上周五，中学老师Samuel Paty在距巴黎不远的小镇街头突然惨遭斩首。凶手是一名年仅18岁的年轻人, 他声称Paty先生侮辱了先知穆罕穆德，因为Paty先生向学生展示了一幅有争议的漫画。这桩惨案激起了法国各地的愤慨抗议浪潮。
这桩令人惊骇的惨剧是如何发生的？法国社会的分裂何以至此？让我们来一探究竟。
01
惨案是怎样发生的？
巴黎教师Samuel Paty被砍杀斩首的血案震惊法国。几天前，这名47岁的历史教师在班上进行了一场关于言论自由的激烈的辩论。
Days before Samuel Paty was beheaded in an attack that shocked France, the 47-year-old history teacher was guiding his class through a fraught debate over the limits of free speech.
Paty先生在课上展示了一幅《查理周刊》的漫画，这本讽刺性杂志曾经是2015年一场血腥的恐怖袭击的目标。在展示前，他警告那些可能感到被冒犯到的同学扭过不要观看。
The teacher said he had warned students who might be offended to avert their eyes before he displayed cartoons from Charlie Hebdo, the satirical magazine targeted in a bloody terrorist attack in 2015.
《查理周刊》经常用丑陋的卡通人物描绘宗教人物，这使其成为言论自由的象征的同时，也成为了伊斯兰激进分子的目标。一些激进分子在2015年1月在该周刊新闻编辑室进行了屠杀，几天后被警方击毙。
一份教学安排的拷贝显示，Paty先生在课上展示了两幅漫画。其中一幅描绘了一个男人四肢跪地，他的私处暴露在外，后背上有一颗星星。漫画下面写到：“穆罕默德，一颗星星诞生了。”
According to a copy of the lesson plan, Mr. Paty showed the class two cartoons. One depicted a man on his hands and knees, with his genitals exposed and a star covering part of his backside. The cartoon’s caption read: “Muhammad, a star is born.”
法国反恐检察官Jean-François Ricard表示，这堂课激怒了学校的一位家长，他在社交媒体上发布了视频，对Paty先生与班上的同学分享穆罕默德的画像这件事破口大骂，并要求学校将其开除。
The lesson, however, angered a parent at the school, who posted videos on social media, directing invective at Mr. Paty for sharing a depiction of Muhammad with the class and demanding his dismissal, according to Jean-François Ricard, France’s antiterrorism prosecutor.
据法国官方通报，袭击者是18岁的车臣裔俄罗斯籍的Abdoullakh Abouyezidvitch A。他在周五下午潜入学校，并要求学生指出哪个是Paty先生。在下课后没多久，他就残忍地杀害了Paty先生，并将他的尸体扔在街上。检察官说，该凶手随后在自己的推特账号上承认了这次罪行，并声称Paty先生侮辱了穆斯林先知穆罕默德。警方几分钟后击毙了他。
French officials say his attacker—identified as Abdoullakh Abouyezidvitch A., an 18-year-old Russian national of Chechen origin—lurked outside the school on Friday afternoon asking students to identify Mr. Paty. He killed him shortly after classes ended, leaving his body in the street, officials said. Mr. Ricard said the suspect then claimed responsibility for the attack in a message sent on his Twitter account, which said Mr. Paty had abased the Muslim Prophet Muhammad. Police shot him dead minutes later.
一名法国官员周日表示，警方在对此次袭击的讯问中拘捕了11人，包括凶手的四名家庭成员和之前在网上发布视频的家长。
Police have detained 11 people for questioning in connection with the attack, including four family members of the suspect and the parent who posted the videos, a French official said Sunday.
02
为何发生在法国？
周五的这场袭击与法国的社会背景息息相关，法国拥有欧洲最大的穆斯林社区，政府又决心维护该国长期以来严格的世俗主义传统，这使得近年来法国穆斯林社区的紧张局势不断升级。
Friday’s attack unfolded against a backdrop of rising tensions between elements of France’s Muslim community, among Europe’s largest, and a political establishment determined to preserve the country’s long-running tradition of strict secularism.
世俗与宗教之间的矛盾同样在课堂里产生了碰撞。在学校里，法国禁止出现一些宗教符号，包括穆斯林的头巾，有批评的声音认为这些措施尤为针对穆斯林。
Those two worlds collide in the classroom, where France has imposed a ban on Muslim headscarves and other religious symbols but faced criticism that those measures are applied more strictly to Muslims.
今年9月，在对《查理周刊》的袭击案进行了长达一年多的调查之后，法国开始对同犯进行审判。审判开始时，《查理周刊》重新刊发了引发2015年袭击事件的漫画，并称这些漫画是袭击的“证据”。几天后，一名巴基斯坦移民挥舞着屠刀，在《查理周刊》以前的办公室外面袭击并重伤了两人。
In September, France opened a trial of the attack’s alleged accomplices after a year’s long investigation into the assault. As the trial started, Charlie Hebdo republished the cartoons that triggered the 2015 attack, saying the cartoons served as “evidence.” Days later, a Pakistani immigrant wielding a butcher knife attacked and seriously wounded two people outside Charlie Hebdo’s former office.
最近，法国马克龙政府已宣布“伊斯兰分离主义”是非法的，一些受其影响的社区将宗教法律优先于民事法律。马克龙说，这项法律如果通过，将授权当局关闭向儿童灌输教条的协会和学校，并监督外国对法国宗教组织的投资。这项拟议中的法律旨在阻止极端宗教对法兰西共和国价值观的持续腐蚀。
The government of French President Emmanuel Macron has recently moved to outlaw what he called “Islamic separatism” in communities where he said religious laws are taking precedence over civil ones. Mr. Macron said the law, if passed, would empower authorities to shut down associations and schools that he said indoctrinate children, and monitor foreign investment in religious organizations in France.The proposed law aims to stem what many French consider the steady erosion of the values of the French Republic.
对于法国来说，反恐斗争和防止激化本土圣战已经成为马克龙所说的“生死决战”。在审判了涉嫌2015年9月袭击事件的14人之后，巴黎近几周一直处于高度戒备状态。
For France, the struggle against terrorism and the prevention of the radicalisation of home-grown jihadis has become what Macron described on Friday as an “existential battle”. Paris has been on high alert in recent weeks after the trial of 14 people suspected of being linked to the 2015 attacks opened in September.
而正是在这样社会和宗教动荡的混乱局面下，Paty先生在10月初准备了这么一节课。反恐怖主义检察官Ricard说，为进行有关“言论自由的边界和限制”的八年级课程中，Paty先生组织了一次关于《查理周刊》刊发穆罕默德漫画的辩论。
It was in this cauldron of social and religious turmoil that Mr. Paty prepared to give his lesson in early October. As part of that eighth-grade lesson on the “contours and limits of free speech,” Mr. Ricard, the antiterrorism prosecutor, said Mr. Paty had organized a debate over Charlie Hebdo’s publication of caricatures of Muhammad.
03
各方反应如何？
即使是在一个过去八年里遭遇了欧洲最严重的恐怖主义行为的国家，周五的谋杀案也令人震惊，在法国全国上下激起了愤怒、痛苦和反感。
Even in a country that has confronted some of the worst acts of terrorism in Europe over the past eight years, Friday’s murder was shocking in its savagery, sparking an outpouring of anger, anguish and revulsion across France.
事发数小时后，马克龙总统在现场发表讲话，强调国家团结的重要。他说：“他们不会获胜，不会分裂我们。”《查理周刊》在推特上说：“他们似乎不惜一切代价在给我们的国家强加恐怖主义。”
Speaking at the scene hours after the incident, President Macron stressed national unity. "They will not prevail, they will not divide us," he said. Charlie Hebdo on Friday tweeted: "Intolerance just reached a new threshold and seems to stop at nothing to impose terror in our country."
在巴黎，包括法国总理卡斯泰在内的数千人挤进了公共广场共和国广场。一些人放了花和蜡烛。其他人拿着《查理周刊》的漫画，举着写着“Je Suis Samue（我是Samuel Paty）”的标语，2015年《查理周刊》遭到袭击后，大家的标语是“Je Suis Charlie（我是查理）”。一名男子举着一个大牌子，上面写着：“我是穆斯林，我反对暴力，我主张言论自由。”
In Paris, several thousand people, including French Prime Minister Jean Castex, jammed into Place de la République. Some placed flowers and candles. Others carried caricatures from Charlie Hebdo and held signs reading “Je suis Samuel,” or “I am Samuel,” a reference to the refrain “Je Suis Charlie” after the 2015 attacks on the satirical newspaper. One man carried a large sign that read, “I am Muslim. I am against violence. I am for free expression.”
法国代表性的穆斯林领袖也谴责了这次袭击。“文明人不会杀死一个无辜的人，野蛮人才会。”总部设在斯特拉斯堡的欧洲车臣议会在一份声明中说：“和所有法国人一样，我们对这起事件感到震惊。”
Presentational white space Muslim leaders in France also condemned the attack. "A civilisation does not kill an innocent person, barbarism does," Tareq Oubrou, imam of a mosque in Bordeaux, told France Inter. The Strasbourg-based Assembly of Chechens in Europe said in a statement: "Like all French people, our community is horrified by this incident."
对于法国的情报机构和警察们来说，新的斗争已经不仅仅是防范有计划的大规模恐怖主义行动，还包括识别个人（通常是年轻人），他们不在安全部门的雷达范围内，也没有被标记为有威胁风险。
For the country’s intelligence agencies and police, the struggle of late has shifted from not only foiling planned large-scale terrorist actions but also identifying individuals – often young – who are not on the security services’ radar and not flagged as a threat risk.
中学教师工会主席Jean Remi Girard说，教师们“深切受创”，但不会被吓倒。他说：“在21世纪的法国，看到一名教师因为做了本职工作而被当街斩首，这太可怕了。”
Jean-Remi Girard, president of the secondary school teaching union, said teachers were “devastated” but would not be cowed. “It is terrifying to see that in France in the 21st century, a teacher can be decapitated in the street for doing his job,” Girard said.
“我们将继续谈论言论自由。我们将努力鼓励学生的批判精神，并告诉他们每个人都有权提出不同的意见。”
“We will continue to speak about freedom of speech. We will try to encourage our students’ critical spirit and explain that everyone has the right to disagree.”
编译 | 陈雨昕 靳晓乐 高嘉忆
排版｜高嘉忆
审核｜赵寒旭
