为
了迎合大众对黑人女性的印象，杂志社P掉了奥斯卡得主露皮塔·尼永奥的卷发。刻板印象是怎么产生的？种族刻板印象有多严重？媒体的刻板印象会带来怎样的影响？请关注本期Quriosity。
种族歧视？刻板印象？是什么P掉了
露皮塔的卷发？
Oscar-winner Lupita Nyong’o says a magazine edited her hair in a cover image, issuing a statement that she’s “disappointed” in the publication. They had lightened her skin, smoothed the kinks in her hair and removed her frizzy, afro pony tail – leaving a more slick, stereotypical representation of African women in fashion: bald.
奥斯卡得主，女星露皮塔·尼永奥日前称一家杂志在封面图片上对她的头发进行了“编辑”，并发表声明称她对此“感到失望”。该杂志把她的肤色提亮，将她蜷曲的头发变得直顺，还把她卷曲蓬松的马尾去掉，换成对非洲女性更为人熟知的刻板印象：光头。
Her hash tag #dtmh meaning Don’t Touch My Hair is the title of a song by Beyoncé’s sister, Solange about people showing respecting for black hair.
她的 tag#dtmh意思是别碰我的头发，这也是碧昂斯的妹妹Solange 的一首歌，讲的是人们十分尊重黑发。
In a lengthy Instagram post, Nyong’o, who was raised in Kenya, wrote that the decision was made without consulting her and that she would have fought against “the omission of what is my native heritage.”
在INS上发表的一篇长文中，在肯尼亚长大的尼永奥写道，该杂志的决定没有征求过她本人的意见，否则她当时会抗议这种“刻意省略自己原来面貌”的行为。
“I embrace my natural heritage and despite having grown up thinking light skin and straight, silky hair were the standards of beauty, I now know that my dark skin and kinky, coily hair are beautiful too,” Nyong’o wrote. “Being featured on the cover of a magazine fulfills me as it is an opportunity to show other dark, kinky-haired people, and particularly our children, that they are beautiful just the way they are. I am disappointed that @graziauk invited me to be on their cover and then edited out and smoothed my hair to fit their notion of what beautiful hair looks like.”
“尽管我从小就知道浅色皮肤和直顺的头发是美的标准，我依然乐于接受我天然就有的样子。我现在知道我的黑皮肤和卷发也很美。”尼永奥写道，“上杂志封面上让我自我实现，因为这是一个机会，向人们展示，尤其是我们的孩子们展示黑皮肤卷头发的人本来就很美。@graziauk邀请我上杂志封面，但又把我的头发P走变顺来满足他们所认为的美丽的头发的标准，这使我很失望。
Grazia UK released an apology, focusing on its “commitment to diversity” and claiming that the edits were made by the photographer without the knowledge of or any requests from the magazine.
Grazia UK杂志已发表一份道歉声明，称其“致力于多样性”，并声明这些“编辑”是由摄影师进行的，杂志不知情，也未提出这样的要求。
An Le, who shot cover for Grazia magazine, apologises for ‘unbelievably damaging and hurtful act’ after actor complains. Le has now confirmed in a statement that he edited the image and that the change “was not born out of any hate, but instead out of my own ignorance and insensitivity to the constant slighting of women of colour throughout the different media platforms”.
在尼永奥投诉此事之后，为Grazia杂志拍摄封面的摄影师An Le为“难以置信的伤害行为”向她道了歉。Le在一份声明中坚称他做这些编辑“完全不出于任何恶意，而是由于自己的无知和迟钝不敏锐地忽视了对不同媒体平台上对有色人种女性一直以来的轻视。”
种族刻板印象
Stereotyping arises out of the need to generalize in order to make sense out of a very complicated environment. It allows people to easily categorize new things into comfortable spaces already defined by their experiences. This process was described in 1922 by Walter Lippmann, who first coined the term "stereotyping." Stereotypes take the form of dramatic stock characters. The instantly recognizable nature of stereotypes mean that they are effective in advertising and situation comedy.
刻板印象的产生是由于在一个复杂的环境中，需要概括处理，易于识别。它让人们很容易将新事物分类到他们根据经验定义的舒适区中。Walter Lippmann第一个提出了“刻板印象”这一概念，他在1922年描述了这一过程。刻板印象以戏剧性的模式化形象为形式，它辨识度很高，因此在广告和情景喜剧中十分有效。
The typical stereotypes about Black women range from the smiling, a sexual and obese Mammy to the promiscuous Jezebel who lures men with her sexual charms. However, the loud, smart mouthed, neck-rolling Black welfare mother is the popular image on reality television.
黑人女性的典型刻板印象有一个笑盈盈、胖乎乎的，性征明显的肥胖嬷嬷，也有利用自己的性魅力引诱男人的淫乱的耶洗别（以色列第七代国王亚哈王的王后,以残忍放荡闻名）。然而，嗓音响亮、巧舌如簧、系着脖领巾、接受福利救济的黑人母亲才是在真人秀电视中最流行的形象。
Mammy is a source of earthy wisdom who is fiercely independent and brooks no backtalk. She is generally a servant responsible for domestic duties and rearing children. She often is portrayed as the antithesis of American standards of beauty - overweight, with exaggerated buttocks and breasts and wearing a head rag.
嬷嬷是朴实智慧的来源，她极为独立，无法忍受任何顶嘴。她通常是负责家务和看管小孩的佣人。她常被描绘成美国标准审美的对立面——超重，有着过于夸张的臀线和胸部，并且头上扎着头巾。
Arkansas Gazette sportswriter Jon Entine surveyed all professional sports teams in 2008 and figured that while 13 percent of the nation’s population is black, 80 percent of the players in the National Basketball Association and 67 percent of the players in the National Football Association are black. Or, to put it another way, Entine calculated that the odds of a black teenager in America becoming a professional athlete are 4,000-to-1.
Arkansas Gazette的体育专栏作家Jon Entine在2008年调查了全美的专业体育队，并指出美国人口虽然只有13%是黑人，但是80%的NBA球员和67%的NFL球员都是黑人。也就是说，通过Entine 的计算，美国的黑人青少年成为职业运动员的几率是4000比1。
Such hard-to-believe facts contradict what so many Americans imagine they know based on what they see on TV. The sports media industry doesn’t have to say explicitly that black athletes dominate sports. They just show an endless highlight reel of slam dunks and touchdown runs, and the pictures speak for themselves. But a picture can—and often does—lie.
如此难以置信的事实与很多美国人想象的他们在电视上所知道的内容相矛盾。体育媒体产业无需明说黑人运动员主导了体育届，他们只是展示了无数的关于扣篮和达阵得分的精彩集锦，一切不言自明。但是图片能够，并且常常，说谎。
媒体的刻板印象及其影响
The media uses stereotypes as a shorthand method of defining characters in ways that are easy for people to identify and categorize. What these stereotypes all have in common is that they reduce to a one-sided, superficial and exaggerated depiction the real variety, depth and complexity of a people.
媒体使用刻板印象作为定义人物的简便方法，以便于人们识别和分类。这些刻板印象都有一个共同之处，就是它们把一个人群的真实的多样性，深度和复杂性总结为片面，肤浅和夸张的描绘。
According to the Entman-Rojecki Index of Race and Media, written in the book The Black Image in the White Mind which published in 2001, 89% of Black female movie characters are shown using vulgar language, while only 17% of White woman are. Black women are shown as being violent in movies 56% of the time compared to the 11% of white women. The Black male, and oftentimes, the Hispanic male, are constantly betrayed as violent, angry and hostile, criminally minded, lazy, lacking intelligence, and engaging in illegal activity, mainly drug dealing or robbery.
根据2001年出版的《白人心中的黑人形象》一书中的“种族和媒体”指数，黑人女性电影人物中有89％使用粗俗语言，而白人女性中只有17％；与白人女性中的11％相比，56%的黑人女性在电影中被展现为暴力形象；黑人男性，通常是西班牙裔男性，时常被描述为有暴力倾向、性格暴躁、怀有敌意、存在犯罪心理、好吃懒做、头脑简单，并且从事非法活动——尤其是是毒品交易和抢劫。
Many researches has explored how media contributes to racism in explicit way. Some of them argue that explicit and intentional ‘racial projects’ can foster antiracist consciousness and promote change in news production. However, more researchers suggest that “The news media have been accused of perpetuating Whites’ aversive racial attitudes by associating Blacks with a variety of social problems ranging from urban decay and unrest to violent crime and costly social welfare systems”.
许多研究探讨了媒体如何明确地导致了种族主义。一些人认为，明确的和有意的“种族项目”可以促进反种族主义意识，促进新闻生产的变化。然而，越来越多的研究人员表示，“新闻媒体被指把黑人与各种社会问题联系起来，包括城市衰退、骚乱，暴力犯罪，昂贵的社会福利体系等，这长期助长了白人对黑人的反感”。
Blacks are considered more violent, lazier and comparatively unintelligent, while whites are portrayed as more peaceful, the most trustworthy, and ranked the 2nd in terms of hard work and intelligence after Asian-Americans.
黑人被认为更暴力，更懒惰和更低智，
白人则被描绘得更温和、最值得信赖，
并在勤奋和智力方面仅次于排名第一的亚裔美国人。
According to the OHRC(Ontario Human Rights Commission), people may experience racial discrimination because of stereotyping. In most cases, stereotypes assume negative characteristics about a group. Even those who are well meaning and not overtly biased can nevertheless stereotype. And the recent cases taking place in the United States which involved in racial affairs just indicate the possible influence by media’s stereotypical portrays.
根据OHRC（安大略省人权委员会）的说法，人们可能因为刻板印象而经历种族歧视。在大多数情况下，媒体的刻板印象假定了一个群体的负面特征。即使那些出于好意且没有明显偏向的刻板印象也可能使受众产生模式化看法。而最近发生在美国的涉及种族事件的案件，恰恰表明了媒体刻板印象可能产生的影响。
Coverage Of Crimes Involving Black Suspects Was Substantially Higher Than Historical Arrest Rates From NYPD Statistics.
根据纽约警局统计，涉及黑人嫌疑人的犯罪报道率远高于黑人历史逮捕率。
The shooting of Michael Brown occurred on August 9, 2014, in Ferguson, Missouri, a northern suburb of St. Louis. An 18-year-old teenager, Michael Brown, is shot and killed by a police officer and the circumstances surrounding the shooting are in dispute. The police say Mr. Brown was shot during a skirmish with the officer. A friend who was walking with Mr. Brown says the officer opened fire when the young men refused to move from the middle of the street to the sidewalk. He says Mr. Brown’s hands were over his head when the officer fired. All agree that Mr. Brown was unarmed. In the entire altercation, Wilson fired a total of twelve bullets; the last was probably the fatal shot.
2014年8月9日，在密苏里州的弗格森市圣路易斯的北部郊区发生了迈克·布朗的枪击事件。一个名为迈克·布朗的18岁少年被一名警察开枪打死，枪击案周围的情况存在争议。警方称布朗在与警员的一次小冲突中被枪击。一位当时与布朗同行的朋友说，警察因为布朗拒绝从街中间走到人行道上而向他开火。他说当警察开火时，布朗的手举过了头顶。所有人都认同布朗当时手无寸铁。在整场争执中，威尔逊总共发射了十二发子弹；最后一枪可能是致命的一枪。
The shooting sparked unrest in Ferguson. Believing accounts that Brown had his hands up in surrender when he was shot, protesters chanted, "Hands up, don't shoot." Protests, both peaceful and violent, along with vandalism and looting, continued for more than a week in Ferguson.
这场枪击案引发了弗格森市的骚乱。抗议者相信当布朗受枪击时举起手投降了，他们高呼：“举起手来，不要开枪。”弗格森发生持续一周以上的抗议活动，包括和平和暴力形式，同时伴随故意破坏和抢劫。
A protester turned her back to the police in Ferguson, Mo.,
at a vigil on Sunday night for Michael Brown.
周日晚，在密苏里州弗格森市一场为迈克·布朗的守夜中，一位抗议者将她的背朝向警察
Ferguson’s population is 67% African American, according to the 2010 census. Yet between 2012 and 2014, 93% of all arrests were of black people and almost nine in 10 uses of force were against African Americans. In all 14 bites by police dogs when racial information of the person bitten was available, that person was African American.
根据2010年的人口普查，弗格森市67%的人口是非裔美国人。然而，在2012到2014年间，93%的被捕者都是黑人，近九成的武力使用都是针对非裔美国人的。具备受伤者种族信息的警犬咬人案例有14起，其中所有的被咬者都是非裔美国人。
A review conducted by Federal investigators found 85% of drivers stopped by police were black, and that African American drivers were twice as likely as white drivers to be searched. Yet black drivers were more than 25% less likely to be found in possession of illegal substances or goods. African American drivers were much more likely than whites to be cited for driving offences when these were observed by police officers in person rather than detected by radar or similar technology.
联邦调查人员的一项调查显示，被警察强制要求停车的司机中有85%是黑人，非裔美国人司机被搜查的机率是白人司机的两倍。然而，黑人司机被发现带有非法物品或货物的概率比白人司机少25%以上。通过警察亲自观察而非使用雷达或相似技术检测，非裔司机相比白人更有可能因为违章驾驶被传讯。
The investigators said they found officials insisting that rather than reflecting racial bias from law enforcement, the disproportionate action against African Americans was instead due to a pervasive lack of “personal responsibility” among “certain segments” of the community.
调查人员发现官员们坚持认为这些对非裔美国人采取的不成比例的行为，与其说是因为执法部门的种族偏见，不如说是警察中的“某些群体”普遍缺乏个人责任感。
“Our investigation suggests that this explanation is at odds with the facts,” the investigators wrote. They added that “while there are people of all races who may lack personal responsibility, the harm of Ferguson’s approach to law enforcement is largely due to the myriad systemic deficiencies” discovered in their investigation.
“我们的调查显示这种解释与事实不符，”调查者写道。他们补充道，在调查中发现“所有种族中都可能有缺乏个人责任感的人，但弗格森执法方法造成的伤害主要归因于种种系统缺陷。”
So where on earth did the deficiencies come from and why they were left unfilled?
所以究竟是什么原因造成了这些缺陷呢？为什么它们还没有被弥补呢？
The media today is more sensitive to issues of culture and gender than it once was, but the creation and perpetuation of common misconceptions about groups of people continues. Oversimplified and inaccurate portrayals have profoundly affected how we perceive one another, how we relate to one another and how we value ourselves.
今天的媒体对于文化和性别问题比以往更敏感，但对群体的普遍误解仍在继续产生和延续。过于简单和失准的描述深深地影响了我们对彼此的看法、我们之间的关系和我们对自己的评价。
参考资料：
News：
http://www.imdb.com/news/ni61712787/
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/nov/13/lupita-nyongo-afro-hair-grazia-prejudice-solange-knowles-black-women#img-1
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/nov/13/lupita-nyongo-hair-grazia-photographer-an-le-apologises-for-monumental-mistake
History：
http://www.racist-stereotypes.com/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype#Role_in_art_and_culture
https://newyorkessays.com/essay-portrayal-of-black-women-in-media/
Present racial portrayals：
https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/news/2013/03/05/55599/the-medias-stereotypical-portrayals-of-race/
http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/examples-racial-discrimination-fact-sheet
Other stereotypes and influence：
https://newyorkessays.com/essay-african-american-identity-in-the-media/
https://newyorkessays.com/essay-female-stereotypes-in-the-media/
https://newyorkessays.com/essay-how-are-women-portrayed-in-the-media/
Shooting of Michael Brown：
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/08/12/us/13police-shooting-of-black-teenager-michael-brown.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&version=HpHeadline&module=b-lede-package-region®ion=lede-package&WT.nav=lede-package&_r=0#/#time348_10366
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/mar/04/ferguson-police-racial-persecution-federal-report
Paper：
The Black Image in the White Mind（ Kassia E. Kulaszewicz，St. Catherine University）
