正是此人征募了9.11事件的劫机者们

9.11恐怖袭击事件将世界眼光聚焦恐怖主义，全球各国逐渐意识到恐怖主义对世界和平的巨大威胁，世界环境也因此发生重大变化。那么这次全球心有余悸的恐怖袭击是怎样预谋起来的呢？那些劫机者都是什么背景呢？又是谁将他们召集起来的呢？本期Quriosity带您一探究竟。

After an epic journey that took him from the camps of al-Qaeda to the battlefields of the Islamic State, he is all but forgotten in a remote prison cell in Syria.

他曾史诗般从基地组织营地转辗伊斯兰国战场，现在却在叙利亚一间偏远牢房里，几乎被人遗忘。

Mohammed Haydar Zammar is seen in a Kurdish-run prison outside the city of Qamishli near the Turkish border in far northeastern Syria. (Alice Martins/For The Washington Post)

有人称，看到Mohammed Haydar Zammar在叙利亚东北部的监狱。此监狱位于卡米什利，靠近土耳其边境，并由库尔德人管理。

（由Alice Martins拍摄，刊登于《华盛顿邮报》）

There was nothing about the hungry, bedraggled man who surrendered at a remote desert checkpoint belonging to the United States’ Kurdish allies this year to suggest he had once played a part in one of the biggest events in American history. He was limping from injuries to both knees, his beard was matted and teeming with lice, and he was fleeing from the Islamic State.

今年，这位饥肠辘辘、衣衫褴褛的男子在一个偏远沙漠的检查站自首，此检查站属于美国库尔德盟友。根本看不出来他曾参与9.11事件（美国历史上最重大的事件之一）。他双膝受伤，胡子拉碴且缠满虱子，正一瘸一拐地逃离伊斯兰国。

After he identified himself and checks were run, the confirmation came back. This was Mohammed Haydar Zammar, the man who recruited the hijackers who carried out the attacks on Sept. 11, 2001, killing over 2,900 people and propelling the United States into unending conflict.

他说明身份并接受检查，随后我们得到确认信息：他就是Mohammed Haydar Zammar，征募了2001年9月11日袭击的劫机者，致使超过2900人死亡，美国陷入无休止的冲突。

In his first interview with a U.S. news organization since 2001, conducted in the presence of the Kurdish guards who are holding him at a prison on the outskirts of the Syrian city of Qamishli, Zammar recounted his extraordinary journey. It was one that took him from the earliest days of the al-Qaeda camps in Afghanistan to the battlefields of the Islamic State in Syria, via a rendition suspected to have been ordered by the CIA.

这是他自2001年以来首次接受美国新闻机构的采访。采访地点是关押他的叙利亚监狱，位于卡米什利的郊区。当时，库尔德警卫也在场。Mohammed Haydar Zammar回忆了艰难的奔途：他曾在阿富汗的基地组织营地，之后转辗叙利亚的伊斯兰国战场。据信是美国中央情报局下令引渡了他。

By his own account, he played only a peripheral role in the events that unfolded along the way, a walk-on part in the history of the Islamist militant movement. Yet he was present for many of its milestones, showing up at key moments and meeting many of its key players.

他声称，只在一系列展开的事件中扮演次要角色，自己在伊斯兰武装运动历史上无足轻重。但他出席了许多里意义重大的会议，在关键时刻露面，会见了许多9.11事件中的关键人物。

His story demonstrates the extent to which the ever-evolving terrorist threat that continues to grip the United States has, to a large degree, been sustained by a core of now-aging Islamist militants who came of age in the orbit of Osama bin Laden.

他的故事表明，不断演变着的恐怖主义威胁继续控制着美国，并且这种程度不断加深。而这很大程度上是由一批伊斯兰武装分子核心成员维持，他们在Osama bin Laden体系的影响下长大成人，年龄日益增长。

Civilians are sheltering in these buildings in Manbij, Syria, that were heavily damaged in airstrikes. (Alice Martins/For The Washington Post)

一些曼比杰（叙利亚城市）建筑遭到空袭的严重破坏，但仍有平民躲在里面。

（由Alice Martins拍摄，刊登于《华盛顿邮报》）

Now age 57, Zammar, who holds dual Syrian and German citizenship, is a shrunken shadow of the hulking, heavily bearded man who once lectured young Muslims at al-Quds mosque in Hamburg on their duty to wage jihad. His captors do not allow prisoners to grow beards, and his had to be shaved off because of the lice, he said during the interview, conducted in the presence of two of his guards.

Zammar今年57岁，拥有叙利亚和德国双重国籍，身材魁梧，满脸胡须。他曾在汉堡（德国城市，以下同）的圣城清真寺为年轻的穆斯林讲授圣战教义。他告诉记者，逮捕他的士兵不允许囚犯留胡子，他的胡子因为虱子被剃掉了。采访时，两位警卫一直在场。

But one thing has not changed. Investigators of the 9/11 attacks remember him as talkative — perhaps too talkative to have been trusted with details of the plot.

但有一点没变：9.11恐怖袭击的调查人员记得他很健谈。也许因为他太健谈了，人们很难相信他所说的9.11事件的细节。

He still likes to talk, at length, about himself, about his part in persuading the 9/11 hijackers to travel to Afghanistan for military training and about the litany of injustices he says the United States has committed against Muslims.

他仍然喜欢长篇大论地说自己，说自己在说服9.11劫机者前往阿富汗接受军事训练中的重要性，以及美国对穆斯林犯下的累累罪行。

Zammar’s family moved to Germany when he was 10, and he first tried to participate in armed conflict in 1982, far earlier than has previously been reported. He traveled to Jordan in an attempt to enter Syria to join the armed wing of the Muslim Brotherhood, the Fighting Vanguard, which was engaged in an earlier uprising against the ruling Assad family.

Zammar10岁时，全家搬到了德国。1982年他首次参与武装冲突，这比此前报道的要早得多。之后，他前往约旦，试图进入了叙利亚并加入穆斯林兄弟会的武装派别，也被称为斗争先锋。该组织早前曾参与反对阿萨德家族执政的起义。

He was turned back by the Jordanian authorities, but on the trip he met a man who would play a big role in his future: Mohammed al-Bahaiya, known as Abu Khaled al-Suri, who would later become a key figure in the current Syrian war.

他被约旦当局遣返，过程中他遇到了影响他之后发展的重要人物：Mohammed al-Bahaiya，也就是我们熟知的Abu Khaled al-Suri。此人之后成为当前叙利亚战争的关键人物。

At Bahaiya’s invitation, he made his first visit to Afghanistan in 1991, to receive military training at one of the militant camps being run by Bahaiya. Over the next decade, Zammar moved through the militant-Islamist circuit, traveling regularly to Afghanistan, volunteering for a stint with al-Qaeda-affiliated militants in the war in Bosnia and visiting London, where he befriended the Jordanian Palestinian preacher Abu Qatada, a prominent figure long suspected by the United States of having links to al-Qaeda.

应Bahaiya的邀请，1991年Zammar首次来到阿富汗，在Bahaiya管理的一个军事营地接受军事训练。此后十年，Zammar突破伊斯兰兄弟会的围困，经常作为志愿者去阿富汗，和基地组织的武装分子在波斯尼亚并肩作战。在伦敦游历时，他结识了约旦籍巴基斯坦牧师Abu Qatada，此人是被美国长期怀疑与基地组织有联系的重要人物。

Meanwhile, Zammar was developing a circle of followers at Hamburg’s al-Quds mosque, which had become a magnet for young Muslims in the city. Zammar says he failed to qualify as an imam or preacher at the mosque because he was unable to memorize the Koran, but he held regular gatherings with small groups of the men who went there to pray, seeking to convince them that they had a duty to wage jihad on behalf of Muslims worldwide and to travel to Afghanistan for military training.

汉堡的圣城清真寺吸引着该市的年轻穆斯林，Zammar在此培养了一批追随者。 他说因为无法背诵《古兰经》，自己没有资格成为清真寺的阿訇或牧师。但是他和去那里祈祷的穆斯林小团体定期聚会，努力说服他们，称他们有义务代表全球穆斯林发动圣战，前往阿富汗进行军事训练。

The first member of the Hamburg cell he remembers meeting was Ramzi Binalshibh, a Yemeni citizen now being held in Guantanamo Bay on suspicion of involvement in the 9/11 plot. Next he met Mohamed Atta, the hijackers’ ringleader, who piloted the first of the two planes that struck the World Trade Center towers. Zammar recalls Atta as a “good guy” with “high moral standards”. Then came the others: Marwan al-Shehhi, a citizen of the United Arab Emirates who steered the plane that struck the second tower; Ziad Samir Jarrah, the Lebanese who piloted the plane that crashed in a Pennsylvania field after passengers overpowered the hijackers; and four others from the group whom Zammar also persuaded to travel to Afghanistan.

他记得在汉堡穆斯林小团体第一个见到的是也门人Ramzi Binalshibh，目前因涉嫌参与9.11事件而被关押在关塔那摩湾。接着，他认识了劫机者的头目Mohamed Atta，他驾驶第一架飞机撞击了世贸中心双子塔。Zammar回忆说，Atta是个“好人”，有“崇高的道德标准”。之后，他依次认识了：阿联酋公民Marwan al-Shehhi，曾驾驶飞机撞向第二座塔；黎巴嫩人Ziad Samir Jarrah，在乘客制服劫机者后，他驾驶的飞机坠毁在宾夕法尼亚州的田地里。穆斯林小团体的其他四位成员被Zammar说服前往阿富汗。

Suspected hijackers of American Airlines Flight 11, United Airlines Flight 93, American Airlines Flight 77 and United Airlines Flight 175 on Sept. 11, 2001. (FBI/Getty Images)

2001年9月11日，美国航空公司11号航班、美国联合航空公司93号航班、美国航空公司77号航班和美国联合航空公司175号航班上的疑似劫机者。

(美国联邦调查局拍摄，刊登于盖蒂图片社)

“It was not easy. It took time. They were studying at the university,” he said. “I was telling them, for example, someone is going to attack you, your honor, your property, while you cannot even use a pistol. There is no country in the world that does not have an army to defend itself, while we Muslims do not.”

Zammar说，“说服他们并不容易，花了很长时间，毕竟他们还在读大学。我问他们，如果有人袭击你、损坏你的名誉、窃取你的财产，你却不会使用手枪，那要怎么办呢？除了穆斯林，世界上每个国家都有军队保卫自己。”

Zammar’s travels and contacts stirred the suspicions of the German authorities, who alerted the CIA and began monitoring his movements and telephone calls.

Zammar的行程和社交圈引起了德国当局的怀疑，他们通知了美国中央情报局，并监视他的行动和通话。

But he continued to travel widely. Toward the end of 1999, Zammar made another visit to Afghanistan, overlapping with Atta and other members of the Hamburg cell making their first visit to the country — and carrying with them their proposal to crash planes into American buildings, according to investigators.

但他仍继续四处游历。据调查，1999年年底，Zammar再次到达阿富汗，和汉堡穆斯林小团体的 Atta及其他成员会合，一同游历阿富汗，并提议驾驶飞机撞击美国建筑。

Zammar says the timing of his visit so close to theirs was a coincidence. He arrived shortly after they did, had no contact with them and does not know where or how they spent their time, he said.

Zammar声称自己和他们到阿富汗的时间如此接近只是巧合。他们到达后不久他才到，他并没有和他们联系，也不知道他们在哪里做什么。

Osama bin Laden, at the time the leader of al-Qaeda, speaks at a news conference in Khost, Afghanistan, in 1998. (Mazhar Ali Khan/AP)

1998年，时任基地组织领导人本拉登在霍斯特（阿富汗城市）的新闻发布会上讲话。

（由Mazhar Ali Khan拍摄，刊登于美联社）

It was on this trip, he says, that he had his only encounter with al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden, whom he recalls with reverence. He speculates that bin Laden summoned him to meet because of his association with the men who were being groomed for the 9/11 attacks and wanted to check him out.

他满脸敬意地回忆说，这是他唯一一次见到基地组织领导人本拉登。他推测，因为和9.11恐怖袭击者的联系，本拉登才召见他，想要了解他的情况。

He claims he had no further contact with bin Laden, Atta or the others and says he was as surprised as anyone when the attacks occurred.

他声称自己与本拉登， Atta以及其他人没再联系，袭击发生时他和其他人一样感到惊讶。

Zammar continues to deny any foreknowledge of the 9/11 plot. ”God knows, and in all honesty, I did not know anything about the 9/11 strike. They did not tell me anything,” he said.

紧接着，Zammar否认早就知道9.11计划。他说，“说实话，我对9.11袭击一无所知。他们什么都没告诉我。真主知道的。”

That was the conclusion reached at the time by German authorities, according to Guido Steinberg, who investigated Zammar’s involvement in the attacks on behalf of the German government and is now a senior associate at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs.

Guido Steinberg曾代表德国政府调查Zammar是否9.11事件，现在是德国国际与安全事物研究所的高级研究员。他说，那正是当时德国政府给出的结论。

The German investigation found that the members of the Hamburg cell had been suspicious of Zammar, in part because he was “very chatty,” Steinberg said.

Steinberg说，德国调查发现汉堡穆斯林小团体成员曾怀疑过Zammar，部分原因是他“非常健谈”。

“ We discovered that his passport was full of Syrian stamps. The members of the Hamburg cell did not trust him. There was chatter that he might work for the Syrians,” he said.

他补充到，“我们发现他的护照上满是叙利亚的出入境章。汉堡监狱成员并不相信他。也有传言称他可能为叙利亚人工作。”

U. S. investigators never reached a firm conclusion about Zammar’s potential involvement but also suspect that he may have proved too talkative to be trusted with knowledge of the 9/11 plan, according to Ali Soufan, a former FBI agent who now runs the Soufan Center, which focuses on counterterrorism.

Ali Soufan说，美国调查人员从未就Zammar可能参与9.11得出明确结论。但他们怀疑可能他太健谈了，没人会放心让他事先知悉9.11计划。Ali Soufan曾是美国联邦调查局特工，目前领导聚焦反恐的Soufan中心。

“ These people who run their mouths usually don’t get information in advance, and there’s a possibility he did not know about the attacks,” Soufan said. The U.S. government seems to have shown little interest in gaining custody of Zammar, Soufan said. “Maybe there was a lot of noise but no meat on the case against him,” he said.

Soufan说，“这些健谈的人通常不会事先得到消息，他可能并不知道这一系列的袭击。美国政府似乎并不想要Zammar的羁押权。可能有很多干扰信息指向他，但没有证据能证明他有罪。”

Zammar acknowledged that he was an unlikely candidate for inclusion in a sophisticated plot.

Zammar称自己不大可能参与一场复杂的阴谋。

“ It would be really idiotic for someone who is planning on bombing America to come to me, or someone like me, and tell them about it ,” he said. “Total stupidity.”

他说，“要是计划轰炸美国的人来找我，或者找像我这样的人，我会说这实在太愚蠢了，相当的愚蠢。”

The CIA, the FBI, the U.S. military and the Department of Justice declined to comment on his case.

美国中央情报局、联邦调查局、美国军方和司法部均拒绝对此案置评。

The 9/11 attacks thrust Zammar briefly into the spotlight. German police questioned him, and he was sought by journalists for interviews.

9.11袭击使Zammar迅速成为公众关注的焦点。德国警方审问他，记者也寻找他进行采访。

Three months after the attacks, he dropped out of sight. While on a visit to Morocco, he was arrested by Moroccan police and deported to Syria. The CIA was reported at the time to have played a part in his seizure and transfer, but Zammar says he does not recall meeting Americans during the process.

袭击发生后的第三个月，他消失了。在摩洛哥游历期间，他被摩洛哥警方逮捕，并驱逐到叙利亚。据报道，当时美国中央情报局参与了其扣押和转移，但Zammar说不记得在此过程中见过美国人。

For the next 12 years, he was held in Syria’s notorious Sednaya prison outside Damascus, where he says he was tortured and kept in solitary confinement for months on end. In 2008, he was sentenced to 12 years in prison, not for his association with al-Qaeda but for membership in the outlawed Muslim Brotherhood, dating back to his attempt to join the armed rebellion in 1982.

此后的12年里，他被关押在大马士革郊外臭名昭著的塞德纳亚监狱（位于叙利亚）。他说，他在此遭受酷刑，被单独监禁了数月。2008年，他被判处12年监禁，不是因为他与基地组织有关，而是因为他是非法的穆斯林兄弟会的成员。早在1982年他就曾试图参加武装叛乱。

In 2013, he was freed along with six other Islamists in a prisoner swap for Syrian army officers negotiated by his old friend Bahaiya — Abu Khaled al-Suri — who had moved to Syria to become a leading figure in the Salafist Ahrar al-Sham and was killed in a bombing a year later that was suspected to have been carried out by the Islamic State.

2013年，他的老朋友Bahaiy（也就是Abu Khaled al-Suri）与叙利亚军官谈判，通过囚犯交换，释放了他和其他六位伊斯兰教徒。Bahaiy曾搬到叙利亚，成为Salafist Ahrar al-Sham反对派组织的领导人物，一年后在一次轰炸中死亡。据信是伊斯兰国投下炸弹。

Once released, Zammar chose to join the newly formed Islamic State. In prison, he had met several of the leaders of the group, who had been freed by the Assad government in earlier prisoner swaps. Those associates helped him secure a succession of relatively minor jobs in Islamic State departments, providing food for gatherings, mediating domestic disputes and supervising the cleaning of facilities.

获释后，他选择加入新成立的伊斯兰国。在监狱，他认识了该组织的几位领导人，他们在早些时候的囚犯交换中被阿萨德政府释放。在这些同伴的帮助下，他在伊斯兰国各部门获得了一些相对次要的工作：位机会提供食物、调节家庭纠纷、保证设施的清洁。

Members of the Manbij Military Council use the elevation of a berm in October to monitor Turkish-backed forces in the countryside outside Manbij, a town in northern Syria near the Turkish border. (Alice Martins/For The Washington Post)

10月，曼比杰军事委员会成员利用城墙与外濠间的狭道监视土耳其支持的武装力量在曼比杰郊外的行动。曼比杰是叙利亚北部靠近土耳其边境的一个城镇。

（由Alice Martins拍摄，刊登于《华盛顿邮报》）

But his health was poor from the years he spent in prison, he says, and he injured his knees in a car accident. He denies that he played any prominent role in the group, and there is no available evidence that he did.

他说，多年的监狱生活使他的健康状况糟透了，还在一次车祸中膝盖受伤。他否认自己在该组织的重要地位，也没有证据证明他地位举足轻重。

As the Islamic State was steadily driven out of the vast areas it once controlled in Syria and Iraq, Zammar moved with the fighters in their retreat, dodging American airstrikes along the way. He met and married two women, and he was with one of those wives outside the village of Darnij in the province of Deir al-Zour when he decided to surrender to the U.S.-backed Syrian Democratic Forces. Joining other families also seeking to run away, they sneaked across Islamic State lines to reach the SDF.

随着伊斯兰国逐渐失去曾控制的叙利亚和伊拉克的广大区域，Zammar 和武装分子一起撤退，一路躲避美国的空袭。期间，他与两位女子邂逅并结婚。和其中一位妻子到代尔祖尔省达尼杰村外时，他萌生了向美国支持的叙利亚民主军投降的想法。他们和其他试图逃跑的家庭一起偷偷越过伊斯兰国的防线，到达自卫队控制区。

“ I’m very sick. I didn’t have a car. My wife was pregnant, so what could I do?” he said. “I didn’t have any other option.”

他说，“我病得很重。我没有车。妻子怀孕了，我该怎么办？我别无选择。”

Now he languishes in another prison cell, alongside about 30 other Islamic State prisoners being held by the Kurds. The Kurds say they would like to be rid of him and all the Islamic State captives they hold. Zammar says he would like to return to Germany, to reunite with his first wife, whom he said he hasn’t seen since 2001.

现在，他和库尔德人关押的约30位伊斯兰国囚犯一起，在另一间牢房里备受煎熬。库尔德人表示，他们希望除掉他和所有关押的伊斯兰国俘虏。Zammar说，他想要回到德国，和第一任妻子团圆。2001年以后他没再见过她。

But the German government has shown no interest in repatriating him or any of the other Germans who set out to fight for the Islamic State and are now in Kurdish custody.

但德国政府并不想遣返他和其他打算为伊斯兰国而战的德国人。现在库尔德人扣押着他们。

As the interview ended and Zammar was led away, he was still talking, railing against the injustices of the world and saying he has a message for President Trump, the leaders of Europe and anyone else with a role.

采访结束时，Zammar被带走，不断说着什么，抱怨着世界的不公正，说他有话要和特朗普总统、欧洲领导人以及其他任何由影响力的人说。

“You must fear God. You must fear your creator. I swear they will be judged by God,” he said, as he limped back to his cell.

他一瘸一拐地回到牢房时说，“你必须敬畏真主，你的造物主。我发誓真主会审判他们的。”

来源 I The Washington Post

编译 I 苏娟

排版 I 苏娟

指导老师 I 刘佳