在政府公文报告这类正式文体时，“加强”绝对算得上一个高频词汇，有时候一段话中会出现多个“加强”。但在翻译时单一的用词会让译文单调，整体拉低译文质量，在这种情况下，翻译用词的丰富性就显得比较重要了。下面以2018年政府工作报告为例，总结政府报告类文章中“加强”的一般译法。因为仅选择了一篇报告，分析结果肯定具有片面性，仅代表大致趋势。
报告中“加强”出现了49次，下面对这些实例进行提取分析：
1. 面对这种局面，我们保持战略定力，坚持不搞“大水漫灌”式强刺激，而是适应把握引领经济发展新常态，统筹稳增长、促改革、调结构、惠民生、防风险，不断创新和完善宏观调控，确立区间调控的思路和方式，加强定向调控、相机调控、精准调控。
In confronting this new environment, we have maintained strategic focus and refrained from resorting to a deluge of strong stimulus policies. Instead, we have adapted to, addressed, and steered the new normal in economic development, and taken coordinated steps to ensure steady growth, advance reform, make structural adjustments, improve living standards, and guard against risk. We have made fresh innovations in and refined macro regulation, developed the idea of and ways to achieve ranged-based regulation, and enhanced targeted, well-timed, and precision regulation.
2. 加强地方政府债务管理，实施地方政府存量债务置换，降低利息负担1.2万亿元。
We have strengthened management over local government debt, and issued local government bonds to replace outstanding debt, cutting interest liability by 1.2 trillion yuan.
3. 采取定向降准、专项再贷款等差别化政策，加强对重点领域和薄弱环节支持，小微企业贷款增速高于各项贷款平均增速。
Differentiated policies, such as targeted reserve requirement ratio cuts and targeted re-lending, have been adopted to strengthen support for key fields and weak links. The growth of loans to small and micro businesses has outstripped the average growth in lending.
4. 针对长期存在的重审批、轻监管、弱服务问题，我们持续深化“放管服”改革，加快转变政府职能，减少微观管理、直接干预，注重加强宏观调控、市场监管和公共服务。
To address the longstanding issues of excessive emphasis on approval procedures, insufficient attention to regulatory processes, and a failure to provide strong services, we have been consistently deepening reforms to streamline administration, delegate powers, improve regulation, and strengthen services.We have sped up efforts to transform government functions, reduced micromanagement and direct intervention, and done more to improve macro regulation, market regulation, and public services.
5. 创新和加强事中事后监管，实行“双随机、一公开”，随机抽取检查人员和检查对象、及时公开查处结果，提高了监管效能和公正性。
We have developed new and better ways of conducting compliance oversight, and introduced a new model of oversight combining randomly selected inspectors who inspect randomly selected entities and the prompt release of results. These efforts have made regulation more effective and impartial.
6. 以企业为主体加强技术创新体系建设，涌现一批具有国际竞争力的创新型企业和新型研发机构。
With enterprises as the main actors, we have boosted the development of a system for technological innovation. China has seen the emergence of a number of world-class innovative enterprises and new-type R&D institutions.
7. 加大对革命老区、民族地区、边疆地区、贫困地区扶持力度，加强援藏援疆援青工作。
We have stepped up support for old revolutionary base areas,areas with large ethnic minority populations, border areas, and poor areas, and strengthened aid work in Tibet, Xinjiang, and Qinghai.
8. 树立绿水青山就是金山银山理念，以前所未有的决心和力度加强生态环境保护。
We have established the notion that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets and acted with resolve and intensity as never before to strengthen environmental protection.
9.加强散煤治理，推进重点行业节能减排，71%的煤电机组实现超低排放。
We have done more to reduce the use of low quality coal, pushed for progress in energy conservation and emission reductions in key industries, and seen 71 percent of coal-fired power plants achieving ultra-low emissions.
10.加强重点流域海域水污染防治，化肥农药使用量实现零增长。
We have strengthened prevention and control measures against water pollution in key drainage basins and sea areas,and achieved zero growth in chemical fertilizer and pesticide use.
11. 推进重大生态保护和修复工程，扩大退耕还林还草还湿，加强荒漠化、石漠化、水土流失综合治理。
We have pursued major ecological conservation and restoration projects, expanded the coverage of initiatives to turn marginal farmland into forest,grassland, and wetlands, and intensified comprehensive efforts to curb desertification, rock desertification, and soil erosion.
12. （九）坚持依法全面履行政府职能，着力加强和创新社会治理，社会保持和谐稳定。
Ninth, with a commitment to fully performing government functions in accordance with law, we have focused on enhancing and developing new forms of social governance, and ensured social harmony and stability.
13. 加强地震、特大洪灾等防灾减灾救灾工作，健全分级负责、相互协同的应急机制，最大程度降低了灾害损失。
We have strengthened work on preventing,reducing, and providing relief for disasters, including earthquakes and seriousflooding, and built stronger emergency response mechanisms employing a division of responsibilities between levels and close coordination. With this we have minimized the damage and loss inflicted by disasters to the greatest possible extent.
14.加强国家安全。
China’s national security is better safeguarded.
15.贯彻落实党中央全面从严治党部署，加强党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争。
We have implemented the Party Central Committee’s decisions on exercising full and strict Party self-governance and done more to improve Party conduct, build a clean government, and fight corruption.
16.加强行政监察和审计监督。
We have strengthened government supervision and auditing-based oversight.
17. 坚持一个中国原则和“九二共识”，加强两岸经济文化交流合作，实现两岸领导人历史性会晤。
We have upheld the one-China principle and the 1992 Consensus, strengthened cross-Strait economic and cultural exchanges and cooperation, and held a historic meeting between the leaders of the two sides.
18. ……坚持和加强党的全面领导，
…adhere to and strengthen Party leadership in all of our work;
19. 引导和稳定预期，加强和改善民生，促进经济社会持续健康发展。
Guide and stabilize expectations, improve living standards, and promote sustained, healthy economic and social development.
20. 做大做强新兴产业集群，实施大数据发展行动，加强新一代人工智能研发应用，在医疗、养老、教育、文化、体育等多领域推进“互联网+”。
We will develop powerful new growth drivers. We will create big, strong industrial clusters in emerging industries, implement the big data development action plan, step up next-generation artificial intelligence R&D and application, and do more to promote the Internet Plus model in many fields like medical care, eldercare, education, culture,and sports.
21. 加强新兴产业统计。
Statistics on emerging industries will be strengthened.
22. 加强国家创新体系建设。
We will improve national innovation systems.
23.……加强雾霾治理、癌症等重大疾病防治攻关，使科技更好造福人民。
We will strengthen efforts to reduce smog and prevent and cure cancers and other serious diseases, thus making science and technology do more to benefit the people.
24. 改革完善生态环境管理制度，加强自然生态空间用途管制，推行生态环境损害赔偿制度，完善生态补偿机制，以更加有效的制度保护生态环境。
We will reform and improve the system for ecological and environmental regulation, strengthen regulation over the use of natural ecological spaces, roll out a system of compensation forecological and environmental damage, and improve the compensation mechanisms for ecological conservation, using more effective institutions to achieve ecological and environmental protection.
25. 加强金融机构风险内控。
We will see that internal risk controls are tightened in financial institutions.
26.加强扶贫资金整合和绩效管理。
Poverty alleviation funds will be better integrated and performance-based management will be strengthened.
27.加强生态系统保护和修复，全面划定生态保护红线……
We will redouble efforts to protect and restore ecosystems, and finish setting redlines for ecological conservation across the country.
28. 培育新型经营主体，加强面向小农户的社会化服务。
We will cultivate new types of agribusiness and improve commercial services catering to small agricultural households.
29. 加强对革命老区、民族地区、边疆地区、贫困地区改革发展的支持。
We will step up support for reform and development in old revolutionary base areas, areas with large ethnic minority populations, border areas, and poor areas.
30. 加强排涝管网、地下综合管廊等建设。
We will do more to improve drainage pipeline networks and underground utility tunnels.
31.新型城镇化的核心在人，要加强精细化服务、人性化管理，使人人都有公平发展机会，让居民生活得方便、舒心。
Satisfying the needs of the people is what new urbanization is all about. We need to provide services that are attentive to detail and exercise management that puts people first. Our goal is to see that every person has equal opportunity for development and to make everyday life more convenient and comfortable.
32. 加强与国际通行经贸规则对接，建设国际一流营商环境。
We will strengthen alignment within ternational business rules, and foster a world-class business environment.
33.加强全方位公共就业服务，大规模开展职业技能培训，运用“互联网+”发展新就业形态。
We will strengthen the full set of public employment services, launch a large-scale vocational skills training initiative, and use the Internet Plus model to create new kinds of jobs.
34. 要多渠道增加学前教育资源供给，运用互联网等信息化手段，加强对儿童托育全过程监管，一定要让家长放心安心。支持社会力量举办职业教育。
We will increase the supply of preschool educational resources through multiple channels and use the Internet and other IT-based approaches to strengthen oversight over the whole process of childcare provision, making certain that parents can have peace of mind.
35. 加强师资队伍和师德师风建设。
We will improve the competence of our educators and strengthen teacher ethics.
36. 加强全科医生队伍建设，推进分级诊疗。
We will strengthen efforts to build up the ranks of general practitioners, and make progress in developing tiered diagnosis and treatment.
37.加强残疾人康复服务。
Rehabilitation services for people with disabilities will be improved.
38. 完善基层群众自治制度，加强社区治理。
We will improve the system of primary level self-governance and strengthen community governance.
39.加强社会信用体系建设。
We will strengthen work on building the social credit system.
40.加强思想道德建设和群众性精神文明创建。
We will strengthen efforts toward building intellectual and moral standards and hold more popular activities to promote cultural and ethical advancement.
41. 加强文物保护利用和文化遗产保护传承。
We will ensure …cultural heritage is better preserved and passed on.
42. 加强互联网内容建设。
The provision of content on the internet will be improved.
43. 加强政府自身建设，深入推进政府职能转变，为人民提供优质高效服务。
We will improve our government,intensify efforts to transform government functions, and deliver to the people high-quality and efficient services.
44. 全面加强党风廉政建设。
All initiatives to improve Party conduct and ensure clean government will be strengthened.
45. 加强审计监督。
We will strengthen auditing-based oversight.
46. 继续加强对民族地区、人口较少民族发展的支持。
We will continue to strengthen support for development in areas of mainly ethnic minorities and for development of ethnic groups with smaller populations.
47. 加强各民族交往交流交融，让中华民族共同体的根基更加坚实、纽带更加牢固。
We will encourage more exchanges and interactions among our ethnic groups to strengthen the foundations and bonds of the Chinese national community.
48. 完善国防动员体系，加强全民国防教育。
We will improve our national defense mobilization system and strengthen public awareness about national defense.
49.推进大国协调合作，深化同周边国家睦邻友好和共同发展，加强同发展中国家团结合作。
We will promote coordination and cooperation among major countries, deepen friendships and achieve common development with our neighbors, and enhance unity and cooperation with other developing countries.
表1 各实例用词表
实例编号 |
所用单词或短语 |
1 |
enhance |
2 |
strengthen |
3 |
strengthen |
4 |
done more to improve |
5 |
developed new and better ways of |
6 |
boost |
7 |
stepped up |
8 |
strengthen |
9 |
done more to |
10 |
strengthen |
11 |
intensify comprehensive efforts to |
12 |
enhance |
13 |
strengthen |
14 |
better |
15 |
done more to improve |
16 |
strengthen |
17 |
strengthen |
18 |
strengthen |
19 |
improve |
20 |
step up |
21 |
strengthen |
22 |
improve |
23 |
strengthen efforts to |
24 |
strengthen |
25 |
tighten |
26 |
strengthen |
27 |
redouble efforts to |
28 |
improve |
29 |
step up |
30 |
do more to improve |
31 |
provide services that are attentive to detail |
32 |
strengthen |
33 |
strengthen |
34 |
strengthen |
35 |
Improve, strengthen |
36 |
strengthen efforts to |
37 |
improve |
38 |
strengthen |
39 |
strengthen work on |
40 |
strengthen efforts toward |
41 |
better |
42 |
improve |
43 |
improve |
44 |
strengthen |
45 |
strengthen |
46 |
strengthen |
47 |
encourage more exchanges |
48 |
strengthen |
49 |
enhance |
鉴于其中一处因宾语不同，分别采用了improve和strengthen，以上49个实例按50个计。所采用的单词出现次数分别如下：
表2各单词或短语出现频率统计表
单词 |
出现次数 |
译法 |
strengthen |
24 |
直译 |
improve |
10 |
|
Do more to |
6 |
|
enhance |
3 |
|
better |
3 |
|
step up |
2 |
|
boost |
1 |
|
intensify efforts to |
1 |
|
redouble efforts to |
1 |
|
tighten |
1 |
|
provide services that are attentive to detail |
1 |
意译 |
根据上表，可以看出，“加强”共出现了11种译法，其中以strengthen出现频率最高，为24次，占50%；其次为improve，出现10次，占20%。另外，从词性上看，动词占绝大多数，少数情况下也可转化为副词，如more，better，它们在与合适的动词匹配后，可表现出“加强”之意。最后，从译法上看，50个实例中，49处为直译，仅1处采用意译。
结语
通过上述分析，我们可以发现，在翻译政府报告高频词“加强”时，我们优选直译，首先考虑使用动词——动词又可以首先考虑strengthen和improve，基本都适用；其次可考虑将其转化为副词，以do better/more to这种形式来表现；最后如果无法采用上述方法进行处理，可采用意译方式，但要保证转化正确。
另外，其它年份的报告中，“加强”还曾译为：promote、increase efforts to、provide more等，大家在翻译时可以根据具体情况选用，避免行文单一，努力走出中英译文一对一的坑，以丰富的变通手段，提高译文质量，译出符合相应题材要求、用语丰富的好文章。
