处于世界边缘的安达曼群岛到底有多么神秘而吸引着人们去探寻？约翰·周“强闯”印度洋小岛被弓箭射杀，为了探险还是传教？为何森蒂纳尔人如此抗拒外界的介入？印度当局为什么要禁止外界进入此区域呢？周的闯入对森蒂纳尔人有来什么影响？本期Quriosity带您一探究竟。
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On North Sentinel Island, a spit of coral and rock in India’s far-flung Andaman and Nicobar Islands, lives one of the planet’s most isolated groups of people. They are a tribe of hunter-gatherers known as the Sentinelese, a name given to them because no one has any clue what they call themselves. Nor does anyone know how many of them there are; the best guesses put their population at fewer than 100.
在印度辽阔的安达曼及尼科巴群岛的一隅，北森蒂纳尔岛上居住着地球上最与世隔绝的一群人。他们属于一个被称作森蒂纳尔人的狩猎采集部落，之所以被这样称呼是因为没人知道他们如何自称。同样，也没人知道究竟有多少森蒂纳尔人，最普遍的猜测认为不足百人。
An aerial view of North Sentinel Island, in India's southeastern Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Nov 14, 2005./AP
2005年11月14日，印度东南部安达曼和尼科巴群岛的森蒂纳岛北部鸟瞰图/AP
This tiny community is now at the center of global attention thanks to a 26-year-old American missionary named John Allen Chau. Chau traveled to the island this month, hoping to convert the Sentinelese to Christianity. They killed him instead.
因为一个叫约翰·周（John Allen Chau）的26岁美国传教士，这个极小的部落如今成为了举世瞩目的焦点。约翰·周抱着劝服森蒂纳尔人皈依基督教的愿望，于本月来到了这座岛屿。然而，他却被杀害了。
But on social media the young man presented himself as a keen traveller and adventurer.
社交媒体上的这位年轻人热衷于旅行和冒险。
"Police said Chau had previously visited North Sentinel island about four or five times with the help of local fishermen," journalist Subir Bhaumik, who has been covering the islands for years, told BBC Hindi.
“警方说约翰·周之前在当地渔民的帮助下先后探访过北森蒂纳尔岛四五次。”在该岛从事报道工作好几年的记者Subir Bhaumik告诉BBC印度网。
"The number of people belonging to the Sentinelese tribe is so low, they don't even understand how to use money. It's in fact illegal to have any sort of contact with them."
“森蒂纳尔人的部落人数如此至少，他们甚至不知道怎么使用钱。事实上，不论以什么方式接触他们都是违法的。”
In 2017, the Indian government also said taking photographs or making videos of the aboriginal Andaman tribes would be punishable with imprisonment of up to three years.
2017年印度政府宣布，拍摄土著安达曼部落的照片或录像的行为最高可被判处三年监禁。
A recent photo of John Allen Chau, posted by the American missionary to his Instagram page. /Instagram of John Chau
美国传教士周在Instagram上最新发布的照片/Instagram
The AFP news agency quoted a source as saying that Chau had tried and failed to reach the island on 14 November. But then he tried again two days later.
法新社引用了一处消息来源，称约翰·周在11月14日没能成功登上该岛，但是两天后他做了第二次尝试。
It is hard to keep modern society from penetrating any corner of the Earth — even the ones that want nothing to do with it.
现代社会不可阻挡地渗透进世界的每个角落，即便是不想接触现代社会的地方。
The Sentinelese — believed to be direct descendants of a migration from Africa some 50,000 years ago — have historically been hostile to visitors, and for good reason. Encounters with outsiders, especially under the aegis of 19th-century British colonial authorities, decimated the aboriginal populations of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Like so many other indigenous peoples during the age of European empires, the tribes of the islands were unprepared for foreign diseases and vulnerable to the explorers who saw them as specimens of primeval man — subjects for zoological study, not human compassion.
人们认为森蒂纳尔人是5万多年前非洲移民的直系后裔。森蒂纳尔人历来对外充满敌意，他们也有理由这么做。在与外来者交锋的过程中，特别是19世纪英国殖民者，安达曼和尼科巴岛的土著居民遭到大批屠杀。在欧洲帝国主义盛行的时代，像许多其他的土著居民一样，岛屿上的部落在外疾病面前猝不及防，在入侵者面前不堪一击。他们被当成原始人的样本、动物实验的对象，丝毫没有得到人类的怜悯。
In the 1970s, a National Geographic film director who approached North Sentinel Island with a team was hit in the leg by an arrow. In 2006, two marooned Indian fishermen were killed there, their bodies reportedly propped up on the beach in a lurid display. Sporadic “gift-giving” missions carried out by anthropologists stopped taking place by the 1990s, with academics and authorities convinced the Sentinelese were better off left alone.
20世纪70年代，国家地理电影的一位导演率领一支团队来到了北森蒂纳尔岛，然后被箭射中了脚。2006年，2名孤立无援的印第安渔民在这里被残杀，据称，他们的尸体浮到了沙滩上，情形骇人。一些人类学家采取了零星的“送礼”行动，但1990年左右就停止了，学术界和印度当局认为还是不要去打扰森蒂纳尔人为好。
The tribe, along with a handful of other aboriginal communities in the archipelago, lives beyond the pale of the Indian state, which has outlawed visits to the island to preserve its inhabitants' isolation.
这个部落——以及这个群岛上少数的其他土著群体生活在印度国土之外，印度政府为保护岛上居民不受干扰，规定访问此岛与属于违法行为。
Last contact/Reuters
最后的联系/Reuters
But none of this was about to deter Chau. He paid local fishermen to help him evade Indian Navy patrols, then, once close enough, paddled to the island in a kayak and attempted to make contact. According to a diary he kept, Chau sang devotional songs and proffered gifts of scissors, fish and a soccer ball to the people he saw. In response, at least one person shot an arrow that punctured the American’s waterproof copy of the Bible.
但是，没有人能阻止周。他付钱给当地的渔民，让他们帮助自己躲过印度海军巡逻艇。接着，一到了可及范围之内，他就乘着皮船、划着桨来到这座岛，尝试取得联络。约翰·周在日记中写到，他唱宗教歌曲并且将剪刀、鱼、足球送给他相遇的人。得到的反应是，至少有一个人用箭射穿了这个美国人的《圣经》防水封皮。
“Lord, is this island Satan’s last stronghold where none have heard or even had the chance to hear your name?” he wrote in the diary, which was provided to The Washington Post by his mother.
“上帝啊！这座岛屿是不是撒旦最后的堡垒？它是不是从来没有听过、从来没有机会听到您的盛名？”他在日记中如是写道。这本日记后来被他的母亲送给了华盛顿邮报。
The morning after Chau’s last trip to the island, the fishermen who conveyed him to North Sentinel saw his body being dragged around a beach and buried in the sand. Indian authorities arrested five of the fishermen for helping Chau make the illegal and fatal journey, and they now are puzzling over what to do about retrieving his remains. Attempting contact is a fraught endeavor that could lead to further violence and expose the Sentinelese to outside contagion. A police team that approached the island on Friday reportedly saw a number of the Sentinelese standing watch, bows at the ready.
约翰·周最后一次到岛上的隔天早上，送他去森蒂纳尔北部的渔民看到他的尸体在海滩上被拖曳，然后埋在沙子里。印度当局逮捕了五名帮助约翰·周非法登岛的渔民。他们现在正苦恼如何取回他的遗体。接触森蒂纳尔人困难重重。试图接触这些岛民可能引发他们进一步的暴力行为，并让他们暴露在外界传染源中。据报道，周五一支警察队在接近该岛时看到森蒂纳尔人正在放哨，准备向靠近的警察射箭。
“We don’t have any plan to go on the land or do any kind of confrontation,” said Dependra Pathak, the police chief for the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, to The Post’s Joanna Slater over the weekend. “We have to move with utmost sensitivity and care.” The incident involving Chau had “to create a good amount of stress” among the Sentinelese, Pathak told The Post.
“我们不打算登岛或与岛民对抗。”安达曼和尼科巴群岛的警察局长Dependra Pathak说，“我们必须极其敏感、小心翼翼地采取行动。”涉及约翰·周的事件势必会给森蒂纳尔人“带来许多压力”，他说。
In eras past, stories of martyrdom helped spread Christianity through certain parts of Asia. But Chau’s demise has mostly inspired outrage, with critics in India and elsewhere riled by the selfish foolhardiness of his mission.
在过去，殉道故事帮助基督教在亚洲的一些地区传播。但约翰·周的逝世却激起了人们的愤怒远大于其他情绪，印度和其他地方的人批评他传教的方式自私而又有勇无谋。
The Sentinelese have always resisted outside contact/BBC
森蒂纳尔人总是抗拒外界的接触/BBC
“The Sentinelese have shown again and again that they want to be left alone, and their wishes should be respected,” said Stephen Corry, the director of indigenous-rights group Survival International, in a statement.
土著人权利组织“Survival International”的主任Stephen Corry在一份声明中说：“森蒂纳尔人已再三表示不想和外界接触，我们应该尊重他们的愿望。”
“The British colonial occupation of the Andaman Islands decimated the tribes living there, wiping out thousands of tribespeople, and only a fraction of the original population now survive. So the Sentinelese fear of outsiders is very understandable.”
他指出，“英国曾殖民占领安达曼群岛，在此居住的部落因此大量消亡，成千上万的部落居民也被杀害。目前，只有小部分原始居民幸存。所以，森蒂纳尔人恐惧外来者是完全能理解的。”
There is certainly far more sympathy for the plight of populations like the Sentinelese than there was in the past, but indigenous communities like theirs are hardly any safer than before. In many places, the perils posed by climate change and the resource demands of developing countries have only deepened the vulnerability of isolated tribes.
与过去相比，人们现在显然更同情森蒂纳尔人此类群体的处境，但此类土著部落并不比以前更加安全。在许多地方，气候变化带来的危险和发展中国家的资源需求让这些孤立部落更加脆弱。
In Brazil, far-right President-elect Jair Bolsonaro has vowed to scrap the country’s indigenous affairs department in a bid to boost the expansion of agribusiness and logging companies. “If I become president, there will not be one centimeter more of indigenous land,” he once declared. Brazil’s Amazon region is home to roughly 100 “uncontacted” tribes — more than any other country on Earth — and activists are now warning of a new “genocide” should Bolsonaro follow through on his promises.
巴西的极右派侯选总统Jair Bolsonaro扬言要废除巴西的土著事务部，促进农业综合企业和伐木公司的扩张。他曾宣称：“如果我成为总统，将不再有一厘米土地属于土著。”巴西亚马逊地区大约有100个“与世隔绝”的部落，比世界上任何一个国家都多。活动人士警告说，如果Bolsonaro兑现他的承诺，就会发生新的“种族灭绝”。
In many cases, though, indigenous communities are undermined not by faraway political fiat, but by the pressure of a world inexorably closing around them.
许多情况下，土著部落并不是被距离它们遥远的政治命令所破坏，而是被步步紧逼围住他们的外部世界所带来的压力破坏。
T. N. Pandit, an Indian anthropologist who spent decades studying the aboriginal peoples of the Andamans, lamented the effects outside exposure has had on them. In an interview with the New York Times last year, he pointed to the steady depletion of the Jarawa tribe, neighbors to the Sentinelese, after extended contact with outsiders. Their numbers have thinned; fewer people among the younger generation know the skills or languages of their ancestors.
印度人类学家T.N. Pandit研究了几十年的安达曼群岛土著居民，谈到外界环境对土著居民的影响时扼腕痛惜。去年，在接受《纽约时报》采访时，他指出，与外界进一步接触后，和森蒂纳尔部落相邻的贾拉瓦部落正逐渐消失。贾拉瓦部落人数减少了，掌握他们祖先的技能和语言的年轻人越来越少了。
“In the course of time, these communities will disappear,” Pandit said. “Their cultures will be lost.”
Pandit说:“假以时日，这些土著部落将会消失，他们的文化也将会消失。”
编译 I 苏娟 张殷雯 范仪亦 谢伊雯
排版 I 苏娟
指导老师 I 刘佳
文章来源 I Washington Post BBC
图片来源 I Washington Post BBC AP Instagram
