50万美元，28岁，整容32次！

Cosmetic procedures are on the rise. So is our voyeuristic fascination with how they go wrong.

整容手术越来越多。我们对整容失败的窥探癖也在增加。

This maintenance has involved 13 breast operations over the past two years, and resulted in four trips to the emergency room. When Layne nearly doubled the size of her existing breast implants from 650 cubic centimeters to 1200 ccs. Still, Layne wasn’t deterred from trying to increase her cup size.

过去两年里，为了维持外形，她做了13次隆胸手术, 将现有的乳房填充物尺寸翻了一番，从650立方厘米增加到1200立方厘米，因此进了四次急诊室。但是，莱恩没有被吓倒，仍然试图增加胸围。

Layne is practically a caricature of Western standards of beauty, with long blond hair, bulging J-cup breasts, and a peach-shaped derrière that appears out of proportion to her petite waist. She is a real-life distortion of the “slim thick” body type sought by many American women today. In fact, Layne’s physique serves as an endorsement for some of the fastest-growing plastic surgery procedures in the country, as well as the most popular: liposuction, breast augmentation, lip injections, and the now-mainstream Brazilian butt lift (BBL).

莱恩简直成了一幅西方审美标准的夸张漫画：一头金色长发、隆起的J罩杯、与纤细腰部不成比例的蜜桃臀。她是当今许多美国女性追求的“苗条丰满”体形的失真现实形象。事实上，莱恩的体形是对该国一些最快发展、最受欢迎的整容手术的宣传：抽脂、隆胸、丰唇、和现在主流的巴西提臀术（BBL）。

Why, then, has her appearance been subject to ridicule, morbid and voyeuristic fascination on plastic surgery forums, and, among a devoted group of fans, erotic observation? To her harshest critics, Layne’s surgical pursuits seem delusional. Her body is “too plastic,” “cartoonish,” or “botched” beyond repair. Commenters on social media, some of whom are rabidly fascinated by plastic surgery extremities and faults, bemoan the loss of her pre-surgery features, claiming she was “so cute and natural” before she went “too far.”

那么，为什么她的外形在整形论坛上会受到嘲笑和病态的迷恋、同时又会受到一群忠实粉丝的带有色情色彩的观察呢？在她的极端反对者看来，莱恩的手术诉求似乎是一种妄想。她的身体太“塑料”、“夸张”、“整残”了，将无法修复。一些社交媒体上的评论家们极端痴迷于极限整形和整形所致的缺陷，却又哀叹着莱恩失去了之前的特点，认为她在疯狂整形前“特别可爱、特别自然”。

In the early 2000s, “makeover” reality television shows like The Swan helped normalize the dystopian concept of a plastic surgery transformation for regular people while reinforcing Eurocentric standards of beauty.

在21世纪初，像《天鹅》（现名为美丽起义）这样的“改头换面”类真人秀节目促进了一个反乌托邦观念的正常化——普通人可以通过整形手术进行改造，同时加强了以欧洲为中心的对于美丽的标准。

These shows eventually gave way to media that sought to divulge the darker realities of these procedures. Perhaps the most culturally enduring show to date from this genre is Botched, a series that followed two Beverly Hills surgeons who consult with patients to try and reverse the damages from their botched procedures. (Layne was briefly featured in its sixth season.)

这些节目最终让步于试图揭露整容手术黑暗现实面的媒体。这类节目迄今为止最具持久性的是《Botched》，该系列节目讲述了两位比佛利山庄的外科医生与患者协商，试图扭转过度整形所造成的损害。（莱恩在第六季中曾短暂亮相）

This mix of revulsion and fascination with the human form has a name: body horror, a term generally used to describe works of fiction depicting grotesque images, intended to frighten and reveal social anxieties. What’s most revealing, and most similar to when we find ourselves drawn to horror movies, is our inability to look away.

这种对人类形体又厌恶又迷恋的混合体有一个名字：肉体恐惧，一个通常用来描述怪诞文学作品的术语，旨在警示和揭示社会焦虑。最能说明问题且最相似的是当我们被恐怖片吸引时，无法移开目光。

Sometime over the past two decades, the stigma attached to getting plastic surgery lessened dramatically. More celebrities opened up about the work they’ve had done. Influencers began filming their procedures and sharing in-depth information about their surgeries. Advances in plastic surgery and the popularity of minimally invasive procedures such as Botox and filler meant it was easier and more affordable for people to tweak their appearance without needing to fully go under the knife.

过去的二十年里，整形手术带来的耻辱感大大减少。越来越多的名人公开了他们所做的整形项目。红人们开始拍摄他们的手术过程，并分享有关他们手术的深入信息。整形外科的进步和微创手术的普及，如肉毒杆菌和填充物，意味着人们可以更容易、更实惠地调整自己的外表，而无需动刀。

Part of this cosmetic procedure craze, which is attracting young and even teenage , has been attributed to social media — its ability to amplify certain physical traits and, through fillers and Facetune, disseminate beauty ideals to the masses. Tweaking one’s face is not only normalized but also driven by the internet’s accelerating trend cycles. That has greatly affected our understanding of what’s “normal” or “natural.”

这种整容手术的热潮吸引了年轻人甚至青少年，其中一部分被归因于社交媒体——它能够放大某些外在特征，并通过填充物和面部美化，向大众传播整容理想。整容脸不仅正常化，而且受到互联网加速潮流更迭的驱动。这极大地影响了我们对什么是“正常”和“自然”的理解。

“I think of it as the Kardashian-ization of our young people,” said Anthony Youn, a Michigan-based plastic surgeon. “The Kardashians have popularized a certain facial ideal that many people aspire to have: high cheekbones, slightly tilted eyes or arched eyebrows, hollow cheeks, plump lips, and a chiseled jawline.”

“我认为这是年轻人的卡戴珊化，”密歇根州整形外科医生安东尼·尤恩说，“卡戴珊姐妹已经普及了一种许多人都渴望拥有的某种理想面部：高颧骨，微微倾斜的眼睛或拱形的眉毛，凹陷的脸颊，丰满的嘴唇和轮廓分明的下巴。”

What passes for the norm today looks very different from the standards of the 2000s. Desirable traits — and the unnatural, funhouse-mirror versions of them — are more identifiable and more achievable than ever before, thanks to the influx of images and information on the internet.

以现在的眼光来看，审美标准和2000年代的有了很大的不同。由于互联网上的大量照片和信息，使得不自然的，复制黏贴般所谓的理想特征变得更容易识别和实现。

The focus on the human body — as a site for disfigurement, transmutation, or sexual violation — can be traced back at least to the 19th century. The genre ofbody horror began with works like  Shelley’s Frankenstein and extended to films like The Fly (1986). Scholars have long speculated about society’s fascination with horror as it relates to the body in fictional settings.

人们开始关注躯体--作为损毁、改造或性侵犯的载体--至少可以追溯到19世纪。肉体恐惧的题材始于雪莱的《科学怪人》等作品，并延伸至《变蝇人》（1986）等电影。学者们长期以来一直在猜测，社会上对恐怖的迷恋，可能是因为它与虚构设定中的身体有关。

Many have claimed that this fear of body modification and disfigurement reflects our social anxieties: over the advancement of biological science and Western medicine, the perceived loss of agency over our bodies, algorithm-influenced beauty standards, or bodies that fall outside societal norms.

许多人认为，这种对身体改造和损毁的恐惧，反映了我们的社会焦虑：随生物科学和西方医学的发展，我们认为可能失去对身体的主动权，美丽的标准受到算法的影响，或不符合社会规范的身体。

In recent decades, the body horror genre has seen more works that spotlight surgical procedures, specifically cosmetic surgery. The patients in fictional films like Faceless are typically subject to horrific violence and pain inflicted upon them against their will by crazed surgeons or scientists. This kind of “surgical horror,” according to Gothic scholar Xavier Aldana Reyes, is “the logical conclusion to the postmodern subject’s fear of advances” in science and technology.

近几十年来，肉体恐惧题材出现了更多聚焦于外科手术的作品，特别是整容手术。像《无面者》这样的虚构电影中的病人，通常会受到疯狂的外科医生或科学家违背他们意愿的可怕的暴力和痛苦。研究哥特文学的哥特式学者Xavier Aldana Reyes认为，这种 "手术式恐怖 "是 "后现代主体对科学技术进步的恐惧的逻辑结果"。

Some modern fictional works, however, have begun to invert this dynamic by giving patients a sense of command over their physical alterations instead of portraying them as tragic freaks.

然而，一些现代小说作品已经开始颠覆这种动态，让病人对他们的身体改变有一种控制感，而不是把他们描绘成悲惨的怪胎。

The 2012 film American Mary follows a medical school dropout who performs extreme body modification surgery on consenting patients. Rather than conform to the “mad doctor” trope, the surgeon is depicted as a likable, complex protagonist, while her patients are given backstories and agency over their surgical procedures.

2012年的电影《美国玛丽》讲述了一名医学院辍学人在征得病人同意后，在其身上实施极端的身体改造手术的故事。与“疯狂医生”的形象不同，这位外科医生被描绘成一个可爱但复杂的主角，为她的病人提供手术背景，促使她的病人接受整容手术。