肤色之外，发色也有歧视？

发色是人们如何定义自我及他人的一个重要方面。随着时间的推移，特定发色逐渐与各种性格特征联系在一起。已有研究表明，人们对特定发色有特定的认知。这些刻板印象与我们的自然发色有关: 金发在人们的刻板印象中被认为是愚钝，黑发则是聪明，红发是脾气暴躁。这些刻板印象甚至会导致偏见，影响我们的事业和个人生活。

There are many generalizations about people with blonde hair, and blonde women in particular. Blonde hair is often perceived as attractive, glamorous, and sexy. The 1933 film Bombshell starring Jean Harlow popularized the phrase “blonde bombshell,” describing a blonde woman with sex appeal. Similarly, there are the “blonde babe” and the“busty blonde” stereotypes. Blonde women are also seen as popular and exciting; as the famous saying goes, “blondes have more fun.” A 1960s advertising campaign for Lady Clairol hair dye asked, “Is it true that blondes have more fun?” This was followed by a slogan that became one of the most famous in advertising history, “If I’ve only one life, let me live it as a blonde.”

针对金发的人，尤其是金发女性，有很多一概而论的说法。金发通常被认为是迷人和性感的，1933年由珍·哈洛主演的电影《性感炸弹》让“金发炸弹”这个词流行起来，这个词描绘了具有性感魅力的金发女性。类似还有诸如“金发美女”和“大胸金发女郎”这样的刻板印象。金发女性也被认为是受欢迎和令人兴奋的代表，正如一句流行语所说，“金发女郎能给你带来更多乐趣。”上世纪60年代，伊卡璐女士染发剂的广告宣传问道:“金发女郎真的更有趣吗?”随后引申出了广告史上最著名的一句口号之一:“如果只活一次我只有一次生命，就让我做个金发女郎吧。”

The invention of hair dye introduced the “fake blonde”, including the “bottle blonde,” “bleach blonde,” or “suicide blonde” (“dyed by her own hand”). The fashion doll Barbie led to the image of the Barbie Doll type, a tanned, busty, blue-eyed blonde. This is the look that inspired Ukrainian model Valeria Lukyanova to transform herself into a “real-life Barbie doll” or “Human Barbie.”

染发剂的发明引入了“假金发”，包括“瓶染金发”、“漂白金发”或“自杀金发”(dyed 和died谐音梗 即自己亲手染)。时尚娃娃芭比引出了芭比娃娃类型的形象——皮肤黝黑，胸部丰满，金发碧眼。正是这一造型激发了乌克兰模特瓦莱里娅·卢基亚诺娃的灵感，她把自己变成了“现实版芭比娃娃”或“真人芭比”。

Blonde hair is envied, although blonde women are also stereotyped negatively as vain, promiscuous, naïve, or “stupid.” A blonde woman is thought to rely on her looks rather than her intelligence. It is also stereotyped that men find blonde women to be more attractive than women with other hair colors. The “dumb blonde” is a staple of Hollywood movies. In Legally Blonde, Reese Witherspoon’s character Elle Woods earns a law degree at Harvard University, despite giving the initial appearance that she is a “blonde bimbo,” an attractive but scatterbrained woman. There is an entire genre of humor known as “blonde jokes,” which exploit the stereotype that blonde women are unintelligent, while the idiom “to have a blonde moment” is to do something unintelligent or to forget something.

金发令人羡慕，但金发女郎也被赋予虚荣、乱交、天真、“愚蠢”的刻板印象。人们往往会认为金发女郎依靠的是外表而不是智慧。还有一种刻板印象是，男人觉得金发女人比拥有其他发色的女人更具吸引力。好莱坞就主打“愚蠢的金发女郎"。在《律政俏佳人》中，尽管艾丽（瑞茜·威瑟斯彭 饰）最初看起来是一个“金发碧眼”、有魅力但头脑简单的女人，她在哈佛大学获得了法律学位。有一种被称为“金发笑话”的幽默类型，它利用了金发女人不聪明的刻板印象，而“拥有金发时刻”则表明人们犯傻或忘记某事。

In contrast to the “brainless blonde” is the “brainy brunette.” Brunette women are stereotyped variously as smart, sophisticated, or serious. In Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, Marilyn Monroe’s “ditzy blonde” character is countered by her best friend Dorothy Shaw; a clever, witty, down-to-earth brunette played by Jane Russell. The brunette woman can also be perceived as a wholesome, sensible, girl-next-door type.

与“无脑金发女郎”形成对比的是“聪明的黑发女郎”。黑发女性被刻板地认为是聪明、老练或严肃的。在《绅士爱美人》中，玛丽莲·梦露的”无脑金发女郎“角色遭到她最好的朋友多萝西·肖（简·拉塞尔 饰）的对比，多萝西是一个聪明、机智、脚踏实地的黑发女郎。黑发女人也被认为是一个健康、明智的，邻家女孩类型。

Brown hair is the most common hair color, and so brunettes may also be characterized as plain looking and dull, with “boring,” “mousy-brown” colored hair.

棕色是最常见的发色，因此这种发色的人被描述为平淡无奇和沉闷的。

Alternatively, Hollywood has a preference for brunette men, especially the man who is “tall, dark, and handsome.” Dark hair is often seen as mysterious and exotic. In popular culture, people with very dark hair are also stereotyped as sinister, untrustworthy, and wicked. Like the "good witch and the bad witch", light hair is often equated with goodness, while dark hair is portrayed as “evil.” In the Marvel Universe movies, the blonde God Thor is a virtuous hero, while his dark-haired adopted brother Loki is a villain.

然而，好莱坞也更喜欢黑发男，尤其是那些"高大、忧郁、英俊"的男人。黑深色头发经常被视为神秘和具有异国情调的象征。在流行文化中，头发非常黑的人也被刻板地定型为险恶、不可信和邪恶。像"好女巫和坏女巫"一样，浅色的头发往往等同于善良，而黑头发则被描绘成"邪恶"。在漫威宇宙电影中， 金发的雷神是一个善良的英雄， 而他的黑头发兄弟洛基是一个恶棍。

Red hair was the inspiration of noted artists, including Titan, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and Sandro Botticelli in his famous “The Birth of Venus” painting. Natural red hair is perceived as striking, unusual, and uncommon. It is statistically rare, accounting for only 2–3% of the world’s population. Paradoxically, redheads have been stigmatized throughout history and have been accused of being vampires, demons, and witches. During the European witch-hunts in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, some women were put to death, simply because they had red hair, which was believed to be the devil’s mark. This fear of red hair possibly stems from the Biblical story of Judas betraying Christ, because many artworks depict Judas with red hair and a red beard. In France until recently, people with red hair were called poil de Judas, meaning “hair of Judas.”

红头发是一些著名艺术家的灵感来源，包括画家提香，但丁·加百利·罗塞蒂和桑德罗·波提切利，桑德罗·波提切利在他的著名画作"金星的诞生"中就展现了这一点。天然红头发被认为是突出的，不寻常的，罕见的。统计学上，红发确实是罕见的，只占世界人口的2-3%。然而，红发女郎在历史上一直受到污名化，并被指控为吸血鬼、恶魔和女巫。在十六世纪和十七世纪的欧洲女巫追捕中，一些妇女被逼迫至死，仅仅是因为她们的红头发，在那时红头发被认为是魔鬼的标志。这种对于红头发的恐惧可能源于《圣经》中犹太背叛基督的故事，因为许多艺术品描绘了红头发和红胡子的犹太。不久以前，在法国，红头发的人还被称为"poil de Judas"，意思是"背叛者的头发"。

Today, prejudice against people with natural red hair still exists, which has been likened to racism, while redheads have been called “the white-skinned other". Often called “gingers,” especially in the U.K., prejudice against people with red hair is known as “gingerism.” Red hair is so stigmatized that some red-haired people prefer the terms “strawberry blonde” or “auburn” to having their hair labeled as “orange” or “red”. People with red hair are often assumed to have certain characteristics on the basis of the color of their hair. They are typified as impulsive, quick-tempered, libidinous, and wild. The personalities of people with red hair are often believed to be imitative of their red hair, and they are seen as fiery, hot-tempered, hot-blooded, passionate, and angry.

如今，对天然红发者的偏见仍然存在并且与种族主义有关，因为红发者会被蔑称为“白种人中的另类”。尤其在英国，红发者被称为“姜人”，对红发者的偏见叫“姜人主义”。由于 红发经常被污名化，所以一些红头发的人更喜欢“草莓金”或“赤褐色”，而不是让他们的头发被冠名为“橙色”或“红色”。红发者常常被赋予冲动、易怒、好色和狂野性格的刻板印象。人们往往认为红发人的个性和他红发给人的感受是一致的，即暴躁、性急、热血的，热情和易怒。

Many stereotypes exist of people with red hair and, because it is so rare, these generalizations are often a symbolic representation of famous people with red hair. Redheads are supposed to be funny, weird, and wacky, and  they are thought of as clownish, such as Ronald McDonald.

由于红发非常罕见，所以对于红发者的很多刻板印象是对一些红发名人的特征的概括性体现。人们认为红头发的人应该是有趣而古怪的，如被视为小丑一般的麦当劳叔叔。

The popular stereotypes negatively affect the lives of people with red hair. They often have low self-esteem, experience insecurity, and feel a profound sense of being not only different from other people, but also inferior. As implied by the phrase “red-headed stepchild,” people with red hair often feel neglected, mistreated, or unwanted. In 2011, the world’s largest sperm bank, Cryos International, barred red-haired men from donating due to low demand.

人们对红发的刻板印象给这部分人的生活带来了一些负面影响：他们往往更加自卑和缺乏安全感，并感觉自己与他人不同，甚至低人一等。正如“红发继子”这一短语所暗示的那样，红发拥有者常常感到自己被忽视、被虐待或不受欢迎。在2011年，世界最大的精子库Cryos精子银行甚至因为需求量低而禁止红发男子捐献精子。

Anti-red bias and bullying are common problems, especially in the United Kingdom. “Ginger Kids”, an episode of the cartoon South Park was a satire of racism and prejudice. The episode description states, “After the sudden onset of the disease Gingervitis, Cartman rallies all ginger kids to rise up and assume their role as the master race. The show had unintended consequences, spawning an unofficial “Kick a ginger kid day” across the UK, in which children with red hair were bullied, attacked, and kicked. In recent years, there have been a number of suicides related to the bullying of red-haired people. In 2013, 15-year-old Helena Farrell took her own life because of the constant bullying she endured for having red hair.

反红色偏见与欺凌是常常困扰红发拥有者们的问题，尤其是在英国。动画片《南方公园》中有一集名为“姜人“，其中表达了对种族主义和偏见的讽刺。这一集讲述了在疾病Gingervitis（这一疾病能够导致患病者出现”姜人“的特征，即红发、雀斑和苍白的）突然流行后，卡特曼召集了所有“姜人”，成立了一个纳粹组织，并发动了以“姜人”为主导的“姜人分离主义运动”。但该剧产生了意想不到的后果——它在英国范围内激起了 一场非官方的“欺凌姜孩日”，红发的孩子们被欺负、攻击，和踢打。近几年来，红发的人们因遭遇欺凌而自杀的事件也时有发生。2013年，15岁的海伦娜·法雷尔就因红红发而受到霸凌，最终自杀身亡。

Hair color is a unique part of who we are. It's a part of our identity. However, it doesn't tell us a lot about personality, although it can affect how we are perceived or treated by other people.

发色是我们独特的一个组成部分，也彰显着我们的身份。尽管发色能够影响他人对我们的看法及他人对待我们的方式，但它并不能够完全地揭示一个人的性格。以发色取人，依然是十分主观与片面的方式。