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如今已经是2019年年末了，你是否了解这一年的气候危机？我们到底身处一个怎样的气候环境下？世界高层采取的措施是什么？这些措施到底有用吗？让小Q带你来一探究竟吧！
We know the warnings by now.
我们已经知道了全球气候变化的警告信息。
2019 is on course to be in the top three warmest years on record.
2019年将会是破纪录的三个最热年份之一。
The UK government has declared a national climate emergency.
英国政府已经宣布了英国进入国家气候紧急状态。
And now, UN Secretary General António Guterres says the "point of no return is no longer over the horizon".
如今，联合国秘书长安东尼奥·古雷特斯说“气候恶劣变化之势难以逆转”。
That came ahead of the UN's two-week gathering of countries to discuss climate change and set targets - the 25th Conference of the Parties (COP25).
在此之后，联合国举行了为期两周的第25届缔约方会议(COP25)，来讨论气候变化并制定目标。
So what really gets done at these conferences - and do they actually work?
这些会议到底做了什么呢？它们真的有用吗？
Climate activist Greta Thunberg was at last year's COP event in Poland
气候积极活动者Greta Thunberg出席了去年在波兰的COP会议
Many countries have individual targets related to climate change.
许多国家都有各自的有关气候变化的目标。
For example, the UK government has committed to cutting greenhouse gas emissions right down to net-zero by 2050.
比如，英国政府承诺在2050年之前将温室气体排放量减少至零增长。
But there are also worldwide targets for countries which take part in the UN climate change summits.
而对于参加联合国气候变化峰会的国家来说，他们还有全球气候目标。
The Montreal Protocol, adopted in 1987, was an international agreement to try to heal the ozone layer, which protects Earth from ultraviolet rays but was being destroyed by man-made chemicals.
《蒙特利尔议定书》于1987年通过，这项国际协定试图修复保护地球免受紫外线伤害的臭氧层，因为臭氧层遭到了人造化学物质的破坏。
By last year it was found to be successfully healing - the Northern Hemisphere could be fully fixed by the 2030s and Antarctica by the 2060s, according to a UN report.
根据一项联合国报告，到去年，人们发现臭氧层将会成功恢复——北半球的臭氧层将在本世纪30年代完全恢复，南极洲的臭氧层则会在60年代完全恢复。
The COP meetings - which focus on greenhouse gases - started in 1995. But it was 1997 when the first significant targets were set.
COP会议聚焦于温室气体，始于1995年。它的第一批重要目标是在1997年设立的。
The Kyoto Protocol
《京都议定书》
The Kyoto Protocol is named after the Japanese city where it was agreed
《京都议定书》是根据一个日本城市命名的
The Kyoto Protocol, agreed in Japan in 1997, set targets for 37 countries to cut greenhouse gas emissions.
于1997年在日本达成的《京都议定书》为37个国家设立了减少温室气体排放的目标。
The targets were different for each country, depending on how developed they were.
每个国家的目标取决于自身的发展程度，因而各自不同。
But the US pulled out in 2001 - because they were unhappy that developed countries had legally binding targets, while less developed nations didn't have binding targets.
但是美国于2001年退出了《京都议定书》，因为发展中国家没有和发达国家一样制定有法律约束力的目标，美国对此不满。
Canada pulled out in 2011 and a lot of other countries missed their targets.
加拿大在2011年也退出了，此外，许多国家也没能达到它们的目标。
Doha in Qatar was where the Kyoto Protocol was amended
《京都议定书》于卡塔尔多哈进行了修订
In 2012, the Kyoto Protocol was updated in Doha, Qatar.
2012年，《京都议定书》在卡塔尔多哈进行了修订。
But the deal only covered Europe and Australia, whose share of world greenhouse gas emissions was less than 15%.
但修订后的协议只覆盖到了欧洲和澳大利亚，这两个地区在全球温室气体排放中所占比例不到15%。
However, it paved the way for the Paris Agreement in 2015 - also known as COP21 - which was another significant step in climate change talks.
但是，它为2015年的《巴黎协定》（也被称作COP21）铺平了道路。《巴黎协定》是气候变化谈判的另一个重要进步。
The Paris Agreement
《巴黎协定》
The Paris Agreement went further than any other international climate change deal.
《巴黎协定》比任何其他气候变化的国际协议走得都远。
It was agreed by 195 countries in 2015 and came into force in November 2016.
《巴黎协定》于2015年由195个国家签署，于2016年11月生效。
Some of the main pledges were:
一些主要的承诺如下：
To keep global temperatures "well below" 2℃ above pre-industrial times and "endeavour to limit" them even more, to 1.5℃.
保持全球气温比前工业时代升温幅度“远低于”2℃，并将其尽可能地“努力限制”到1.5℃。
To limit the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by human activity to the same levels that trees, soil and oceans can absorb naturally, beginning at some point between 2050 and 2100.
2050年到2100年期间，将人类活动所排放出的温室气体数量限制到能够使树木、土地和海洋自然吸收的水平。
To review each country's contribution to cutting emissions every five years so they scale up to the challenge.
每五年审视一次每个国家的减排贡献，使这些国家能够应对挑战。
For rich countries to help poorer nations by providing "climate finance" to adapt to climate change and switch to renewable energy.
富裕国家通过提供的“气候融资”来帮助相对贫困的国家适应气候变化、使用可再生能源。
One of the main differences to the Paris deal was that it allowed countries to submit their own targets - rather than tell countries what their targets were.
《巴黎协定》与其他协议的主要差异之一就是，它允许国家提交自己的目标，而不是告诉这些国家它们的目标该是什么。
This got the US and Canada back on board.
这一点使美国和加拿大又回来了。
But since then, the US has started to withdraw from the agreement, as President Trump says it's unfair on the US economy.
但此后，美国又退出了协议，因为特朗普总统说这对美国的经济不公平。
He has said he wants to make it easier for fossil fuel producers in the US.
他说过，他想让美国化石燃料生产商的生活富裕一点。
But there's an election in the US in November 2020, and a different president could cancel the withdrawal.
但美国在2020年12月会有一场选举，如果总统不再是特朗普，美国可能会取消这项退出。
Do the talks actually work?
这些谈判真的起作用吗？
COP25 has started in Madrid
COP25会议在马德里召开
Although the Paris Agreement was generally well-received, the UN itself has said it doesn't go far enough.
虽然《巴黎协定》受到了普遍欢迎，但联合国认为它还不够深入。
A report from the UN Environment Programme in 2017 says the Paris Agreement only covers a third of the emission reductions needed.
联合国环境规划署在2017年的一份报告称，《巴黎协定》只覆盖到了全球三分之一的减排需要。
It says that the world is still on course to warm by more than 2℃.
该报告表示，全球气温还是会上升2℃以上。
The report recommends putting more ambitious targets in place in 2020.
该报告还建议在2020年适当地推行更加宏伟的目标。
Next year's targets are what's expected to be discussed at this year's COP25 in Madrid.
明年的目标就是今年在马德里COP25会议上所预计讨论的内容。
The 2020 summit will be held in Glasgow and countries have committed to submit new and updated national climate action plans.
2020年峰会将在英国格拉斯哥举行，各国已经承诺将会提交新的、升级的国家气候行动计划。
The UN Secretary General António Guterres will tell the meeting that the world is now facing a full-blown climate emergency.
联合国秘书长安东尼奥·古雷斯特将在会议上说明，世界正在面临一场全面的环境危机。
He said before the conference: "In the crucial 12 months ahead, it is essential that we secure more ambitious national commitments - particularly from the main emitters - to immediately start reducing greenhouse gas emissions at a pace consistent to reaching carbon neutrality by 2050."
他在会议展开之前中说：“在具有决定性的未来一年里，至关重要的是得到各国更宏大的承诺，尤其是主要排放国，并马上开始以平稳的速度减少温室气体排放，到2050年达到实现碳平衡的目标。”
It could be seen as an acknowledgement that while the climate change summits can be a step towards a better future, more needs to be done - and time is running out.
这可以被看作是在承认：虽然气候变化峰会是走向美好未来的一步，但我们还需要做更多的事情，而且留给我们的时间已经不多了。
新闻来源：
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-50629410?from=singlemessage&isappinstalled=0
图片来源：BBC
编译：王姝
排版：王姝