21 July
Innovation in Public-Service Institutions
Most innovations in public-service institutions are imposed on them either by outsiders or by catastrophe.
Institutions such as government agencies, labor unions, churches, universities and schools, hospitals, community and charitable organizations, professional and trade associations, and the like need to be entrepreneurial and innovative fully as much as any business does. Indeed, they may need it more.
The rapid changes in today’s society, technology, and economy are simultaneously an even greater threat to them and an even greater opportunity. Yet public-service institutions find it far more difficult to innovate than even the most “bureaucratic” company. The “existing” seems to be even more of an obstacle. To be sure, every service institution likes to get bigger. In the absence of a profit test, size is the one criterion of success for a service institution, and growth a goal in itself. And then, of course, there is always so much more that needs to be done. But stopping what has “always been done” and doing something new are equally anathema to service institutions, or at least excruciatingly painful to them. Most innovations in public-service institutions are imposed on them either by outsiders or by catastrophe. For example, the modern American university in the mid-nineteenth century came into being when the country’s traditional colleges and universities were dying and could no longer attract students.
7月21日
公共服务机构中的创新
公共服务机构中的大多数创新，要么是由外部力量强加给它们的，要么是由灾难迫使它们进行的。
政府机构、工会、教会、大学和学校、医院、社区和慈善组织、专业协会和行业协会等机构，与任何企业一样，都需要具备企业家精神和创新能力。事实上，它们可能比企业更加需要创新。
当今社会、技术和经济的迅速变化，对这些机构既构成了更大的威胁，也带来了更大的机会。然而，公共服务机构发现，创新比最“官僚化”的企业还要困难。现有的事物似乎构成了更大的障碍。当然，每个服务机构都希望扩大规模。在没有利润检验标准的情况下，规模成为衡量服务机构成功的唯一标准，而增长本身也成为目标。此外，当然总有更多事情需要去做。然而，对服务机构来说，停止那些“向来如此”的工作，与开始做一件新事情同样令人厌恶，或者至少同样令人极其痛苦。公共服务机构中的大多数创新，要么是由外部力量强加给它们的，要么是由灾难迫使它们进行的。例如，十九世纪中期的现代美国大学，正是在美国传统学院和大学日渐衰败、再也无法吸引学生之时诞生的。
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