大数跨境

双语丨DALIO眼中的贫富差距 PART 1

双语丨DALIO眼中的贫富差距  PART 1 国际经贸圈
2019-04-11
0
导读:关注获取最新资讯及各种国贸资源全文共2965字,阅读大约需要8分钟”原文链接:Why and How Cap

关注获取最新资讯及各种国贸资源

全文共2965字,阅读大约需要8分钟


原文链接:

Why and How Capitalism Needs to Be Reformed


  “在这份报告中,我阐述了为什么我认为资本主义现在对大多数美国人不起作用,我分析了为什么它产生了这些不充分的结果,并就如何改革资本主义提出了一些建议。”

  "In this report I show why I believe that capitalism is now not working for the majority of Americans, I diagnose why it is producing these inadequate results, and I offer some suggestions for what can be done to reform it."

——Raymond Dalio


Raymond Dalio

An American billionaire investor, hedge fund manager, and philanthropist.Dalio is the founder of investment firm Bridgewater Associates(桥水基金), one of the world's largest hedge funds. Bloomberg (彭博)ranked him as the world's 79th wealthiest person in January 2019.


编者按:

  在Dalio眼中,美国梦已经是80年代的旧狂潮,它可以支持Steve Jobs在车库里创造一个苹果,但很难再在当代的美国继续激发经济发展。他的观点是美国的资本主义正处于一个阶级固化的瓶颈期,而这一切体现于资本利润的激增和阶级固化,科技进步也贫富差距拉大的现实中加了一把力。这不仅让编者想到刘慈欣《赡养人类》中对“私有财产神圣不可侵犯”这一社会原则的质疑,在科技进步的背景下,底层社会的工人会被挤出劳动力,且产品和服务日益倾向于上流阶层的需求,因而导致的财富分化是不可逆转的。Dalio的这篇文章将以美国社会为例分析贫富差距现状,并对资本主义改革提出建议。(注:在dalio眼中,资本主义capitalism是完备的经济制度,dalio仅质疑美国资本主义经济现状)


PART 1  Outlining the problem

资本主义 Capitalism

  效率使人们赚钱,从而使他们获得资本,这既保护了储蓄者,在以后需要钱的时候提供资金,又为那些能够将资金与自己的想法结合起来,并将其转化为提高我们生活水平的利润和生产力的人提供了资本资源。

  Being productive leads people to make money, which leads them to acquire capital (which is their savings in investment vehicles), which both protects the saver by providing money when it is later needed and provides capital resources to those who can combine them with their ideas and convert them into the profits and productivities that raise our living standards.

 

为什么我认为资本主义对大多数美国人不起作用

Why I Believe That Capitalism Is Not Working Well for Most Americans

此处Dalio将经济划分为收入最高的40%和收入最低的60%。并以宏观统计数据和图标的形式展现美国贫富差异。现选取其中重要部分展示。

1. 在收入差距不平等扩张同时,财富差距到达最值:

  几十年来,大多数人的实际收入几乎没有增长,收入差距与以往一样高,而财富差距则是上世纪30年代末以来的最高水平。

  处于底层的60%的黄金年龄工人自1980年以来没有收入增长(通货膨胀调整后)。与此同时,最富有的10%人群的收入翻了一番,而最富有的1%人群的收入翻了三倍。最富有的1%的人口的财富是最底层的90%的人口的财富总和,最富有的40%人群的财富平均是最贫穷的60%人群的10倍以上。

  There has been little or no real income growth for most people for decades. As shown in the chart below on the left, prime-age workers in the bottom 60% have had no real (i.e., inflation-adjusted) income growth since 1980. That was at a time when incomes for the top 10% have doubled and those of the top 1% have tripled.[i] As shown in the chart to the right, the percentage of children who grow up to earn more than their parents has fallen from 90% in 1970 to 50% today. That’s for the population as a whole. For most of those in the lower 60%, the prospects are worse.

  As shown below, the income gap is about as high as ever and the wealth gap is the highest since the late 1930s. Today, the wealth of the top 1% of the population is more than that of the bottom 90% of the population combined, which is the same sort of wealth gap that existed during the 1935-40 period (a period that brought in an era of great internal and external conflicts for most countries). Those in the top 40% now have on average more than 10 times as much wealth as those in the bottom 60%.[iv] That is up from six times in 1980.


2. 儿童教育和健康保障问题:

(注:因篇幅原因,本段不标注英文,请链接查看原文)

   美国人口整体受教育水平低

  在特定教育水平的标准化测试中,美国人口整体得分相对于其他发达国家非常低。从最受尊敬的PISA(国际学生评估项目)测试分数来看,美国目前在发达国家中排名倒数15个百分点左右。如下图所示,除意大利和希腊外,美国的得分几乎低于所有发达国家。这阻碍了许多人拥有足够的生活水平和美国的竞争力。

 

  弱势学生关注不足:公立学校,家庭环境和教师

  统计数据显示,相对于其他大多数国家,美国在满足贫困学生需求方面做得很差,这种情况永无止境。

  弱势学生报告有重大社会/情感问题的比例。34%的高贫困学校经历了长期的学生缺勤,而高收入学校缺勤率只有10%。即使在人均收入最高的州之一康涅狄格,也有22%的年轻人不工作(或者一年旷课超过25天,或者两门或两门以上的课程不及格,或者多次被停课)或者与社会脱节(未入学且没有高中学历的年轻人)。

  收入最高的40%的人花在孩子教育上的钱几乎是收入最低的60%的人的5倍,而收入最高的20%的人花在孩子教育上的钱大约是收入最低的20%的人的6倍。

  与此相关的一个问题是,许多不得不应对这些压力的教师工资过低,也不受尊重。现在,教师的收入仅为其他大学毕业生的68%,明显低于经合组织其他发达国家。2017年教师的工资比同类员工低19%,而1994年仅低2%。更糟糕的是,他们没有得到应有的尊重。(编者注:教师在上下文中应指向公立学校)

  除了物质和专业教育水平,家庭的削弱和良好的父母指导也是一个重要的不利影响:1991年至2007年间,父母一方在州监狱或联邦监狱服刑的儿童数量增长了80%。如今,美国约有270万儿童的父母在监狱或拘役中——即每28个儿童中就有1个(占所有儿童的3.6%)。


  不良的儿童保育和教育导致不良行为的成年人,因此较高的犯罪率,造成可怕的社会成本:美国的监禁率几乎是其他发达国家平均水平的5倍,是新兴国家平均水平的3倍。让人们呆在监狱里的直接成本是惊人的,而且还在迅速增长:在过去20年里,国家监狱的成本翻了两番,现在每年超过500亿美元,每15美元普通基金就消耗1美元。

教育差距削弱了我们的经济,因为:

  1)它们减缓了我们的经济增长,因为富人的边际消费倾向远小于穷人的边际消费倾向。

  2)它们导致人才发展不佳,并导致很大比例的人口从事破坏性活动,而不是贡献活动。


3. 社会和政治分裂

  除了社会和经济方面的不良后果外,收入/财富/机会差距正在导致危险的社会和政治分裂,威胁我们的凝聚力结构和资本主义本身。

  我认为,作为一项原则,如果共享预算的人的经济状况存在很大的差距,并且出现经济衰退,就有发生严重冲突的高风险。而在政府中,这种冲突表现为左派的民粹主义和右派的民粹主义,往往还表现为这样或那样的革命。

  我了解到,民粹主义的产生,是因为右翼或左翼的强大战士/领导人上台,并将与反对派的冲突升级,而这通常会激励实力相当强大/好战的领导人。随着民粹主义的发展,最重要的是如何处理冲突——对立力量能否共存以取得进展,还是它们越来越多地“开战”以相互阻碍和伤害,造成僵局。我们现在看到,左翼民粹主义者和右翼民粹主义者之间的冲突在全球范围内不断加剧,其方式与上世纪30年代的情况大致相同,当时的收入和财富差距相当大。在美国,意识形态的两极分化比以往任何时候都要严重,妥协的意愿比以往任何时候都要低。

  下方的图表显示了1900年保守的共和党参议员和众议员的情况,以及民主党参议员和众议员的情况。正如你所看到的,他们每一个人都比以前更加极端,也更加分裂。右边的图表显示了自1790年以来他们中有多少人是按照党派路线投票的,这是有史以来的最高比例。换句话说,它们有更多的极性极端位置,而且它们在这些位置上比以往任何时候都更加稳固。

  In addition to social and economic bad consequences, the income/wealth/opportunity gap is leading to dangerous social and political divisions that threaten our cohesive fabric and capitalism itself. 

  I believe that, as a principle, if there is a very big gap in the economic conditions of people who share a budget and there is an economic downturn, there is a high risk of bad conflict. Disparity in wealth, especially when accompanied by disparity in values, leads to increasing conflict and, in the government, that manifests itself in the form of populism of the left and populism of the right and often in revolutions of one sort or another.

  I learned that populism arises when strong fighters/leaders of the right or of the left who are looking to fight and defeat the opposition come to power and escalate their conflict with the opposition, which typically galvanizes around comparably strong/fighting leaders. The most important thing to watch as populism develops is how conflict is handled—whether the opposing forces can coexist to make progress or whether they increasingly “go to war” to block and hurt each other and cause gridlock.

  The chart on the left shows how conservative Republican senators and representatives have been and how liberal Democratic senators and representatives have been going back to 1900. As you can see, they are each more extreme and they are more divided than ever before. The chart on the right shows what percentage of them have voted along party lines going back to 1790, which is now the greatest ever. In other words, they have more polar extreme positions and they are more solidified in those positions than ever.


原文来源:RAY DALIO POSTED ON LINKED IN

翻译来源:华尔街见闻

—责编:衣诺—

【声明】内容源于网络
0
0
国际经贸圈
国内外最新的经贸资讯
内容 423
粉丝 0
国际经贸圈 国内外最新的经贸资讯
总阅读0
粉丝0
内容423