — July 1, 2026: the EU-US deal took effect (15% all-inclusive ceiling on most EU goods), and the US declined to renew USMCA at the joint review — the agreement stays in force with 0% preference unchanged, moving to annual reviews with a 2036 sunset if never extended. July 20, 2026: USTR's completion deadline for the Section 301 investigations launched March 11 — proposed 12.5% duties on 46 countries including China, Vietnam, India, Thailand, Japan, and South Korea. July 24, 2026: Section 122 tariff expires unless Congress extends it — if the Section 301 replacement isn't in place, imports revert to pre-IEEPA rates (MFN plus existing Section 232/301). July 31, 2026: pharma onshoring deadline — onshoring agreements cut the threatened 100% branded-pharma tariff to 20% (EU branded pharma capped at 15% by the deal). September 1, 2026: EU aircraft, cork, and generic pharmaceuticals go MFN-only. Also in motion: the Court of International Trade ruled the Section 122 tariff unlawful on May 7, 2026; the Federal Circuit granted a stay pending appeal on June 11, 2026, so CBP keeps collecting it while the appeal proceeds. November 2026: US-China tariff truce expires.
几个关键的截止日期可能会重新塑造关税格局。
已经生效——2026年7月1日:欧盟-美国协议生效(大多数欧盟商品15%的全包上限),美国拒绝在联合审查中续签USMCA——该协议保持0%偏好不变,转为年度审查,如果从未延长,则设定2036年到期。
2026年7月20日:USTR完成301节调查的截止日期,该调查于3月11日启动——提议对包括中国、越南、印度、泰国、日本和韩国在内的46个国家征收12.5%的关税。这个日期我补充下,是老美各界推测共识,未必准。
2026年7月24日:122节关税到期,除非国会延长——如果301节替代方案尚未落实,则进口货物恢复到IEEPA之前的税率(最惠国税率加上现有的232/301节)。我猜是不太可能的啦,不然这两天他们不是白干了
2026年7月31日:药品在岸截止日期——在岸协议将威胁中的100%品牌药品关税削减至20%(根据协议,欧盟品牌药品上限为15%)。
2026年9月1日:欧盟飞机、软木和通用药品仅适用最惠国待遇。还有其他动态:国际贸易法庭于2026年5月7日裁定122节关税违法;联邦巡回法院于2026年6月11日批准上诉期间的暂缓,因此CBP在上诉进行期间继续征收。
2026年11月:中美临时关税缓和措施到期
大概就这些吧,能改的我都改了,今日发布,到此结束!
文章来源:关务发布
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