Development in drill bit design is progressing on many fronts, Improvements range from reducing cutter wear to design enhancements, Some aim to improve longevity; others seek to improve penetration rates.
钻头技术正遭受多方面的改良，从减少道具磨损到强化设计，有些旨在提高钻头寿命，有些寻求提高渗透率。
一、Smith Bits, a Schlumberger company
Smith Bits(隶属于斯伦贝谢公司)
The ONYX 360 rolling PDC cutter increases bit durability by revolving 360°. (Image courtesy Schlumberger)
ONYX 360度滚动PDC钻头360度旋转，增加了耐用性(图由斯伦贝谢提供)
Asked to address cutter wear, the principle cause of time-consuming trips to change out dull bits, Smith Bits engineers came up with one of the most innovative solutions in the history of polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bits—the ONYX 360 rolling PDC cutter.
当被问及解决因为刀具磨损频繁更换钻头引起的耗时问题时，史密斯国际有限公司Smith Bits 探索出聚晶金刚石复合钻头(PDC)历史上最先进的方法之一——ONYX 360度滚动PDC钻头。
The new cutter represents a major advance in bit design. As the name suggests, the ONYX 360 cutters are free to rotate 360° during drilling. This continually presents a fresh cutting surface to the rock face, extending every performance parameter by an average of 50%. Because the entire circumference of the cutter's diamond edge is used, wear is reduced to allow longer bit runs, greater sustained ROP and fewer bit replacement trips, saving considerable rig time. ONYX 360 cutters can be designed into any Smith Bits PDC bit. The number required and exact location of their placement is indicated by the unique IDEAS integrated drill bit design platform, allowing bits to be customized to yield the best results for specific applications. A robust housing containing the rotating cutter is brazed onto the bit blade at the specified location. In operation, the rolling cutter's orientation in the bit blade relative to its contact with the formation and coupled with the bit's drilling force, drives efficient rotation of the cutter.
该钻头代表了钻头设计的一大进步。正如钻头名显示，ONYX 360度滚动PDC钻头在钻进过程中可360度随意转动，因此总是以新的切割面切割石头表面，各项参数得以平均增长50%。钻头的金刚面整个周长都投入使用，因此减少了磨损，延长了使用寿命，更持久的钻进速度，更少的钻头替换，都大大增加了钻井时间。ONYX 360度切刀可设计加入Smith Bits公司的任何PDC钻头中，切刀数量、位置可通过IDES独特的钻头整合设计平台得到，因此，钻头可实现客户定制化以实现最好的钻井效果。包裹旋转刀具的外壳十分坚固，钎焊到钻头刀片的指定位置中，操作过程中，钻头刀片的滚动切刀方向随所接触的岩层及钻进力而改变，实现高速旋转切割。
In a recent well drilled offshore Australia, an 8.5-in. PDC bit configured with 16 rolling cutters drilled an abrasive sandstone interval to TD, thus reducing the number of bit related trips compared to the offset well and delivering $1 million in well costs savings to the operator.
在最近一次澳大利亚海上钻探中，一个8.5英寸的16滚刀配置的PDC钻头实现了很好地钻井效果，穿过磨料砂岩间隙钻进到TD岩石，与探边井相比，减少了因为钻头引起的起锚次数，为运营商节省了100万美元。
二、Halliburton哈里伯顿
The MegaForce PDC bit uses an enhanced blade design equipped with SelectCutter cutters for transition drilling. (Image courtesy Halliburton)
MegaForce PDC 钻头采用加强版刀片设计，配备SelectCutter刀具，实现岩层变化时的钻井(图片由哈里伯顿公司提供)
A winning combination for North Dakota's Williston Basin is the MegaForce matrix body bit fitted with SelectCutter cutters. In the Bakken Play the geocolumn is a layer-cake type with alternating hard and soft strata. This presents one of the toughest drilling conditions known. The bit grinds slowly through the hard streak, then whirls through the soft streak, picking up momentum and torque. Suddenly, it hits another hard streak. This transition can actually break a blade off a PDC bit. At the least it can overstress the cutters.
MegaForce 脉岩体钻头与SelectCutter钻具结合在一起实现了北达科他州威利斯盆地成功钻进，在Bakken Play，geocolumn地层是千层饼型交替软硬地层，钻探难度之高可想而知。钻头缓慢磨碎坚硬的岩层，然后获取动力和扭矩，旋转钻透软岩层，突然又遇到硬岩层。事实上，这种地层的突然变化很容易破坏PDC钻头刀片，至少会让刀具受到很强的压应力。
The tough new MegaForce bit has an enhanced blade design to overcome transition forces. In both 8½-in. vertical hole intervals and long 6.0-in. lateral sections, new field performance marks were established throughout the basin. Record runs were recorded at lower cost per foot, as well as footage drilled and ROP that showed no bit-related drilling limits in the Williston.
新型MegaForce钻头十分坚硬，刀片设计改良了，可以很好地克服钻进过程中岩层变化产生的破坏力。在盆地两个8.5英寸的垂直孔间隙以及之后的6.0英寸的实地钻井测试中，钻头效果良好，记录显示，每英尺钻进费用更低了，并且ROP显示威斯顿钻井不受钻头限制了。
The new cutter material and design of cutter placement and depth-of-cut from cutter to cutter ensures optimal performance during transition drilling. Already proven in the Permian basin, Rocky Mountain and Granite Wash formations, the decision to introduce the new cutter to the Bakken was an easy one. In addition to its tough impact resistance, the new cutter has extreme temperature-cycling capability. Performance shows it removes more rock with substantially less wear, and exhibits 40% greater abrasion resistance while drilling up to four times the footage of previous products.
新的刀具材料，改良版设计结构及切割深度都确保岩层变化时，实现最好的钻进效果。二叠纪盆地，落基山脉及花岗砂岩地层已经证明了该钻头的良好效果，毫无疑问该钻头也适用于Bakken油田。该钻头除了具备极强的抗压强度，还具有高效的温度循环能力。测试显示，与以往产品相比，该钻头能够以更少的磨损破碎更多岩石，钻进距离是以往产品的四倍时，仍然具有比前者高40%的耐磨性。
Designed using the Design at the Customer Interface (DatCI) process, bits are designed to meet the specific requirements of each play. In the case of the MegaForce bit, the design includes a strategic configuration of "micro" nozzles which direct cuttings flow toward ample junk slots with little recirculation. In directional applications, the bit has been designed with a shorter shank length and 14% reduction of bit-to-bend distance to improve directional control.
使用DatCI工艺，可以实现更改钻头，满足变化需求，MegaForce 钻头设计中包括一种微型喷嘴，使切削物直接排入排泄槽中，液体不需经过循环。在定向钻井应用中，该钻头杆设计长度更小，钻头弯曲距离减少14%, 实现更好地定向控制。
(来源：Offshore Magazine;
编译：金正纵横翻译事业部)
