说起德国对待二战的态度，不论是勃兰特的“华沙之跪”还是一直被视为典范的积极反思态度都为人所熟知。然而，当谈到一战时，我们却很难想到任何能与前面所说的相提并论的人或事。在德国，一战似乎是一场被遗忘的冲突。为什么？
On the streets of Berlin, you can't help but be reminded of the horrors of World War II.
站在柏林的街头，你会情不自禁地回想起二战的恐惧和痛苦。
The stark concrete slabs of the Holocaust memorial stand just outside the city's Brandenburg Gate. Then there are the thousands of brass "stumbling stones" carefully set into the city's sidewalks, memorializing victims of the Holocaust. In Germany, it's called Erinnerungskultur, a "culture of remembrance" that takes an unflinching look into the darkest corners of the country's history.
勃兰登堡门外，纪念犹太人大屠杀的混凝土方块冷酷而真实地伫立着。城市的人行道上，数千块黄铜“绊脚石” 纪念着大屠杀的遇难者。在德国，这被称为Erinnerungskultur，这种“纪念文化”对这个国家历史中最黑暗的角落投以毫不退缩的凝视。
▲柏林 | 犹太人大屠杀纪念碑群
Yet, when it comes to remembering World War I, there are far fewer memorials. At the Columbiadamm Cemetery in Berlin more than 7,000 World War I soldiers are buried. The rows of crosses are kept neat and tidy but are rarely visited, said Anne-Susann Schanner, an education officer at the Berlin branch of the German National Federation for the Care of War Graves.
然而当提及一战时，用以纪念的场所就少得多。在柏林的科伦拜达姆公墓，埋葬着7000多名一战阵亡士兵。Anne-Susann Schanner是德国国家战争墓地保护联合会柏林分部的教育官员。她说，一排排墓碑上的十字干净整洁，却少有人问津。
"Sometimes I do see flowers on the war graves. People don't even have to go personally, they can ask us to put flowers on the grave. It happens when it's the death date or the birthday of the deceased," Schanner explained. "There are no witnesses left and most people don't have that emotional connection to World War I."
“有时我的确会看见那些墓碑上有献花。人们甚至都不用亲自前去，他们可以让我们在墓碑上代为献花，通常会在逝者的死亡日期或者生日时。”Schanner解释道，“一战的亲历者都不在了，大多数人对于那场战争并没有情感联结。”
This year marks a century since the end of the Great War. In France and the UK, the end of the war is marked every November 11 as Armistice Day, when Germany surrendered and signed a peace treaty with the Allied Powers, including Britain, France and the United States.
迄今那场大战结束了整整一个世纪。在法国和英国，人们用11月11日停战日纪念战争的终结，1918年的那一天德国投降并与英、法、美在内的同盟国签署合约。
Poppies are pinned on British lapels to remember fallen soldiers and the country pauses for two minutes of silence to mark the moment Germany surrendered. A National Service of Remembrance is held and a member of the royal family lays a wreath of poppies at the Cenotaph memorial in London.
在英国，人们在衣服的翻领上别上罂粟花怀念阵亡将士，全国默哀两分钟，纪念德国投降的那一刻。在伦敦的和平纪念碑举行了全国性的纪念仪式，一位皇室成员还献上了罂粟花圈。
▲为纪念2014年一战爆发100周年，伦敦塔周围放置了一件陶瓷罂粟花的装置艺术品。
In France, there are blue cornflowers instead of red poppies and a national holiday to remember those who died in the war. French President Emmanuel Macron is doing a week-long tour of World War I battlefields and holding commemorative events with British Prime Minister Theresa May and German Chancellor Angela Merkel, before convening a peace summit in Paris also attended by US President Donald Trump.
在法国，人们用蓝色的矢车菊（而不是红色的罂粟花）和全国性节日来纪念那些在战争中牺牲的人。法国总统埃马纽埃尔•马克龙将对一战战场进行为期一周的访问，并与英国首相特里萨•梅和德国总理安格拉•默克尔举行纪念活动，随后参与在巴黎召开和平峰会。美国总统唐纳德•特朗普也将出席此峰会。
In Germany, however, the day is marked with muted self-reflection. This year, there will be memorial speeches in parliament accompanied by an art exhibition and a separate concert. But there is no nationwide event to mark the end of the war. For some critics, Germany has a selective memory when it comes to its culture of remembrance.
然而，在德国，这一天的标志是沉默的自我反省。今年议会将举办纪念演讲和艺术展，以及一场单独的音乐会。但并没有全国性活动来纪念战争的结束。一些批评人士认为，德国在纪念文化方面是选择性记忆的。
"Other European countries have already appointed commissions of World War I historians years ago, planned memorial events, built new museums. Only Germany did not do this," said Sevim Dagdelen, a member of parliament for the left-wing Die Linke party.
德国极左翼国会议员 Sevim Dagdelen指出，“其他欧洲国家早在多年前就已经任命组建了一战历史学家委员会、计划纪念活动、建造新的博物馆。只有德国没这么做。”
She points out that until last year the German government did not organize any independent memorial events, only accepting invitations for events outside the country. "I still think that's scandalous, that the role Germany played in WWI, as the aggressor, as the cause of WWI, was consciously denied," she said.
她指出，直到去年，德国政府还没有组织过任何独立的纪念活动，只是接受他国活动的邀请。她说：“德国作为侵略者挑起一战的事实被有意识地否认了。我觉得这很可耻。”
▲2017年，德国总理安格拉·默克尔在一战阵亡士兵纪念碑前。
So what explains Germany's World War I memory lapse in its culture of remembering?
那么，如何解释德国纪念文化中一战记忆的缺失呢?
It's not just that Germany lost the war. What was the end of the war for France and Great Britain was also the beginning of a catastrophic disaster for Germany. The end of WWI changed the nation, ushering in the 1918 revolution that brought down the monarchy and installed the fractious, short-lived Weimar republic that led, ultimately, to the rise of Adolf Hitler and his Nazi regime.
德国不仅输掉了战争。对英法来说这是战争的结束，但对德国来说还意味着毁灭性灾难的开始。一战的结束改变了这个国家：推翻了君主制，建立了动荡而短暂的魏玛共和国，最终导致阿道夫·希特勒及其纳粹政权的崛起。
In Germany, the trauma and atrocities of World War II completely overshadow the Great War and in schools, teachers often regard the events of 1914-18 simply as a prelude to the much larger disaster to come.
在德国，二战的创伤和暴行完全超越了一战，在学校，老师们常常把1914~1918年的一战看成是未来更大灾难的前奏。
"The Second World War was so total from a German perspective -- and the experience of defeat was much more total than in 1918 -- that people have rightly and understandably obsessed about what led them to that disaster. And it's only in that context that they give much attention to the First World War," said professor Robert Gerwarth, director of the Centre for War Studies at University College Dublin.
教授Robert Gerwarth是都柏林大学战争研究中心的主任，他指出，“从德国的角度来看，二战是如此彻底——战败的经历比1918年要多得多——以至于人们很自然地痴迷于是什么导致了这场灾难。只有在这种情况下，他们才会关注第一次世界大战。”
"For a very long time the First World War was overshadowed by the Second World War, which is of course for Germany an even bigger war -- in terms of lives lost, the level of destruction within Germany and the trauma of the Holocaust. Up until 10 years ago, whenever historians or the general public discussed the First World War it was often seen as a kind of pre-history to the Second World War."
“在很长一段时间里，一战在二战面前显得黯然失色。就生命损失、德国国内的破坏程度和大屠杀的创伤而言，二战对于德国是一场更大的战争。直到10年前，每当历史学家或公众讨论一战时，都视之为二战的前史。”
Furthermore, precisely because of Germany's wartime history, the country still grapples with how to remember its war dead. At the Columbiadamm Cemetery, there is a monument to the war erected in 1925, a statue of a fallen soldier draped with a blanket, only his clenched fist visible, with his helmet and weapon laid upon him. Underneath are these words: "We died so that Germany may live. Let us live through you!"
此外，正是由于其战史德国仍在尽力解决如何缅怀战死者的问题。在哥伦拜达姆公墓，有一座建于1925年的战争纪念碑。那是一个披着毯子的倒下士兵的雕像，他紧握着拳头，身上放着头盔和武器。雕像下面写着：“我们死了，德国才能活下去。请替我们活下去！”
"Propaganda used to claim that Germany will win the war," Schanner, the education officer, explained. "They kept repeating how Germany won battles. And in the heads of the German people, that was the way it was. And then the war ended and they were shocked: 'We lost. And we have to give away parts of our country and pay reparations.' For many, it was a shameful peace."
教育部官员Schanner解释说：“舆论曾一直宣称德国将赢得战争。他们不断重复德国是如何打赢几场战役的。由此，德国人民把它当作是事实。战争结束了，德国人民震惊了：‘我们输了。我们不得不放弃部分领土，并赔款。’对很多人来说，这是可耻的和平。”
"The population had to be assured: "Yes, we lost the war, but the victims didn't die in vain."
“德国必须给民众一个交待：‘德国的确战败了，但是这些牺牲者不会白白死去’。
▲位于柏林科伦拜达姆公墓的一战坟墓
But those nationalist sentiments were warped by the fascism that swept the country under Hitler and the Nazi regime. During that time, there was a boom in memorial building, with many village churches installing a memorial to the war dead, says Schanner. "Those memorials are very glorifying of war heroes and for us, from today's perspective, of course that's reprehensible," she says.
然而，在希特勒和纳粹政权的统治下，这些民族主义情绪被席卷整个德国的法西斯主义所扭曲。在那段时间里，许多乡村教堂都在为阵亡战士修建纪念碑，德国因此多出了很多战争纪念性建筑。Schanner说:“虽然这些纪念碑是对战争英雄的赞美，但是我们从今天的角度来看，这些当然是应该受到谴责的。”
There's particular concern that the far-right Alternative for Germany party (AfD), now that it has gained seats in the German parliament, is pushing for a nationalist revision of the country's history. AfD co-leader Alexander Gauland recently told party members that Hitler and Nazism "were just a bird s**t in 1,000 years of successful Germany history."
目前令人十分担忧的是，德国极右翼新选择政党（AfD）在德国议会获得席位后，正推动国家历史的民族主义修正路线。该党派的联合领导人Alexander Gauland最近告诉党内成员，希特勒和纳粹主义“在德国成功的1000年历史中不值一提”。
But there is also some indication that Germany is taking a closer look at its World War I history. This year, it has increased the number of commemorative events. Chancellor Merkel will hold a joint memorial with President Macron at the Compiègne Forest in France where the armistice was signed.
但也有迹象表明，德国正在更仔细地审视其第一次世界大战的历史。今年，德国增加了纪念战争活动的数量。默克尔总理将与法国总统马克龙在签署停战协议的法国贡比涅森林共同举行纪念活动。
Most symbolic, for the first time German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier will attend Britain's National Service of Remembrance with Prince Charles to lay a wreath at the Cenotaph. But for critics like Dagdelen, the government needs to do more.
最具象征意义的是，德国总统施泰因将与英国王子查尔斯首次参加英国国家悼念仪式，并向纪念碑献上花圈。但是很多像Dagdelen这样的批评家却认为，德国政府需要做的远远不止这些。
▲德国前总理威利•勃兰特著名的的“华沙之跪”
"The German government has to be a role model for a peaceful foreign policy, which starts with a sentence by former Chancellor Willy Brandt: 'There must never be a war started from German soil again.' That is what we learned from German history and that has to be an obligation for us."
“正如德国前总理威利•勃兰特说的那样：‘德国绝不会成为发动战争的国家了’，德国政府应该成为实行和平外交政策的代表国家，这就是我们德国人从历史中所学到的，这将是我们国家的义务。”
Source: https: //edition.cnn.com/2018/11/09/europe/world-war-one-centenary-germany-intl/index.html
翻译: 刘可圆 苏娟 貟扬 李昕瑞
排版 刘可圆
