美国年轻女孩的自杀率正在以比男孩更快的速度上升，这大大突破了许多人的既有印象。专家分析称，年轻女孩更易受到社交媒体负面影响，同时随着社会压力的不断增加，最终导致了她们自杀。
Suicide rates for young girls are rising at a pace faster than that of boys, changing the established patterns that boys are more likely to die by suicide and that girls are more likely to consider it and attempt it, according to a new study.
一项最新研究，年轻女孩的自杀率正在以超过男孩的速度不断增长。这改变了“男孩更有可能自杀，而女孩只是考虑或尝试自杀”这一固有模式。
Researchers at Nationwide Children's Hospital in Columbus, Ohio analyzed suicide rates of US kids and teens ages 10 to 19 between 1975 and 2016 using the Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research database, run by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
在俄亥俄州哥伦布市的全美儿童医院中，研究人员利用CDC运营的流行病研究数据库中广泛的在线数据，分析了美国在1975-2016内10到19岁儿童和青少年的自杀率。
注：
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)：美国疾病控制与预防中心
Although boys were 3.8 times more likely than girls to kill themselves over the 40-year study period, the gap is rapidly narrowing. Starting in 2007, the rates of suicide for girls 10 to 14 increased 12.7% per year, compared with 7.1% for boys the same age. A similar trend was seen for teens 15 to 19, with rates of suicide going up 7.9% for girls and 3.5% for boys.
尽管在这40年里男孩自杀的可能性是女孩的3.8倍，但这一差距正在迅速缩小。从2007年开始，10到14岁女孩的自杀率每年增长12.7%，而同龄男孩的自杀率只增长了7.1%。15到19岁的青少年也出现了类似的趋势，女孩的自杀率上升了7.9%，而男孩只上升了3.5%。
Suicide is the second leading cause of death in kids and teens ages 10 to 19 in the United States after accidents and unintentional injuries, according to the CDC. Rates of suicide have historically been higher in boys than in girls across all age groups.
CDC的数据显示，造成10岁到19岁美国儿童和青少年死亡的第二大主要原因就是自杀，仅次于意外事故和意外伤害。从历史上看，所有年龄段的男孩自杀率都高于女孩。
The study answered the reasons behind the troubling trends, explained Dr. Joan Luby, a child and adolescent psychiatrist at the Washington University School of Medicine, and Sarah Kertz, a clinical psychologist at Southern Illinois University, in a commentary published alongside the study in JAMA.
华盛顿大学医学院的儿童和青少年精神病学家Joan Luby博士和南伊利诺伊大学临床心理学家Sarah Kertz在《美国医学会杂志》上发表了一篇评论文章，他们解释说这项研究回答了这些令人不安的趋势背后的原因。
Girls may be more vulnerable to the negative effects of social media
女孩可能更容易受到社交媒体的负面影响
"Compared with boys, girls use social media more frequently and are more likely to experience cyberbullying," Luby and Kertz wrote.
“与男孩相比，女孩更频繁地使用社交媒体，更有可能遭遇网络欺凌，” Luby和Kertz写道。
Girls who are depressed also elicit more negative responses from their friends on social media than boys, they added.
他们补充说，与男孩相比，抑郁的女孩会因为社交媒体上的朋友而引发更多的负面反应。
Combined, they say, these findings suggest that the negative effects of social media may be stronger on girls and may provide one explanation for why young girls are more vulnerable to suicidal thoughts and behaviors.
他们说，综合来看，这些发现表明社交媒体对女孩的负面影响可能更强，这也许可以解释为什么年轻女孩更容易产生自杀的想法和行为。
The role of societal rules and expectations
社会规则和期望所产生的作用
"We know that certain societal rules and expectations for women can be associated with higher rates of mental health issues and suicide rates," said Dr. Barbara Robles-Ramamurthy, child and adolescent psychiatrist at the Long School of Medicine at UT Health San Antonio.
“我们知道某些针对女性的社会规则和期望可能与较高的心理健康问题率、自杀率有关，”圣安东尼奥大学朗德医学院儿童和青少年精神病学家Barbara Robles-Ramamurthy博士说。
"Another reason for the rise in depression and suicidal behaviors for both boys and girls may be more stress and pressure being placed on kids."
“导致男孩女孩抑郁症和自杀行为增多的另一个原因可能是孩子们肩负着的压力越来越大。”
"Kids are feeling more pressure to achieve, more pressure in school, and are more worried about making a living than in previous years," he said.
他说:“与前几年相比，孩子们为了实现目标感受到了更大的压力，他们的学习压力更大，并且他们更加担心就业问题。”
In isolation, none of these factors has been proven to lead to an increase in suicidal behaviors and ultimately suicide, but taken together, a pattern begins to emerge.
如果单独来看这些因素，它们都没有被证实会导致自杀行为的增加；但是如果将这些因素综合起来，他们就会组成一种导致自杀的模式。
Recognizing warning signs in children and teens
及时察觉小孩和青少年患精神疾病的警告信号
Mental illness -- especially when it comes to depression and anxiety -- can be silent or manifest in ways parents would not expect, Robles-Ramamurthy said. In addition to sadness, depression in kids and teens can manifest as anger and irritability.
Robles-Ramamurthy说，精神疾病可能是父母意想不到的无迹象或者明显的显现，尤其是当涉及到抑郁和焦虑时。除了悲伤之外，儿童和青少年的抑郁还表现为愤怒和烦躁。
"It's very normal for your child to start getting a little more moody and defiant," she said of the teenage years. "But if you start seeing drastic changes, their academic performance is declining, they're not spending as much time with family or isolating themselves, those are big red flags."
她在谈到青少年时期时说：“你的孩子开始变得有点喜怒无常并且目中无人，这很正常。但如果当你开始看到巨大的变化时，比如他们的学习成绩正在下降、他们不花太多时间与家人在一起或者孤立自己，这些都是巨大的危险信号。”
来源|CNN
https://edition.cnn.com/2019/05/17/health/suicide-rates-young-girls-study/index.html
编译|王姝
排版|王姝
指导老师|刘佳
