近日美国法院文件批露，美国国土安全部竟然在密歇根州创办了一所“三无大学”来“诱捕”不法中介和非法留在美国的学生。
该大学既没有教授，也没有校园，更没有任何合法大学应有的设施。只有美国移民与海关执法局探员扮成的大学职员，设法吸引留学中介和外国留学生。
截至目前已经有161名留学生遭到逮捕，其中大多数来自印度。这种“钓鱼执法”真的合法合理吗？请关注本期Quriosity。
政府办假大学“钓鱼执法”？！
法明顿大学（Univeristy of Farmington)的网站自述为一所“能让学生在经济持续全球化的浪潮中取得成功”的大学。网站刊登了各种照片，展示学生上课、在图书馆读书或在校园的情景，网站域名还带有教育机构特有的“.edu”标识。网站宣传本科生的学费为每年8500美元，研究生的学费为每年1.1万美元。它甚至还有自己的Facebook页面，不断发布校内动态，还有一些自称满意的校友在页面发表各种正面评论。
学校网站已被关闭
图片来源：The Guardian
The US government listed Farmington as eligible to enroll foreign students. The school president, whose LinkedIn page is still online, sent emails to students describing his institution as “a nationally accredited institution authorized to enroll international students”.
美国政府将法明顿大学列为有资格招收外国学生的大学。该校校长的linkedin页面仍然在线，他向学生们发送电子邮件，称该校是“一所国家认可并授权招收国际学生的学校”。
But it was all a sham to snare immigrants.
然而，这竟然是一场诱捕移民的骗局。
Court documents unsealed last month unveiled a stunning scheme by the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to create a fake university – federal agents posed as school officials in emails and registered the school with the state of Michigan, according to emails obtained by the Detroit Free Press. Workers at the building listed as University of Farmington’s location told local news channel WXYZ that students would come in asking what time the school opened and closed and complained they had trouble getting in touch with school representatives.
上月，美国国土安全部（DHS）的一项惊人的计划遭到披露，该计划旨在创办一所虚假大学。根据底特律自由报收到的电子邮件，联邦探员在电子邮件中冒充学校官员，并在密歇根州注册该校。法明顿大学所在地的建筑工人告诉当地新闻频道WXYZ，学生们会来询问学校什么时候开学和关闭，还抱怨他们无法与学校代表取得联系。
被拘学生是否有罪？
“These are students who are trying to make their lives better, these are not criminals, these are not people who are here leeching off the system,” said Amer Zahr, an adjunct professor of law at the University of Detroit-Mercy and a spokesman for Najlaa Krim Musarsa, one of the students arrested.
“这些学生只是想让自己的生活过的更好一点，他们并不是罪犯，也不想钻系统的空子。” 底特律大学法律系副教授Amer Zahr说。他也是被逮捕的学生Najlaa Krim Musarsa的发言人。
Musarsa, a 29-year-old woman from Palestine, was one of those arrested without trial for civil immigration violations because she enrolled in the university, located just outside of Detroit in Farmington Hills, Michigan. Eight other people were charged with criminal violations and are accused of helping enroll the students in exchange for cash, kickbacks and tuition credits from February 2017 to January 2019.
Musarsa是一位29岁的巴勒斯坦女性。她由于申请了这所位于底特律附近的大学而被逮捕，目前还没有审判。另有八个人由于在2017年2月、2019年1月收取现金、回扣以及学费抵税来帮助学生申请大学而被起诉为刑事犯罪。
Attorneys and civil rights advocates emphasize there is a stark line between the eight indicted on criminal charges and the students arrested on civil charges.
律师以及民权倡导者强调，这八个受到刑事起诉的人和那些受到民事指控而被捕的学生之间有非常明显的差异，应该将他们区别开来。
“Everyone was taken completely by surprise,” Zahr said. There was no warning of this action. There was no notice given to her [Musarsa] that she was out of status, that this university was fake.
“所有人都十分惊愕，”Zahr说道，没有任何对于这类行为的警告。她没有收到任何消息，告知她没有合法身份以及这是所假大学。
学校官网上的照片几乎与图片网站Shutterstock上的一张相同
图片来源：底特律新闻
However，US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) has maintained each of the more than 600 people enrolled at the University of Farmington knew they would not attend real classes or earn credits. “Their intent was to fraudulently maintain their student visa status and to obtain work authorization,” the indictment said.
然而， 美国移民海关执法局ICE坚称这六百多个在法明顿大学报名的学生原本就知道他们不会参加任何真正的课程，也无法获得学分。起诉书称，“他们的目的在于，用学生签证作为掩护，从而获得合法的工作机会。”
They arrested 21 middlemen who operated from coast to coast running “pay to stay” enterprises that foreign students used to remain in America beyond their allotted legal study time.
他们逮捕了21名中介，这些中介在美国各地经营付费留美机构，来帮助留学生在学习签证时间到期之后还可以继续留在美国。
这不是ICE设立的第一所假大学，在美国类似的执法方式并非首次。据BBC报道称，2013年，美国移民部门官员就设立过假大学——北新泽西大学，并于2016年逮捕了21人。
At that time, those arrested were mostly brokers who recruited foreign students, who were mainly from China and India and knew they were signing up for a university that was fake, according to the authorities, though not that it had been invented by federal agents in order to expose the scam.
根据官方声明，当时被捕者大多是招募留学生的留学中介，而这些留学生多来自中国和印度，并且知晓他们所报名这所大学是一所假大学，但他们并不知道这所大学是联邦特工为了揭露骗局而设立的。
The middlemen promised them study visas and visa extensions or foreign worker visas in a system of fees and kickbacks that netted the brokers as much as $1,000 per student, according to the US attorney’s office.
据美国检察官办公室称，这些中介承诺向外国学生发放学习签证、签证延期或外国工人签证，并通过收费和回扣在每个学生身上净赚1000美元。
执法是否正当？
去年泄露的一份2008年ICE手册显示，虽然并不建议卧底诱导人们犯罪，但也可以有例外，并在内部进行监管。
Angelo Guisado, the staff attorney at the Center for Constitutional Rights, said DHS carried out the operation aware that it could send hundreds of people to immigration courts, which do not have the same constitutional protections as other courts.
宪法权利中心的律师Angelo Guisado说，国土安全部在开展这项行动时意识到，它可能会把数百人送进移民法庭，而不受同等宪法保护。
“Ice knowing this or DHS knowing this tries to ensnare as many people as possible and get them wound up in an immigration system where they know that the cards are going to be stacked against the immigrant,” Guisado said.
他说：" ICE知道这一点，国土安全部也知道这一点，他们仍试图尽可能多地诱捕人们陷入对移民不利的移民体系。"
He cautioned that creating a sham university was in line with other tactics used by Ice, such as its habit also revealed last month of creating fake court dates for immigration hearings.
他还提醒道，创建一所假大学符合ICE一贯所使用的的策略，例如，它上个月还被揭发为移民听证会伪造法庭日期。
Guisado said: “This is not the first fake university that DHS created and I don’t think it will be the last.”
“这不是国土安全部创建的第一所假大学，我认为也不会是最后一所。”
图片来源：路透社
这次“钓鱼执法”受到了不少争议。有人赞同政府的这番操作，比如来自韦恩州立大学的法学教授，前联邦检察官Peter Henning就表示，“这很有创意，并不是诱捕。政府可以放出了这种诱饵，但是是否上钩是被告们自己决定的。”
但是也有不少人持反对意见，比如纽约大学布伦南司法中心自由和国家安全项目的联合主席Faiza Patel，他认为并不是每个学生都百分之百地清楚事情是怎么回事。
“Normally, we would like our law enforcement agencies to be investigating crimes that are already occurring as opposed to spending time and resources in creating elaborate sting operations,” said Patel.
Patel表示：“通常情况下，我们希望执法机关能够调查已经发生的犯罪情况，而不是在制造复杂圈套上花费时间和资源。”
Patel noted Ice has been under fire in recent years for its aggressive immigration enforcement tactics, which target criminals and people who have civil immigration violations in equal measure.
他指出，ICE执法时将犯罪分子和有移民民事违法行为的人同等对待，近几年该机构因为这种激进的移民执法战略而受到抨击。
来源 | The Guardian
编译 | 杨林姗 谢伊雯 阿孜姑·买买提明 马林 刘与晨
排版 | 刘与晨
指导老师 | 刘佳
原文链接
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/apr/06/fake-college-visa-scam-immigration-arrests-university-northern-new-jersey?from=groupmessage&isappinstalled=0
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/feb/22/farmington-university-immigration-sting-students?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other
