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What type of company can you own in China?

What type of company can you own in China? HACOS瀚客企服
2022-08-25
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导读：外商在华投资分为几种不同的形式，分别是外商独资企业、外商投资合伙企业、中外合资企业以及中国办事处。

Source: Asia Briefing

你想在中国拥有一家自己的公司吗？
Do you want to a company of your own in China?

8月18日，中国商务部发布数据显示，2022年1月份至7月份，全国实际使用外资金额7983.3亿元人民币，按可比口径同比增长17.3%，折合1239.2亿美元，增长21.5%。
On August 18, data released by the Ministry of Commerce of China showed that from January to July 2022, the actual use of foreign capital nationwide was 798.33 billion yuan, an increase of 17.3% year-on-year on a comparable basis, equivalent to 123.92 billion US dollars, an increase of 21.5%.

今年以来，包括宝马等在内一批跨国公司加快在华投资布局，充分说明我国的市场规模以及不断优化的投资环境对外资具有强大的吸引力，外资企业对中国市场信心不减，看好在华长期发展前景。
Since the beginning of this year, a number of multinational companies, including BMW, have accelerated their investment in China, which fully shows that the market size and constantly optimized investment environment in China become more and more attractive to foreign investors. Foreign investors have undiminished confidence in the Chinese market and are optimistic about the long-term development prospects in China.

想抓住在中国发展的机会？怎么抓？
Want to take the opportunity to make a fortune  in China too? But how? 

你知道在中国的外商投资有哪些形式吗？
Do you know how many types of foreign companies in China?

其实，因计划活动、行业和投资规模的不同，外商在华投资分为几种不同的形式，分别是外商独资企业、外商投资合伙企业、中外合资企业以及中国办事处。
Depending on the planned activities, industries and investment size, foreign investment in China is divided into several different forms, namely wholly foreign-owned enterprise, foreign invested partnership, Sino-foreign joint venture, and representative office in China.


外商独资企业 
Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprise (WFOE)
外商独资企业是指由一个或多个外国投资者全资拥有的有限责任公司，管理结构比较简单。
A WFOE is a limited liability company wholly owned by one or more foreign investor(s), which offers a very straightforward management structure.

设立外资企业，必须有利于中国国民经济的发展，并且采用先进的技术和设备,或者其产品全部出口或者大部分出口。
The establishment of a wholly foreign-funded enterprises must be conducive to the development of China's national economy, and must adopt advanced technology and equipment, or export all or most of its products. 

中国禁止或者限制在某些行业中设立外资企业，包括军事工业、邮电企业、文化企业等。若外商独资企业在注册成立后非法从事这些行业相关活动将面临罚款甚至吊销营业执照。
China prohibits or restricts the establishment of foreign-funded enterprises in certain industries, including military industry, post and telecommunications enterprises, and cultural enterprises. If a WFOE illegally engages in these industry-related activities after its incorporation, it will face fines or even revocation of its business license.

除此之外，外商独资企业在中国的活动并无过多限制，不仅可以进行营利活动，还可以向其供应商开具人民币发票，直接雇用当地员工，甚至是在中国创建子公司进行扩张。
Apart from this, a WFOE can make profits and issue local invoices in RMB to its suppliers. A WFOE can employ local staff directly, without any obligations to employ the services of an employment agency. A WFOE can also expand to create subsidiaries in China.


合资企业 
Joint Venture (JV)
合资企业由由中国投资者和外国投资者共同出资、共同经营的企业。外国投资者可以是企业、其他经济组织或个人，但中国合营者只限于企业、其他经济组织，不包括个人和个体企业。
A JV is an enterprise jointly funded, jointly operated by Chinese investor(s) and foreign investor(s). Foreign investors can be enterprises, other economic organizations or individuals, but the Chinese ones are limited to enterprises and other economic organizations, excluding individuals and individual enterprises.

中外合营者按各自的出资比例共担风险、共负盈亏。各方出资折算成一定的出资比例，外国合营者的出资比例一般不低于25%。
The Chinese and foreign joint venturers shall share risks and share profits and losses according to their respective capital contribution ratios. The capital contribution ratio of the foreign joint venturer is generally not less than 25%.

合资企业形式在外商投资中十分受欢迎。正如上面所提到的，中国法律不允许外商独资企业投资一些禁止或受限制的行业，但允许中外合资企业的投资，因此不少想投资相关行业的外国投资者会选择与中国合作伙伴共同成立合资企业进行投资。又或者是，外国投资者希望利用中国合作伙伴的当地市场知识以及销售渠道和网络。
A joint venture is also very popular with foreign investment. As mentioned above, Chinese law does not allow a WFOE to invest in some prohibited or restricted industries, but allows investment from Sino-foreign joint ventures, so many foreign investors who want to invest in such industries will choose to jointly establish an venture with Chinese partners. Or, the foreign investor wants to make use of the sales channels and network of a Chinese partner who has local market knowledge.


外商投资合伙企业 
Foreign Invested Partnership (FIP)
外商投资合伙企业是指2家以上外国企业或者个人在中国境内设立的合伙企业，以及外国企业或者个人与中国的自然人、法人和其他组织在中国境内设立的合伙企业。
A FIP refers to a partnership enterprise established within the territory of China by two or more foreign enterprises or individuals, as well as a partnership enterprise established by foreign enterprises or individuals and Chinese natural persons, legal persons or other organizations.

外商投资合伙企业虽然是新推出的新企业形式，但也十分受初创企业家的欢迎，因为中国自然人被允许直接与外国企业或者个人在中国境内设立合伙企业，突破了合资企业的限制。另外，此类企业不仅对于注册资本没有要求，还可以自由雇佣员工、收付款以及开具发票。
Although a FIP is a newly introduced form of business, it is very popular with start-up entrepreneurs, because with it, Chinese natural persons are allowed to directly set up partnerships in China with foreign companies or individuals, breaking through the restrictions on joint ventures. In addition, such enterprises not only have no requirements for registered capital, but are also free to hire employees, receive payments, and issue invoices.

但要注意，外商投资合伙企业也无法在中国所有行业领域进行投资，据《外商投资产业指导目录》中列举，有近百个产业不得设立外商投资合伙企业。
However, it should be noted that a FIP is not allowed to invest in all industries in China. According to the Catalogue for the Guidance of Foreign-Invested Industries, there are nearly 100 industries that are not available to foreign invested partnership enterprises.


代表处/办事处
Representative Office (RO) 
代表处可以看作是外国公司的延伸，是外资在中国最容易建立的投资结构，因此也成为了外国投资者了解中国市场的一种方式。与 WFOE 等不同，代表处没有独立的法人资格，即不具备民事权利能力，不能独立承担民事责任。
An RO is an attractive way for foreign investors to get a feel for the Chinese market as it is the easiest type of foreign investment structure to set up. Unlike more robust vehicles, such as the WFOE, an RO is an extension of the foreign company without independent legal personality. That is to say, it does not possess the capacity for civil rights and cannot independently assume civil liability. 

此外，办事处不被允许从事任何营利活动，只能用于促进外国公司在中国的活动，比如与公司产品或服务相关的市场调研、展示和宣传以及与产品销售或国内采购有关的联络活动。
Besides, ROs are generally forbidden from engaging in any profit-seeking activities and may only be used to facilitate the activities of the foreign company in China. Activities allowed mainly are market research, display, and publicity activities that relate to company products or services; and liaison activities that relate to product sales or services and domestic procurement.

办事处若违反活动限制，将被处以罚款，且其中非法收入也会被没收。尽管办事处没有营利活动，但仍需缴纳中国税收。
ROs acting in violation of their allowed activities will be fined, and their illegitimate income will be confiscated. Even though an RO does not earn revenue, it is still subject to Chinese tax.

由于代表处在中国内地不属于法人实体，因此不能直接雇佣中国员工，只能通过具备相关资质的劳务派遣机构，该机构是员工法律上的雇主。如果是海外公司派到代表处工作的外籍人员，则应及时办理外籍人员就业手续。在这种情况下，劳动者的劳动关系是与海外公司直接建立的，与代表处并无雇佣关系。
In addition, as an RO is not a capitalized legal entity in China, it is limited in its hiring ability. An RO cannot directly hire Chinese employees. Instead, it is required to employ local staff through a qualified labor dispatch agency who is the employee's legal employer. If it is a foreign employee dispatched by an overseas company to work in a representative office in China, the employment formalities for the foreign employee should be handled in time. In this case, the labor relationship of the employee is bonded directly with the overseas company, not with the representative office.


如果只是想从中国采购并安排自己员工在华监督，或保持与中国供应商、代理商、分销商等的联络，在内地设立办事处不失为一个好方法。
RO is generally a good solution for companies that are procuring from China and want to keep staff on the ground for quality control, or for maintaining short communication lines with China-based suppliers, agents, and distributors.


在法律允许的经营范围内不仅外国个人可以在中国开设公司，外国公司也可以，且公司形式也很多样，包括外商独资企业，中外合资企业，外商投资合伙企业以及中国办事处。
Within the scope of business permitted by law, not only foreign individuals can set up companies in China, but also foreign companies, and there are many types, including wholly foreign-owned enterprises, Sino-foreign joint ventures, foreign-invested partnerships, and representative offices in China.

与在中国注册内资公司相比，注册外资公司在流程和材料上都有很大的不同。如果你觉得麻烦，建议找专业的代理机构代理注册，省时省力。
Compared with the registration of domestic-funded companies in China, registered foreign-funded companies are very different in terms of process and documents required. If you feel troublesome it is recommended to find a professional agent business service company to register one for you. 





HACOS provides free consulting services for exit and entry and Chinese visa. 
If you want to know more about coming to China or doing business here, please contact us! 


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