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Halloween costumes from the first half of the 20th century were terrifying. Drawing on the holiday's pagan and Christian roots -- as a night to ward off evil spirits or reconcile with death, respectively -- people often opted for more morbid, serious costumes than the pop culture-inspired ones of today, according to Lesley Bannatyne, an author who has written extensively about the history of Halloween.

"Before it evolved into the family-friendly, party occasion we know it as, October 31 was deeply linked to ghosts and superstitions," she said in a phone interview. "It was seen as a day 'outside of normal,' when you act outside of society's norms. "Wearing ghoulish costumes -- not horror-inspired like today's, but plain frightful -- was an essential part of it."

The genesis of Halloween costumes may date back over 2,000 years. Historians consider the Celtic pagan festival of Samhain, which marked summer's end and the beginning of the year's "darker" half in the British Isles, to be the holiday's precursor.

It was believed that, during the festival, the world of the gods became visible to humans, resulting in supernatural mischief. Some people offered treats and food to the gods, while other wore disguises -- such as animal skins and heads -- so that wandering spirits might mistake them for one of their own. 

"Hiding behind their costumes, villagers often played pranks on one another, but blamed the spirits," Bannatyne said. "Masks and cover-ups came to be seen as means to get away with things. That's continued throughout Halloween's evolution."

In medieval England and Ireland, people would dress up in outfits symbolizing the souls of the dead, going from house to house to gather treats or spice-filled "soul cakes" on their behalf (a Christian custom known as "souling"). From the late 15th century, people started wearing spooky outfits to personify winter spirits or demons, and would recite verses, songs and folk plays in exchange for food (a practice known as "mumming")

"People in rural America really embraced its pagan roots, and the idea of it as a dark occasion, centered around death," she said in a phone interview. "They wore scary, frightening get-ups, which were made at home with whatever was on hand: sheets, makeup, improvised masks. 

"Anonymity was a big part of the costumes," she added. "The whole point of dressing up was to be completely in disguise." 

Those same decades also saw the emergence of costumes influenced by pop culture, alongside the first major costume manufacturing companies. The J. Halpern Company (better known as Halco) of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, began licensing images of fictional characters like Popeye, Olive Oyl, Little Orphan Annie and Mickey Mouse around this time, according to Bannatyne.

"People also became fascinated with impersonating characters at the fringe of society," she said, adding that pirates, gypsies and even homeless people became common outfit choices.

By the mid-1940s, the press had dubbed the night's anarchy (or its broken fences and smashed windows, at least) the "Halloween problem" -- and costumes may have "partly enabled that behavior," Bannatyne said.

"Throughout its history, Halloween has gone through changes of ownership," said Anna-Mari Almila, a sociology research fellow at the London College of Fashion, over the phone. "Its original connection to death became more and more tenuous, which made space for altogether different kinds of (costumes)."

"Generally speaking, the '60s marked a shift in the way we dress up for Halloween," Deihl added. "Grown-ups, in particular, started ditching masks and full-on coverage, opting to show their faces. Costumes became a way to play a lighter, special version of oneself: showing the world you 'were' Wonder Woman, or Luke Skywalker, or what have you."

But there was still a place for scary outfits, encouraged by a slew of splatter-horror movies that started emerging in the 1970s and 80s, from John Carpenter's "Halloween" to Wes Craven's "A Nightmare on Elm Street." These decades also saw gay communities across the States adopt the holiday as an occasion to wear outrageous outfits and hold parades, contributing to a boom in Halloween parties and the popularization of provocative costumes that "in recent decades," Deihl, said, "have oftentimes leaned towards the overtly sexy and campy."

"Halloween costumes have gone from disguises to full-on exhibitionist," Almila said. "Today, it's one big capitalist celebration completely detached from any vestige of Christianity or paganism, and more centered around expressing people's fantasies -- which also explains its success globally."

"I think they've certainly become more reflective of the times we live in," Deihl added. "But there are also far fewer people making their own Halloween outfits now, and a lot less personal creativity going into what you wear, compared to the early days. 

"We're all drawing from the same range of costumes available for purchase. And creating immense waste because of it. I think people would express themselves much more individually if they crafted their own costumes like they used to."