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你的面部表情也有“口音?”

你的面部表情也有“口音?” QuriositySISU
2020-10-14
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导读:研究表明,“非语言口音”早已“出卖”了你是谁



编者按

通过口音认老乡已经是司空见惯的场景,但是你知道你的面部表情和肢体动作也会带有强烈的地域特色吗?实验者发现,当土生土长的日本人和美籍日本裔做出表情时,虽然他们面部特征类似,但人们还是能够分辨两者的身份。你想下次通过面部表情和肢体动作认出老乡吗?一起来看看吧~




01 你的表情,透露了你的国籍

19世纪80年代,科研人员做过一个实验,请参与实验的志愿者辨别日本人以及白种高加索人的面部表情。一些“日本人”是日裔美国人,其余的是日本国民。研究者在实验中发现,志愿者们能很好地分辨日裔美国人以及真正日本人之间面部表情的差异。


研究人员希拉里·埃尔芬拜因和阿比·马什再次重复了这个实验,发现参与实验的美国人也很擅长分辨日裔美国人以及日本人,尽管二者种族相同。实验对象们穿着相同,环境光线也相同。当他们面无表情时,志愿者很难分辨二者之间的区别。但当两组表达出他们的感受,尤其是悲伤的心情时,日本人和日裔美国人间的区别便显露了出来。

Researcher Hillary Elfenbein and Abby Marsh found that the Americans they tested were also strangely good at spotting who was Japanese and who was Japanese-American, even though they were all ethnically the same. The subjects wore the same clothes, and were lit in the same way. When the two groups held neutral expressions, people could barely differentiate between them. But when they showed their feelings, especially sadness, something from Japan or America seemed to emerge.



也许你也有过这样的经历,当你在国外,突然感觉到与你擦肩而过的那个人是你的同胞。有时这样的信号会很明显。 

如果你曾看过电影《无耻混蛋》,你就会发现德国人和英国人表示“3”的手势是不同的。德国人会伸出大拇指、食指和中指,而英国人则会伸出中间的三根手指。大多数人在看到另一种表示方式之前,从来没有意识到这种差异的存在,他们觉得这看起来太奇怪了。

If you‘ve seen the film Inglourious Basterds, you will know that German and British people indicate the number three with their fingers in different ways. (Germans raise their thumb and first two fingers; Britons pin the little finger with their thumb and raise the rest.) Most never realise that this difference exists until they see the alternative, which, to them, looks strange.


德国人会伸出大拇指、食指和中指来表示“3”

有些种族信号可能只是碰巧流行起来的小小习惯,但其它的信号可能别有用心。普京走路时只摆动左臂,而持枪用的右臂却从不摆动,据说这体现了俄罗斯克格勃的武器训练。

克格勃:全称“苏联国家安全委员会”(俄文:Комитет Государственной Безопасности,简称КГБ),与美国中央情报局、英国军情六处和以色列摩萨德,并称为“世界四大情报机构”。苏联解体后,改制为俄罗斯联邦安全局。



正如普京的“快枪手步伐”一般,当我们走路的方式与众不同时,它们常常会“出卖”我们的信息。


自从研究人员埃尔芬拜因与马什发现这个现象以来,她们进一步发现了更多类似的“非语言口音”——那些能在无意中暴露我们来自哪里的小动作。拿美国人来说,他们就能从澳大利亚人微笑、挥手、走路的方式上辨别出他们。

澳大利亚人的挥手方式很有辨识度,参与实验的美国人能够通过这一点准确分辨他们。




02  你的表情,透露了你的真实情绪


近期的更多研究也能够佐证他们的发现。一支来自格拉斯哥大学的研究队伍正在训练计算机识别“非语言口音”,并且进一步模拟人脸,生成60多种有地方特色的表情。区分它们的重要依据往往来自于一些细微的、几乎难以辨认的差别,例如皱鼻子或撅嘴唇等小动作。

More recent research supports their findings. A team at the University of Glasgow has now trained a computer to recognise and then generate more than 60 different non-verbal accents on a simulated face. Subtle, almost indecipherable differences in the way a nose wrinkles and a lip is raised were often all that differentiated them. 


当实验人员向东亚志愿者展示这些人造表情时,他们能容易辨认人造“东亚人”表情,而非人造“西方人”表情。实验人员蕾切尔·杰克表示:“事实上,这个实验说着容易做起来难。”例如,在实验开始之前,杰克和她的同事必须确定英语和汉语中的哪些词代表了大致对应的情绪。


尽管大体上,杰克表示机器人最终应该能够模拟世界上任何文化中、任何场合下人类表情的细微差别。


“非语言口音”的存在并不那么让人感到震惊。我们能够通过声音、面孔,甚至是走路、跑步的姿势来认出一个人,哪怕我们并不知道这其中的原理。


中国公司银河水滴科技称,该公司开发的软件能够通过走路的影像来识别一个人,并且准确率高达94%。如果个体的肢体动作有如此显著的特征,那么一群人的肢体动作有一些共同特点也不足为奇,并且对于旁观者来说,这种共性可能更加明显。

The Chinese technology company Watrix claims that their software can identify a person from footage of them walking, with accuracy of up to 94%. If an individual‘s movements can be so distinctive, then it is not unreasonable to think that groups might share a few in common, and that this might be noticeable to outsiders.



我们通常会从网球运动员击球后的体态来判断其得分情况,而非面部表情。


已经有证据表明,我们从肢体语言中读懂的东西比我们意识到的要多。在2012年的一项研究中,实验人员向实验对象展示网球运动员在打出重要一击之后的照片。事实证明,相比于从运动员面部表情中获取信息来说,实验对象更容易从他们的肢体动作中判断远动员的输赢。


当实验人员将失分球员的面部与得分球员的身体进行组合,人们通常会通过身体姿态来判断运动员的得分失分情况,反之亦然。这项实验的后续重复实验也证实了这一发现。后续实验还发现,当运动员为东亚人时,香港大学生的测试准确率普遍较高。这说明,我们更容易识别我们最熟悉的“肢体口音”,因为我们常常在身边的人群中看到它们。

When losing faces were placed on winning bodies, or vice versa, it was the bodies that overwhelmingly guided people‘s judgements. A later version of the study produced the same findings, along with the fact that Hong Kong college students did better overall when the athletes were East Asian, which again suggests that we are better at spotting those postural accents that we are most familiar with because we see them in the people around us.


在一项经典的研究中,来自普林斯顿大学的心理学家发现——参与者会认为两张照片中看起来更“有能力”的人是选举获选人。当孩子们看到同样的图片,并要求他们为一个电子游戏选择一个虚构的“队长”时,他们也成了优秀的政治家。不过,看起来可靠和真正可靠之间似乎没有任何联系。

In a classic study, psychologists at Princeton University found that participants were good at picking election winners just by choosing who looked more “capable” from a pair of photographs. Even children became good political pundits when they were shown the same pictures and asked to choose an imaginary “captain” for a video game. Still, there appears to be no connection between looking reliable, and being it.



03 你的表情,透露了你的银行存款

另一方面,有些人的面孔上似乎确实写满了过往生活的点点滴滴。在2017年的一项研究中,研究人员向参与者展示了一组从约会软件中挑选出来的中性表情。相比于纯粹的猜测,他们通过看表情能更准确地分辨出富人和穷人。事实上,他们能仅看照片中人的眼睛,特别是嘴的照片就能分辨出来。通过深入调查,研究人员得出的结论是,富人只是看起来比穷人更有吸引力或更积极(快乐和可爱的结合)。当参与者看到照片上每个人都面带微笑并且刻意看起来很积极时,他们就没法通过表情区分穷人和富人了。

On the other hand, some faces do seem to record information about the life they‘ve lived. When shown a selection of neutral expressions taken from dating apps, participants in a 2017 study were able to tell rich people from poor more accurately than if they were just guessing. Indeed they could still do it with pictures of only the person’s eyes or, in particular, their mouth. After further investigation, the researchers came to the conclusion that rich people just look a little more attractive or more positive (a mixture of happy and likeable) than poor people do. When shown photographs in which everybody was smiling and looking deliberately positive, participants lost their ability to tell rich and poor apart.



当查看现有数据时,他们发现包括美国在内的“祖先多样化”国家的人更常微笑。


至少,当人们真正想要了解对方时,“非语言口音”告诉我们,还是直接说话更有效。

At the very least, when people really want to understand each other, non-verbal accents show us that it‘s good to talk.




原文链接 :

https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200911-the-hidden-accents-that-betray-who-you-are



编译 | 祖芃芃  陈语姝  庄雯怡

排版 | 陈语姝



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