不具有涉矿司法鉴定资质却出具了《司法鉴定意见书》；不依据矿产资源鉴定规范，借用来路不明数据把达不到工业品位和无法圈定矿体的土石方认定为矿；用会计鉴定报告推定非法采矿数量；不去实地勘查而仅凭施工范围图就认定越界开采、非法采矿……
Issuing a "Forensic Expert Opinion" without possessing the qualification for forensic expertise related to mining; identifying earth and stone that do not meet industrial grade and cannot delineate mineral bodies as minerals based on data of unknown origin without following mineral resource identification standards; estimating the quantity of illegal mining using accounting appraisal reports; determining cross-boundary mining and illegal mining solely based on construction scope maps without conducting field investigations...
随着国家打击非法采矿的力度加大，各种关于非法采矿的冤假错案也出现了。在非法采矿及非法占用农用地的案件审理中，不科学的认定方法常常成为冤假错案的导火索。
As the country intensifies its efforts to combat illegal mining, various miscarriages of justice related to illegal mining have emerged. In the trial of cases involving illegal mining and illegal occupation of agricultural land, unscientific identification methods often become the trigger for miscarriages of justice.
记者近期在多地采访矿业企业、相关主管部门和多位法律、矿业专家后注意到，近年来，国家对非法采矿行为加大了打击力度，保证了国家资源安全和生态环境安全，维护了国家利益和社会公共利益。但与此同时，各地非法采矿的纷争甚至立案又撤案的案例也日渐增多，种种乱象须引起高度重视。
After recently conducting interviews with mining enterprises, relevant regulatory authorities, and several legal and mining experts in various locations, the reporter noted that in recent years, the country has intensified its efforts to combat illegal mining, ensuring national resource security and ecological environment safety, and safeguarding national interests and social public interests. However, at the same time, there has been an increasing number of disputes and even cases of filing and subsequent withdrawal related to illegal mining across the country, and various irregularities require heightened attention.
2024年6月，最高人民法院发布了《中国环境司法发展报告（2023年）》，该报告对当前环境侵权案件审理中的核心争议点进行了深入分析。报告指出，审理案件的关键问题主要聚焦于确认侵权事实的存在、明确赔偿责任主体、确定赔偿数额及其承担方式、侵权责任的认定与分配，以及因果关系的判定等几个方面。为了提高审理质量和效率，报告强调必须加强司法审判的专业化建设。
In June 2024, the Supreme Court released the "China Environmental Justice Development Report (2023)", which conducted a thorough analysis of the core contentious points in the current trial of environmental infringement cases. The report pointed out that the key issues in trialing cases mainly focus on confirming the existence of infringement facts, clarifying the subject of compensation responsibility, determining the amount of compensation and its mode of bearing, identifying and allocating infringement responsibilities, as well as judging causality. In order to improve the quality and efficiency of trial, the report emphasized the need to strengthen the professionalization of judicial trials.
在非法采矿及非法占用农用地的案件审理中，不科学的认定方法常常成为冤假错案的导火索。7月4日，一位专业律师向第一财经的记者透露，在其所经手的五个非法采矿案件中，有三起案件由于事实认定存在问题而被完全推翻。律师举了一个具体案例：在四川省某地，一家矿业公司在进行生态修复工程时挖掘了石灰岩，却被当地部门错误地视为非法采矿行为。经过专家复核，发现该《核查报告》并未遵循国家规定的标准，错误地将生态修复过程中产生的石灰岩定性为矿产资源。
In the trial of cases involving illegal mining and illegal occupation of agricultural land, unscientific identification methods often become the trigger for miscarriages of justice. On July 4th, a professional lawyer revealed to a Caixin reporter that out of the five illegal mining cases they had handled, three were completely overturned due to issues with fact-finding. The lawyer provided a specific example: In a certain location in Sichuan Province, a mining company excavated limestone during an ecological restoration project but was mistakenly considered by local authorities as an illegal mining operation. After expert review, it was found that the "Verification Report" did not follow nationally prescribed standards and erroneously classified the limestone generated during the ecological restoration process as mineral resources.
2020年，国家发展和改革委员会联合其他部门发布了《关于促进砂石行业健康有序发展的指导意见》，该意见强调了工程施工中采挖的砂石资源的合理利用。根据指导意见，对于已经获得批准的工程建设项目，以及在生态修复方案指导下进行的整体修复项目，施工过程中产生的砂石，除了满足项目自身的需求外，剩余部分可以依法合规地进行销售。
In 2020, the National Development and Reform Commission, jointly with other departments, issued the "Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Healthy and Orderly Development of the Sand and Stone Industry," which emphasizes the rational utilization of sand and stone resources excavated during engineering construction. According to the guiding opinions, for approved engineering construction projects and overall restoration projects conducted under the guidance of ecological restoration plans, the sand and stone generated during the construction process, after meeting the project's own needs, can be sold legally and in compliance with regulations.
此类情况并非个案，在全国范围内均有发生。例如，在福建省，一家矿业公司资助村委会进行公益性质的村路翻修。在施工过程中，为了改善道路曲线，产生了一些土石方。这些土石方在就地使用后，剩余部分因无处堆放而被运回选矿厂进行综合利用。然而，工程竣工验收之后，当地相关部门最初认为该企业未取得采矿许可证，仅根据备案的设计方案就擅自改变道路设计，并将剩余土石方用于其他用途，这被怀疑是非法采矿行为。但经过重新审查，最终确认该行为并不构成非法采矿。
Such situations are not isolated cases and have occurred nationwide. For example, in Fujian Province, a mining company funded a village committee to undertake a public-welfare village road resurfacing project. During the construction process, to improve the road curve, some earth and stone were generated. After using these earth and stone on-site, the remaining portion was transported back to the mining plant for comprehensive utilization due to lack of space for stacking. However, after the project's completion and acceptance, local relevant departments initially believed that the enterprise had not obtained a mining license and had unilaterally changed the road design based only on the filed design plan, suspecting that the use of the remaining earth and stone for other purposes constituted illegal mining. But after reexamination, it was ultimately confirmed that this behavior did not constitute illegal mining.
某施工企业曾负责一项金属矿的勘探工程，严格按照专家评审并备案的勘探方案执行。在施工过程中，不可避免地挖掘出了一些矿石。根据与矿权持有者签订的合同，这些矿石被出售，所得款项用于抵扣部分工程费用。然而，这一行为最初被怀疑违反了非法采矿的相关规定。
A construction enterprise was once responsible for a metal mine exploration project and strictly followed the exploration plan reviewed by experts and filed for record. During the construction process, some ore was inevitably excavated. According to the contract signed with the mining rights holder, this ore was sold, and the proceeds were used to offset part of the engineering costs. However, this behavior was initially suspected of violating relevant regulations on illegal mining.
一位资深的矿业权评估专家在接受第一财经记者采访时指出，在评估非法采矿或破坏性采矿对矿产资源造成的损害时，存在一些常见的不规范做法。例如，仅通过销售的矿产品数量来估计非法采矿的规模，而忽视了非工业矿石的综合利用价值；或者在没有对采空区进行采样和化验的情况下，就根据采矿许可证内的矿石数据，错误地推断采矿许可证范围外的采空区含有工业矿体；还有根据设计图纸而非实际施工情况来估算非法采矿量；以及仅凭嫌疑人的指认来确定非法采矿区域并估算其量值等。
A senior mining rights assessment expert pointed out in an interview with Caixin that there are some common irregular practices when assessing the damage caused by illegal mining or destructive mining to mineral resources. For example, estimating the scale of illegal mining solely through the quantity of mineral products sold while neglecting the comprehensive utilization value of non-industrial ore; or erroneously inferring that mining areas outside the mining license contain industrial ore bodies based on ore data within the mining license without sampling and testing the mined-out areas; as well as estimating the quantity of illegal mining based on design drawings rather than actual construction conditions; and determining illegal mining areas and estimating their values solely based on the suspect's identification.
中国工程院的非法采矿研究团队以及中国地质大学（北京）的自然资源战略发展研究院曾经明确指出，在司法实践中，存在十种行为通常被视为非法采矿。这包括：在备案的勘查方案下进行的洞探、井探、槽探等活动所产出的矿石被用于销售；在矿区范围内的开采活动超出了备案登记的储量或矿种；在采矿许可证换证或延续期间的开采行为；超出了行政许可规定生产规模的开采；以及由于行政机关的原因导致的超层越界开采等。
The illegal mining research team of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Natural Resource Strategy and Development of China University of Geosciences (Beijing) have clearly pointed out that in judicial practice, there are ten behaviors that are usually considered illegal mining. These include: the sale of ore produced from tunnel exploration, shaft exploration, trench exploration, and other activities conducted under the filed exploration plan; mining activities within the mining area that exceed the registered reserves or mineral species; mining activities during the period of mining license renewal or extension; mining that exceeds the production scale stipulated by administrative licensing; and cross-boundary mining due to administrative agency reasons.
在中国矿业大学（北京）法学系近期举办的“矿业刑事案件客观证据认定专家研讨会”上，多位专家学者强调了案件审理专业化的重要性。他们指出，在处理非法采矿和非法占用农用地的刑事案件时，经常涉及到大量的专业证据，如储量报告、测绘报告和鉴定报告等。这些证据的专业性强，必须依照国家的法律法规和规范进行严格审查，确保以科学和客观的方式查明矿业事实，从而避免在专业事实认定上出现错误。
2023年7月，最高人民法院发布《关于具有专门知识的人民陪审员参加环境资源案件审理的若干规定》。最高人民法院环境资源审判庭相关负责人介绍，专门性事实查明是环境资源案件审理中的重点和难点问题。
一方面，生态环境侵权具有长期性、隐蔽性、滞后性以及损害后果不确定性等特点，损害数额的认定、行为与损害后果之间的因果关系等事实的查明需要借助环境科学领域专业知识。
另一方面，在生态环境修复领域，修复目标的确定、修复方案的选择、修复过程的监督和修复效果的评估同样涉及大量专业技术性问题。囿于专业知识的不足，人民法院审查、采信鉴定结论也存在一定困难。
2023年环境侵权案件争议焦点数量分布。资料来源：最高人民法院《中国环境司法发展报告（2023年）》
上述负责人表示，具有专门知识的人民陪审员参加环境资源案件审理，契合环境资源审判专门化体系建设的要求，对于丰富环境资源案件专门性事实查明方法，依法妥善审理各类环境资源案件具有重要意义。
《中国环境司法发展报告（2023年）》建议，突出专业化建设，精心培养环境司法保护专门队伍。增强环境司法队伍专业知识和业务素养，着力提升环境司法队伍在生态环境治理中的履职能力，形成强有力的专业化办案团队。建立健全智库平台，充分发挥专家在环境资源案件审判中的智力支持作用。
同时，探索建立由司法鉴定人、专家辅助人、专家陪审员组成的多元事实查明机制，解决环境审判鉴定难、技术事实认定难问题，促进案件办理质效提升。统一环境资源案件中证据的收集、采用规则，提高因果关系认定的准确性。
热文推荐：
●矿业投资33条铁律，您同意几条？！
●史上最牛地矿院校！8年培养出22位地矿院士！
●地球最大采矿项目有进展了！只剩中国点头了
●影响你我10大矿业政策出炉，您觉得哪条最大？
●非洲最大的五大铜矿山，中国霸占前两席！
●《中国矿业报》专访阳光创译吕国博士
●阳光创译 | 矿业翻译服务
●专业矿业能源翻译服务，帮您开启全球合作之门
相关业务需求即可致电下方相关责任人
| 吕国博士 |
董事长 |
1127203572@qq.com |
| 电话：13401184506 |
微信：suntrans-mining |
| 孙玉梅 |
总经理 |
853495100@qq.com |
| 电话：010-82865216 |
微信：853495100 |
| Gary |
矿业外语猎头 |
582934973@qq.com |
| 电话：13311203631 |
微信：suntrans222 |
| 刘乾勇 |
英语翻译 |
1935014417@qq.com |
| 电话：13693672413 |
微信：13693672413 |
| 刘鑫 |
论文翻译 |
1749173384@qq.com |
| 电话：13683660873 |
微信：lvy_09260312 |
| 苗菁 |
地矿报告翻译 |
2534271235@qq.com |
| 电话：13683661813 |
微信：zyy-suntrans |
| Jerry |
口译 |
2268356581@qq.com |
| 电话：13681439112 |
微信：miningtranslation |
| 范瑞瑞 |
媒体合作 |
1985130191@qq.com |
| 电话：17310253590 |
微信：suntrans2014 |
| Tom |
全职招聘 |
347562171@qq.com |
| 电话：13661190472 |
微信：13661190472 |
| 赵宏 |
矿业咨询部主任 |
1583289628@qq.com |
| 电话：13683660397 |
微信：suntrans_1543 |
| Mary |
矿业咨询部副主任 |
3073107861@qq.com |
| 电话：15210897852 |
微信：suntrans-1938 |
| Mary |
矿产贸易总监 |
1529169438@qq.com |
| 电话：17310657953 |
微信：ha15313128283 |
| Bruce |
海外市场总监 |
3602237436@qq.com |
| 电话：15701297623 |
微信:suntrans_6787
|
阳光创译的核心定位已经由最初的“阳光创译=矿业翻译”——中国地质矿业翻译领军品牌逐渐延伸扩展成“阳光创译=中国国际矿业服务大平台”，涵盖矿业翻译、矿业会展、矿业咨询、矿业猎头、“一带一路”矿业商会、矿业媒体等国际矿业服务板块。
文章版权声明：本文来源 ：第一财经，版权归原作者所有，本文不代表阳光创译立场，并对文中观点保持中立，仅供各位阅读者交流参考之目的。本号所转载内容没有任何商业宣传目的，仅供交流，如有侵权，请联系主编删除（主编微信：suntrans2008），另外图片版权归原作者所有，如有侵权请联系我们，我们将会立刻删除！给您带来的不便，尽请谅解！
商务合作：请加编辑微信suntrans2008（添加时请您标明“公众号商务合作”意向）；联系电话：15313128281
图片版权声明：部分图片来源于网络，版权归原作者所有。如涉及侵权或者对版权有疑问，请联系邮件1943581358@qq.com，我们会尽快处理！
