震
惊全美的佛罗里达枪击案余波又起：学生们组织了一场声势浩大的反枪支抗议游行。勇敢的年轻人们走上街头，为再也回不来的友人，也为自己的未来发声。此举能否撼动美国多年来的控枪僵局？请关注本期Quriosity.
美国枪支管控究竟为何如此之难？
一 美国枪支管控的直接强大阻力：全国步枪协会NRA（National Rifle Association）
Well into the 1970s, the NRA was a largely apolitical organization serving the needs of about a million gun hobbyists. Following a 1977 reorganization, it became heavily involved in fighting legal restrictions on gun ownership.
19世纪70年代以前，美国全国步枪协会都基本是一个非政治类组织，专门为多达一百万的枪支爱好者提供服务。1977年，经历重组后，它开始广泛介入反对枪支所有权合法管制的斗争中。
It lobbied heavily against all forms of gun control and argued aggressively that more guns make the country safer.
NRA大力进行游说，反对各种形式的枪支管控，并坚决主张更多的枪支使国家更安全。
In the years following, the NRA repeatedly succeeded in stopping, delaying or watering down nearly all proposed federal, state and local firearm restrictions.
接下来的数年中，它成功阻止、推迟、削弱了几乎所有联邦、州或是当地的枪支管制办法提案。
NRA membership has also been increasing steadily, surpassing five million in May 2013.It is now among the most powerful special interest lobby groups in the US.
NRA的会员人数一直在稳步增长，于2013年5月突破500万，成为了当今美国最强大的特殊利益游说团体之一。
It spends about $250mper year, far more than all the country's gun control advocacy groups put together.
NRA每年花费2.5亿美元，这个数字远远超过了全国所有枪支管控辩护团体的花费总额。
Critics say one of the biggest reasons for the status quo remains the NRA’s financial support for Republican.
评论称美国全国步枪协会的现状很大程度上是由于它为共和党提供经济援助。
二．美国反枪支管控的法律依据：宪法第二修正案
基础理念：Defense of self and state自卫
The eighteenth-century English jurist William Blackstone (b. 1723), whose writings influenced the drafters of the U.S. Constitution, called self-defense "the primary law of nature" which (he said) man-made law cannot take away.
18世纪英国法学家威廉·布莱克斯通的著作影响了美国的宪法起草者，他称自卫是“基本的自然法则”，是人为法律无法剥夺的权利。
Another fundamental political argument associated with the right to keep and bear arms is that banning or even regulating gun ownership makes government tyranny more likely.
另一个支持与保持和持有武器有关的基本政治观点是：禁止持枪、即使是管控枪支，都会使政府的暴政更有可能发生。
A January 2013 Rasmussen Reports poll indicated that 65 percent of Americans believe the purpose of the Second Amendment is to "ensure that people are able to protect themselves from tyranny."
2013年1月的拉斯穆森报告调查指出：65%的美国人相信第二宪法修正案的目的是为了保护人民免于暴政侵害。
The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution, adopted on December 15, 1791, states: A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.
1791年12月15日，美国第二宪法修正案开始生效，明文规定：一支受规范的武力乃确保自由国家之安全所必需，人民持有及携带武器之权利不可受侵犯。
President Ronald Reagan signed the much debated "Firearm Owner's Protection Act" on May 19, 1986. The new legislation was the product of long held negotiations among lawmakers from both parties and gun lobbyists.
在各党派议员与支持持有枪支的说客的长期协商下，1986年3月19日，里根总统签署了备受争议的“军火所有权保护法案”
It included some major victories for the National Rifle Association and gun rights activists, who had long complained about overzealous enforcement of the Gun Control Act.
NRA与枪支权利的支持者们长期以来控诉枪械管制法对于枪支的管理过于严格，而新法案放宽了限制，包含了几项他们一直争取的权利。
佛州校园枪击案能否带来实质性改变？
In response to last month’s school shooting in Parkland, Florida，in the span of a day, three major gun retailers changed the way they sell firearms.
为了回应上个月在佛罗里达州帕克兰发生的校园枪击事件，在一天之内，三个主要的枪械零售商改变了他们出售枪支的方式。
Dick’s Sporting Goods is no longer selling military-style semi-automatic rifles or high-capacity magazines. The retailer will also stop selling any guns to anyone under age 21. Walmart will no longer sell any guns to people under 21 and will pull items from its website that resemble military-style rifles.
迪克体育用品店不再出售军事化的半自动步枪或大容量弹匣。零售商也将停止向21岁以下人群出售任何枪。沃尔玛将不再出售任何枪支给21岁以下的人，并且把这类物品类似军事化步枪从其网站上下架。
A growing number of large companies have announced they are cutting or reducing ties with the association.
越来越多的大公司已宣布切断或削减与NRA的合作关系。
The latest company toned ties is Delta Air Lines, which announced it was ending a contract for discount rates with the NRA and asking the advocacy group to remove information from its website. Google and Apple are facing similar calls.
达美航空最近与NRA中断了关系，它宣布将终止为其提供优惠的合同，并要求其在网站上撤除与达美航空有合作关系的信息。谷歌和苹果也正面临相似的呼吁。
However, not everyone is cutting ties with the NRA.
然而，并非每个人都愿意与NRA切断联系。
Bob Spitzer, a scholar on gun politics agreed the companies' moves were most likely a reaction to the Florida shooting, but said it was too early to say what the impact would be.
一位研究枪支政治的学者Bob Spitzer认为，这些公司的行动很可能只是对佛罗里达枪击案的应对之策，但他同时表示，现在讨论这些举措会产生什么影响还为时尚早。
